Abstract
This book chapter presents a review on the application and challenges of microalgae (phycoremediation) for wastewater treatment. Primarily, the general brief is an investigative focus that compares current technologies in wastewater research around the globe and emphasizes the positive aspects of the phycoremediation approach. Much scientific literature has reported the feasibility and innovative merits of phycoremediation, particularly on the assimilation and accumulation of nutrients from wastewater. We discuss the potential of the technology, based on existing reports such as the advantages and disadvantages of phycoremediation. Subsequently, the biomass application from certain quantities of wastewater will have a benefit in the form of commercial applications. The chapter ends with a discussion of trends and future directions based on the detailed literature review with a focus on ensuring safer and sustainable implementation of phycoremediation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
AbeIiovich A (1983) The effects of unbalanced ammonia and BOD concentrations on oxidation ponds. Water Res 17(3):299–301
Abeliovich A, Azov Y (1976) Toxicity of ammonia to algae in sewage oxidation ponds. Appl Environ Microbiol 31(6):801–806
Abinandan S, Shanthakumar S (2015) Challenges and opportunities in application of microalgae (Chlorophyta) for wastewater treatment: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 52:123–132
Abinandan S, Shanthakumar S (2016) Evaluation of photosynthetic efficacy and CO2 removal of microalgae grown in an enriched bicarbonate medium. 3 Biotech 6(1):9
Acién FG, Gómez-Serrano C, Morales-Amaral MM et al (2016) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100:9013
Ahmed MB, Zhou JL, Ngo HH, Guo W, Thomaidis NS, Xu J (2017) Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: a critical review. J Hazard Mater 323:274–298
Ajayan KV, Selvaraju M, Unnikannan P, Sruthi P (2015) Phycoremediation of tannery wastewater using microalgae scenedesmus species. Int J Phytoremediation 17(10):907–916
Aksu Z (2001) Equilibrium and kinetic modelling of cadmium(II) biosorption by C. vulgaris in a batch system: effect of temperature. Sep Purif Technol 21
Al-Shannag M, Bani-Melhem K, Al-Anber Z, AlQodah Z (2013) Enhancement of COD-nutrients removals and filterability of secondary clarifier municipal wastewater influent using electro coagulation technique. Sep Sci Technol 48(4):673–680
Aslan S, Kapdan IK (2006) Batch kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by algae. Ecol Eng 28(1):64–70
Bharagava RN, Chowdhary P, Saxena G (2017a) Bioremediation: an eco-sustainable green technology: its applications and limitations. In: Bharagava RN (ed) Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches, 1st edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca raton, pp 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315173351-2
Bharagava RN, Saxena G, Chowdhary P (2017b) Constructed wetlands: an emerging phytotechnology for degradation and detoxification of industrial wastewaters. In: Bharagava RN (ed) Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches, 1st edn. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 397–426. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315173351-15
Bharagava RN, Saxena G, Mulla SI, Patel DK (2017c) Characterization and identification of recalcitrant organic pollutants (ROPs) in tannery wastewater and its phytotoxicity evaluation for environmental safety. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0490-x
Bishnoi NR, Pant A, Garima (2004) Biosorption of copper from aqueous solution using algal biomass. J Sci Ind Res 63(10):813–816
Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae-a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14(2):557–577
Bulgariu L, Lupea M, Ciubota-rosie C, Macoveanu M (2010) Possibility of using algae biomass for removing pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Sci Pap Agron Ser 53(1):79–83
Caceres TP, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2008) Biodegradation of the pesticide fenamiphos by ten different species of green algae and cyanobacteria. Curr Microbiol 57(6):643–646
Cai T, Park SY, Li Y (2013) Nutrient recovery from wastewater streams by microalgae: status and prospects. Renew Sust Energ Rev 19:360–369
Cardoso NF, Lima EC, Royer B, Bach MV, Dotto GL, Pinto LA, Calvete T (2012) Comparison of spirulina platensis microalgae and commercial activated carbon as adsorbents for the removal of reactive red 120 dye from aqueous effluents. J Hazard Mater 241–242:146–153
Chandra R, Saxena G, Kumar V (2015) Phytoremediation of environmental pollutants: an eco-sustainable green technology to environmental management. In: Chandra R (ed) Advances in biodegradation and bioremediation of industrial waste, 1st edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18218-2
