Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Testing Mode and Soil Parameters

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Frontiers in Geotechnical Engineering

Part of the book series: Developments in Geotechnical Engineering ((DGE))

  • 836 Accesses

Abstract

Several types of apparatus are available for the determination of properties of soils. It was observed that the same property, determined using different equipment, may yield different results. This paper discusses the effect of test method on properties of soils such as liquid limit, swelling pressure, drained angle of internal friction of fine grained soils, radial coefficient of consolidation and interface friction angle. It was observed that the liquid limit determined from fall cone method is slightly higher than that obtained from Casagrande’s apparatus for low values of liquid limit. However, the opposite trend is observed for higher values of liquid limit. The swell pressure value obtained from the different pressure methods is the lowest while the swell-consolidation method yields the highest swell pressure. The drained angle of internal friction of fine grained soils obtained from triaxial compression test was found to be higher than that obtained from direct shear test. Radial consolidation tests conducted on a fine grained soil show that the radially outward consolidation test gives lower values of radial coefficient of consolidation compared to radially inward consolidation test. The interface friction angle determined using direct shear tests show that the magnitude of friction angle depends on the mode of shear. The likely reasons for the differences in the values obtained are discussed in this paper.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. IS 2720-5: Method for Test for Soils: Determination of Liquid and Plastic Limit. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sridharan, A., Prakash, K.: Percussion and cone methods of determining the liquid limit of soils. Geotech. Test. J. ASTM 23(2), 242–250 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wasti, Y., Bezirci, M.H.: Determination of the consistency limits of soils by the fall cone test. Can. Geotech. J. 23(2), 241–246 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Wood, D.M.: Soil Behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics. Cambridge University Press (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Das, N., Sarma, B., Singh, S., Sutradhar, B.B.: Comparison in undrained shear strength between low and high liquid limit soils. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 2(1), 1–6 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Brackley, J.J.A.: Swell pressure and free swell in compacted clay. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Expansive Soils, Haifa, vol. 1, pp. 169–176 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Abduljauwad, S.N., Al-Sulaimani, G.J.: Determination of swell potential of Al-Qatif clay. Geotech. Test. J. ASTM 16(4), 469–484 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Al-Shamrani, M.A., Al-Mhaidib, A.I.: Swelling behavior under oedometric and triaxial loading conditions. Geotech. Spec. Publ. 99, 344–360 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Thompson, R.W., Perko, H.A., Rethamel, W.D.: Comparison of constant volume swell pressure and oedometer load-back pressure. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Unsaturated Soils, Carefree, AZ, United States, pp. 1787–1798 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Soundara, B., Robinson, R.G.: Testing method and swelling pressure of clays. Int. J. Geotech. Eng. USA 3(3), 439–444 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. ASTM D4546-03: Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Swell or Settlement Potential of Cohesive Soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  12. BS 1377-5: Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes: Measurement of Swelling Pressure. British Standard Institution, London (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  13. IS 2720-41: Measurement of Swelling Pressure of Soils. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Johnson, L.D., Snethen, D.R.: Prediction of potential heave of swelling soils. Geotech. Test. J. ASTM 1, 117–124 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ali, E.F.M., Elturabi, M.A.D.: Comparison of two methods for the measurement of swelling pressure. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Expansive Soils, Adelaide, Australia, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 72–74 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sridharan, A., Rao, S.A., Sivapullaiah, V.: Swelling pressure of clays. Geotech. Test. J. ASTM 9(1), 24–33 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Holtz, W.G.: Expansive Clays—Properties and Problems, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 89–125. Colorado School of Mines (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mitchel, J.K.: Fundamentals of Soil Behavior, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York (1993)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Tovey, N.K., Wong, K.Y.: Preparation of soils and other geological materials for the electron microscope. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Soil Structure, vol. 1, pp. 58-66. Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Stockholm (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Seed, H.B., Chan, C.K.: Compacted clay: structure and strength characteristics. ASCE Trans. 126, 1344–1385 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lambe, T.W.: Compacted clay: engineering behavior. ASCE Trans. 