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Contribution of the Gut and Vaginal Microbiomes to Gynecological Cancers

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Preventive Oncology for the Gynecologist

Abstract

The objective of the current chapter is to give insights into the different ways by which microbiota in the gastrointestinal and the lower genital tract can promote gynecological malignancies. Microbes have coevolved with humans over millions of years and form an essential part of the normal flora in certain parts of the body. While a healthy site comprises optimal proportions and/or types of microbes termed as “eubiosis”, disease as represented by disproportion in either numbers and/or types of microbes is called “dysbiosis”. While eubiosis is absolutely required for normal physiology, e.g., the development and functioning of the immune system and homeostasis at the colonized site, the role of dysbiosis in causing various diseases like obesity, diabetes, autoimmunity, and cancers has been appreciated only recently. Microbes comprise one of the major factors, which determine whether there would be “war” or “peace” at specific sites. Gut dysbiosis may predispose a woman toward developing gynecological cancers by regulating circulating levels of estrogen and/or other metabolites like melatonin or by modulating inflammation at the systemic level. Cervicovaginal microflora regulate the local microenvironment of the tissues, and so, dysbiosis may assist establishment of oncogenic pathogens, prolonged inflammation, and/or immunosuppression, each of which contribute toward oncogenesis. From the perspective of prevention of gynecological malignancies, consumption of diets rich in phytochemicals, timely intervention in the treatment of genital infections, and maintaining eubiosis both at the gastrointestinal and cervicovaginal mucosa may certainly help.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge the help of Mr. G. R. Chandran, Project Management Consultant in making the figures; Prof. Rita Christopher, Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences; and Dr. Sandhya Ravi, Consultant Surgeon and Managing Director, Prameya Health Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, for reviewing the chapter and for offering useful suggestions.

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  1. Center for Molecular Oncology, Kidwai Cancer Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    R. S. Jayshree

  2. Department of Oncopathology, Kidwai Cancer Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Rekha V. Kumar

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  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Babu Jagjivan Ram Memorial Hospital, New Delhi, India

    Sumita Mehta

  2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India

    Anshuja Singla

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Jayshree, R.S., Kumar, R.V. (2019). Contribution of the Gut and Vaginal Microbiomes to Gynecological Cancers. In: Mehta, S., Singla, A. (eds) Preventive Oncology for the Gynecologist. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3438-2_31

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