Chinnasamy S, Bhatnagar A, Hunt RW, Das KC (2010) Microalgae cultivation in a wastewater dominated by carpet mill effluents for biofuel applications. Bioresour Technol 101(9):3097–3105
Choi HJ, Lee SM (2015) Effect of the N/P ratio on biomass productivity and nutrient removal from municipal wastewater. Bioprocess Eng 38(4):761–766
Cui Y, Rashid N, Hu N, Rehman MSU, Han JI (2014) Electricity generation and microalgae cultivation in microbial fuel cell using microalgae-enriched anode and bio-cathode. Energy Convers Manag 79:674–680
Davis TA, Volesky B, Mucci A (2003) A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae. Water Res 37(18):4311–4330
de Raposo MFJ, Oliveira SE, Castro PM, Bandarra NM, Morais RM (2010) On the utilization of microalgae for brewery effluent treatment and possible applications of the produced biomass. J Inst Brew 116(3):285–292
Dunn KM (1997) The biotechnology of high rate algal ponding systems in the treatment of saline tannery wastewaters. PhD thesis. Rhodes University, Grahams town, South Africa. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11984446.pdf
Efroymson RA, Dale VH, Langholtz MH (2016) Socioeconomic indicators for sustainable design and commercial development of algal biofuel systems. GCB Bioenergy
Farooq W, Lee YC, Ryu BG, Kim BH, Kim HS, Choi YE, Yang JW (2013) Two-stage cultivation of two Chlorella sp. strains by simultaneous treatment of brewery wastewater and maximizing lipid productivity. Bioresour Technol 132:230–238
Gautam S, Kaithwas G, Bharagava RN, Saxena G (2017) Pollutants in tannery wastewater, pharmacological effects and bioremediation approaches for human health protection and environmental safety. In: Bharagava RN (ed) Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches, 1st edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 369–396. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315173351-14
Geider R, La Roche J (2002) Redfield revisited: variability of C: N: P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis. Eur J Phycol 37(1):1–17
Girard J, Roy M, Ben M, Gagnon J, Faucheux N, Heitz M, Tremblay R, Deschenes J (2014) Mixotrophic cultivation of green microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus on cheese whey permeate for biodiesel production. Algal Res 5:241–248
Goutam SP, Saxena G, Singh V, Yadav AK, Bharagava RN (2018) Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using leaf extract of Jatropha curcas L. for photocatalytic degradation of tannery wastewater. Chem Eng J 336:386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.029
Gouveia L, Neves C, Sebastião D, Nobre BP, Matos CT (2014) Effect of light on the production of bioelectricity and added-value microalgae biomass in a photosynthetic alga microbial fuel cell. Bioresour Technol 154:171–177
Grima EM, Belarbi EH, Fernández FA, Medina AR, Chisti Y (2003) Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics. Biotechnol Adv 20(7):491–515
Hodaifa G, MartÃnez ME, Sánchez S (2008) Use of industrial wastewater from olive-oil extraction for biomass production of Scenedesmus obliquus. Bioresour Technol 99(5):1111–1117
Hongyang S, Yalei Z, Chunmin Z, Xuefei Z, Jinpeng L (2011) Cultivation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in soybean processing wastewater. Bioresour Technol 102(21):9884–9890
Kalavathi DF, Uma L, Subramanian G (2011) Degradation and metabolization of the pigment—melanoidin in distillery effluent by the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria boryana BDU 92181. Enzym Microb Technol 29(4–5):246–251
Keraita B, Drechsel P, Mateo-Sagasta J Medlicott K (2015). Health risks and cost-effective health risk management in wastewater use systems. In: Wastewater. Springer Dordrecht, pp 39–54
Kothari R, Pathak VV, Kumar V, Singh DP (2012) Experimental study for growth potential of unicellular alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa on dairy waste water: an integrated approach for treatment and biofuel production. Bioresour Technol 116:466–470
Kothari R, Prasad R, Kumar V, Singh DP (2013) Production of biodiesel from microalgae Chlamydomonaspolypyrenoideum grown on dairy industry wastewater. Bioresour Technol 144:499–503
Kotteswari M, Murugesan S, Ranjith Kumar R (2012) Phycoremediation of dairy effluent by using the microalgae Nostocsp. Int J Environ Res Dev 2(1):35–43
Kuo C-M, Chen T.-Y, Lin T-, Kao C-Y, Lai J-T, Chang J-S, Lin C-S (2015) Cultivation of Chlorella sp. GD using piggery wastewater for biomass and lipid production. Bioresour Technol 194(75):326-333
Lakaniemi AM, Tuovinen OH, Puhakka JA (2012) Production of electricity and butanol from microalgal biomass in microbial fuel cells. Bioenergy Res 5(2):481–491
Lekshmi B, Joseph RS, Jose A, Abinandan S, Shanthakumar S (2015) Studies on reduction of inorganic pollutants from wastewater by Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmusabundans. Alex Eng J 54(4):1291–1296