125(1), 718–741 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Das, B.M.: Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. PWS Publishing Company, Boston (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lee, K.L.: Comparison of plane strain and triaxial tests on sand. J. Soil Mech. Found. Eng. Div. ASCE 96, 901–923 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Cornforth, D.H.: Some experiments on the influence of strain conditions on the strength of sand. Geotechnique 14, 143–167 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Das, B.M.: Advanced Soil Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Book Publishing Co (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Lini Dev, K., Pillai, R.J., Robinson, R.G.: Drained angle of internal friction from direct shear and triaxial compression tests. Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 10(3), 283–287 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sivakumar, V., Mackinnon, P., Zaini, J., Cairns, P.: Effectiveness of filters in reducing consolidation time in routine laboratory testing. Geotechnique 60, 949–956 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Head, K.H.: Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing, Volume 3: Effective Stress Tests. Wiley, Singapore (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Petley, D.J.: The shear strength of soils at large strains. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, UK (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Lambe, T.W., Whitman, R.V.: Soil Mechanics. Wiley, USA (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Barron, R.A.: Consolidation of fine grained soils by drain-wells. ASCE Trans. 113, 718–724 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Rowe, P.W.: Measurements of the coefficient of consolidation of lacustrine clay. Geotechnique 9(3), 107–118 (1959)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Sridharan, A., Prakash, K., Asha, S.R.: Consolidation behavior of clayey soils under radial drainage. Geotech. Test. J. ASTM 19(4), 421–431 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Robinson, R.G.: Analysis of radial consolidation test data using a log-log method. Geotech. Test. J. ASTM 32(2), 119–125 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Sridhar, G., Robinson, R.G.: Determination of radial coefficient of consolidation using log T method. Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 5(4), 373–381 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ganesalingam, D., Sivakugan, N., Read, W.: Inflection point method to estimate ch from radial consolidation tests with peripheral drain. Geotech. Test. J. ASTM 36(5), 1–6 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Rowe, P.W., Barden, L.: A new consolidation cell. Geotechnique 16(2), 162–170 (1966)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Juirnarongrit, T.: Constant rate of strain consolidation test with radial drainage. Master thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Singh, G., Hattab, T.N.: Laboratory study of efficiency of sand drains in relation to methods of installation and spacing. Geotechnique 29(4), 395–422 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Al Tabbaa, A.: Consolidation with radial drainage: observed and predicted behaviour. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, New Delhi, India, 5–10 January 1994, pp. 75–78 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Cao, L.F., Chang, M.F., The, C.I., Na, Y.M.: Back-calculation of consolidation parameters from field measurements at a reclamation site. Can. Geotech. J. 38(4), 755–769 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Jang, I.S., Chung, C.K., Kim, M.M., Cho, S.M.: Numerical assessment on the consolidation characteristics of clays from strain holding, self-boring pressure meter test. Comput. Geotech. 30(2), 121–140 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Sridhar, G., Robinson, R.G., Rajagopal, K., Radhakrishnan, R.: Comparative study on horizontal coefficient of consolidation determined using rowe and conventional consolidation cell. Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 9(4), 388–402 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Sridhar, G., Robinson, R.G., Rajagopal, K.: Horizontal coefficient of consolidation from inward-and outward-flow tests. J. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv. 1–8 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  45. BS1377-6: Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes, Consolidation and Permeability Tests in Hydraulic Cells and with Pore Pressure Measurement. British Standard Institution, London (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Shields, D.H., Rowe, P.W.: A radial drainage oedometer for laminated clays. J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. ASCE 19(4), 21–431 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Atkinson, J.H., Evans, J.S., Ho, E.W.L.: Non-uniformity of triaxial samples due to consolidation with radial drainage. Géotechnique 35(3), 353–355 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Pyrah, I.C., Smith, I.G.N., Hull, D., Tanaka, Y.: Non-uniform consolidation around vertical drains installed in soft ground. Geotechnical engineering for transportation infrastructure. In: Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechincal Engineering, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 7–10 June 1999, pp. 1563–1569 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Robinson, R.G., Shilpa, D.: Equal strain consolidation of clays under radial drainage. Indian Geotech. J. 38(2), 204–220 