Li Y, Chen YF, Chen P, Min M, Zhou W, Martinez B, Zhu J, Ruan R (2011) Characterization of a microalga Chlorella sp. well adapted to highly concentrated municipal wastewater for nutrient removal and biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 102(8):5138–5144
Lu N, Zhou SG, Zhuang L, Zhang JT, Ni JR (2009) Electricity generation from starch processing wastewater using microbial fuel cell technology. Biochem Eng J 43:246–251
Manninen K, Huttunen S, Seppälä J, Laitinen J, Spilling K (2016) Resource recycling with algal cultivation: environmental and social perspectives. J Clean Prod 134:495–505
Mata TM, Melo AC, Simo˜es M, Caetano NS (2012) Parametric study of a brewery effluent treatment by microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus. Bioresour Technol 107:151–158
Mateo-Sagasta J, Raschid-Sally L Thebo A (2015) Global wastewater and sludge production, treatment and use. In: Wastewater. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 15–38
McGinn PJ, Dickinson KE, Park KC, Whitney CG, Mac Quarrie SP, Black FJ et al (2012) Assessment of the bioenergy and bioremediation potentials of the microalga Scenedesmus sp. AMDD cultivated in municipal wastewater effluent in batch and continuous mode. Algal Res 1:155–165
Mitra D, van Leeuwen Hans J, Lamsal B (2012) Heterotrophic/mixotrophic cultivation of oleaginous Chlorella vulgaris on industrial co-products. Algal Res 1(1):40–48
National Research Council (2012) Water reuse: potential for expanding the nation’s water supply through reuse of municipal wastewater. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/13303
OlguÃn EJ (2012) Dual purpose microalgae-bacteria-based systems that treat wastewater and produce biodiesel and chemical products within a Biorefinery. Biotechnol Adv 30:1031–1046
Onyancha D, Mavura W, Ngila JC, Ongoma P, Chacha J (2008) Studies of chromium removal from tannery wastewaters by algae biosorbents, Spirogyra condensata and Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum. J Hazard Mater 158(2–3):605–614
Oswald WJ, Gotaas HB, Golueke CG, Kellen WR (1957) Algae in waste treatment Sewage Ind. Wastes 29:437–455
Özer A, Akkaya G, Turabik M (2006) Biosorption of Acid Blue 290 (AB 290) and Acid Blue 324 (AB 324) dyes on Spirogyra rhizopus. J Hazard Mater 135(1–3):355–364
Pant D, Van Bogaert G, Diels L, Vanbroekhoven K (2010) A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production. Bioresour Technol 101(6):1533–1543
Pathak VV, Singh DP, Kothari R, Chopra AK (2014) Phycoremediation of textile wastewater by unicellular microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Cell Mol Biol 60(5):35–40
Perez M, Nolasco NA, Vasavada A, Johnson M, Kuehnle A (2015) Algae-mediated valorization of industrial waste streams. Ind Biotechnol 11(4):229–234
Perez-Garcia O, Escalante FM, de-Bashan LE, Bashan Y (2011) Heterotrophic cultures of microalgae: metabolism and potential products. Water Res 45(1):11–36
Pinto G, Pollio A, Previtera L, Stanzione M, Temussi F (2003) Removal of low molecular weight phenols from olive oil mill wastewater using microalgae. Biotechnol Lett 25:1657–1659
Posadas E, Bochon S, Coca M, Garcıa-Gonzalez MC, GarcıaEncina PA, Munoz R (2014) Microalgae-based agro-industrial wastewater treatment: a preliminary screening of biodegradability. J Appl Phycol 26(6):2335–2345
Priyadarshani I, Rath B (2012) Commercial and industrial applications of micro algae – a review. J Algal Biomass Util 3(4):89–100
Ramos-Cormenzana A, Monteoliva-Sanchez M, Lopez MJ (1995) Bioremediation of alpechin. Int Biodeter Biodegr 35(1–3):249–268
Rashid N, Cui YF, Muhammad SUR, Han JI (2013) Enhanced electricity generation by using algae biomass and activated sludge in microbial fuel cell. Sci Total Environ 456–457:91–94
Ravindran B, Gupta S, Cho WM, Kim J, Lee S, Jeong KH, Choi HC (2016) Microalgae potential and multiple roles – current progress and future prospects – an overview. Sustainability 8(12):1215
Robinson T, McMullan G, Marchant R, Nigam P (2001) Remediation of dyes in textile ffluent: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative. Bioresour Technol 77:247–255
Sankaran K, Premalatha M, Vijayasekaran M, Somasundaram VT (2014) DEPHY project: distillery wastewater treatment through anaerobic digestion and phycoremediation – a green industrial approach. Renew Sust Energ Rev 37:634–643
Saxena G, Bharagava RN (2015) Persistent organic pollutants and bacterial communities present during the treatment of tannery wastewater. In: Chandra R (ed) Environmental waste management, 1st edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 217–247. https://doi.org/10.1201/b19243-10
Saxena G, Bharagava RN (2017) Organic and inorganic pollutants in industrial wastes, their ecotoxicological effects, health hazards and bioremediation approaches. In: Bharagava RN (ed) Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches, 1st edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 23–56. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315173351-3
Saxena G, Chandra R, Bharagava RN (2016) Environmental pollution, toxicity profile and treatment approaches for tannery wastewater and its chemical pollutants. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 240:31–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2015_5009
Saxena G, Purchase D, Mulla SI, Saratale GD, Bharagava RN (2019) Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites: Eco-environmental concerns, field studies, sustainability issues and future prospects. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2019_24
Sheoran AS, Bhandari S (2005) Treatment of mine water by a microbial mat: bench-scale experiments. Mine Water Environ 24:38–42
Singh J, Gu S (2010) Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14(9):2596–2610
Singh SK, Bansal A, Jha MK, Dey A (2012) An integrated approach to remove Cr(VI) using immobilized Chlorella minutissima grown in nutrient rich sewage wastewater. Bioresour Technol 104:257–265
Solovchenko A, Pogosyan S, Chivkunova O, Selyakh I, Semenova L, Voronova E, Scherbakov P, Konyukhov I, Chekanov K, Kirpichnikov M, Lobakova E (2014) Phycoremediation of alcohol distillery wastewater with a novel Chlorella sorokiniana strain cultivated in a photobioreactor monitored on-line via chlorophyll fluorescence. Algal Res 6:234–241
Spolaore P, Joannis-Cassan C, Duran E, Isambert A (2006) Commercial applications of microalgae. J Biosci Bioeng 101(2):87–96
Strik DP, Terlouw H, Hamelers HV, Buisman CJ (2008) Renewable sustainable biocatalyzed electricity production in a photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cell (PAMFC). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 81(4):659–668
Subashchandrabose SR, Ramakrishnan B, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R (2011) Consortia of cyanobacteria/microalgae and bacteria: biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv 29(6):896–907
Subashchandrabose SR, Ramakrishnan B, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R (2013) Mixotrophic cyanobacteria and microalgae as distinctive biological agents for organic pollutant degradation. Environ Int 51:59–72
Tarlan E, Dilek FB, Yetis U (2002) Effectiveness of algae in the treatment of a wood-based pulp and paper industry wastewater. Bioresour Technol 84:1–5
Uduman N, Qi Y, Danquah MK, Forde GM, Hoadley A (2010) Dewatering of microalgal cultures: a major bottleneck to algae-based fuels. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 2(1):012701
Velasquez-Orta SB, Curtis TP, Logan BE (2009) Energy from algae using microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 103(6):1068–1076
Wang G, Huang L, Zhang Y (2008) Cathodic reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] coupled with electricity generation in microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol Lett 30(11):1959–1966
Wang H, Xiong H, Hui Z, Zeng X (2012) Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa with diluted primary piggery wastewater to produce lipids. Bioresour Technol 104:215–220
Whitton R, Ometto F, Pidou M, Jarvis P, Villa R, Jefferson B (2015) Microalgae for municipal wastewater nutrient remediation: mechanisms, reactors and outlook for tertiary treatment. Environ Technol Rev 4(1):133–148
Whitton R, Le Mével A, Pidou M, Ometto F, Villa R Jefferson B (2016) Influence of microalgal N and P composition on wastewater nutrient remediation. Water Res 91:371–378
World Bank (2016) World development indicators 2016. http://data.worldbank.org/. Accessed
Xing D, Zuo Y, Cheng S, Regan JM, Logan BE (2008) Electricity generation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX-1. Environ Sci Technol 42(11):4146–4151
Xu J, Zhao Y, Zhao G, Zhang H (2015) Nutrient removal and biogas upgrading by integrating freshwater algae cultivation with piggery anaerobic digestate liquid treatment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:6493–6501
Yu HQ, Hu ZH, Hong TQ, Gu GW (2002) Performance of an anaerobic filter treating soybean processing wastewater with and without effluent recycle. Process Biochem 38:507–513
Zhen-Feng S, Xin L, Hong-Ying H, Yin-Hu W, Tsutomu N (2011) Culture of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 in the modified effluent of a wastewater treatment plant of an electric factory by photo-membrane bioreactor. Bioresour Technol 102(17):7627–7632
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Umamaheswari, J., Saranya, D., Abinandan, S., Megharaj, M., Subashchandrabose, S.R., Shanthakumar, S. (2020). Phycoremediation: An Integrated and Eco-friendly Approach for Wastewater Treatment and Value-Added Product Potential. In: Bharagava, R., Saxena, G. (eds) Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3426-9_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3426-9_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3425-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3426-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)