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Head, K.H.: Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing: Volume 3 Effective Stress Tests, 3rd ed. Wiley, Chichester (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Robinson, R.G., Allam, M.M.: Effect of clay mineralogy on coefficient of consolidation. Clays Clay Miner 46(5), 596–600 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Coulomb, C.A.: Essai sur une application des regles de maximis et minimis quelques problemes de statique, relatits a l’architecture. Memoires de Mathematique de l’Academie Royale de Science 7, Paris (1776)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Meyerhof, G.G.: An Investigation of the Bearing Capacity of the Minimis a Quelques Problems de Statique Relatif a L’architecture. Mem. Acad. Royoal Pres. Divers Say, Paris (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kezdi, A.: Bearing capacity of piles and pile groups. In: Proceedings 4th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, London, vol. 2, pp. 46–51 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Potyondy, J.G.: Skin friction between various soils and construction materials. Geotechnique 11(4), 39–353 (1961)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Rowe, P.W.: The stress-dilatancy relations for static equilibrium of an assembly of particles in contact. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 269, 500–527 (1962)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Silberman, J.O.: Some factors affecting the frictional resistance of piles driven in cohesionless soils. Thesis presented to Cornell University, Itaca, NY (1961); in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science, vide Broms (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Subba Rao, K.S., Allam, M.M., Robinson, R.G.: Interfacial friction between cohesionless soils and solid surfaces- a review. Indian Geotech. J. 31(2), 107–137 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Noorany, I.: Side friction of piles in calcareous sands. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, San Fransisco, vol. 3, pp. 1611–1614 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Yoshimi, Y., Kishida, H.: Friction between sand and metal surface. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, vol. 1, pp. 831–834 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Broms, B.B.: Discussion on bearing capacity of piles in cohesionless soils. J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. ASCE 89(6), 125–126 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  62. Acar, Y.B., Durguroglu, H.T., Tumay, M.T.: Interface properties of sand. J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE 108(4), 648–654 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Uesugi, M., Kishida, H.: Influential factors of friction between steel and dry sands. Soils Found. 26(2), 33–46 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Uesugi, M., Kishida, H.: Frictional resistance at yield between dry sand and mild steel. Soils Found. 26(4), 139–149 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Panchanathan, S., Ramaswamy, S.V.: Skin friction between sand and construction materials. J. Indian Natl. Soc. Soil Mech. Found. Eng. 3(4), 325–336 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Kisheda, H., Uesugi, M.: Tests of interface between sand and steel in the simple shear apparatus. Geotechnique 37(1), 45–52 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Uesugi, M., Kishida, H., Uchikawa, Y.: Friction between dry sand and concrete under monotonic and repeated loading. Soils Found. 30(1), 125–128 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Everton, S.J.: Experimental study of frictional shearing resistance between non-cohesive soils and construction materials. M.Sc. (Engg) Dissertation, University of London (Imperial College) (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Jardine, R.J., Lehane, B.M., Everston, S.J.: Friction coefficients for piles in sands and silts. In: Proceedings, Conference on Offshore Site Investigation and Foundation Behaviour, London, vol. 28, pp. 661–677 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Desai, C., Drumm, C., Zaman, M.: Cyclic testing and modeling of interfaces. J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE 111(6), 793–815 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. O’Rourke, T.D., Druschel, S.J., Netravalli, A.N.: Shear strength characteristics of sand-polymer interfaces. J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE 116(3), 451–469 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Subba Rao, K.S., Allam, M.M., Robinson, R.G.: A note on the choice of interfacial friction angle. Geotech. Eng. Lond. 119(2), 123–128 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Robinson, R.G.: Some studies on the interfacial friction between soils and solid surfaces. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (1998)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India

    R. G. Robinson

Authors
  1. R. G. Robinson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. G. Robinson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Madhavi Latha G.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Robinson, R.G. (2019). Testing Mode and Soil Parameters. In: Latha G., M. (eds) Frontiers in Geotechnical Engineering. Developments in Geotechnical Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5871-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5871-5_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-5870-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-5871-5

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation