Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Global Climate Change, Ecological Stress, and Tea Production

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Stress Physiology of Tea in the Face of Climate Change

Abstract

Tea is the second most consumed beverage worldwide, and the production of tea is of economic importance in over 50 countries. As a woody perennial, tea plants are cultivated in production systems for numerous decades and thus experience the multiple decadal effects of climate change including influences on tea yields and quality. Changes in tea yields and quality can have notable impacts on the livelihoods of laborers and farmers as well as on regional economies more broadly. This chapter provides an overview on the effects of global climate change on tea production. We start with a review on global climate change trends that highlight robust multi-decadal warming and changes in extreme weather events that have increased. This review on climate change trends is followed with a synopsis of the major effects of climate change on agriculture broadly as well as on tea plants more specifically. We provide a review on tea ecophysiology and thresholds followed by a synthesis on the key abiotic and biotic stressors associated with climate change that impact tea plants including carbon dioxide concentrations, temperature, rainfall, humidity, solar radiation, wind, soil conditions and microorganisms, pests, and pathogens. This chapter ends with a discussion on socioeconomic implications of climate change in major tea-producing areas globally in order to highlight the need to better understand tea physiology in the context of climate change. Overall, the scientific literature and news reports highlight that climate change is already impacting tea systems and that expected climate changes can increase the likelihood of severe and irreversible impacts for tea production and associated livelihoods. Evidence-based adaptation and mitigation strategies through a community-based approach are called for toward a more sustainable tea sector.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abeywickrama K, Ratnasooriya W, Amarakoon A (2010) Oral diuretic activity of hot water infusion of Sri Lankan black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in rats. Pharmacogn Mag 6(24):271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Abeywickrama K, Ratnasooriya W, Amarakoon A (2011) Oral hypoglycaemic, antihyperglycaemic and antidiabetic activities of Sri Lankan broken orange pekoe fannings (BOPF) grade black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 135(2):278–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.035

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth EA, Long SP (2005 Feb) What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2. New Phytol 165(2):351–371

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth EA, Rogers A (2007) The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising [CO2]: mechanisms and environmental interactions. Plant Cell Environ 30(3):258–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01641.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed S, Stepp JR, Toleno R, Peters CM (2010) Increased market integration, value, and ecological knowledge of tea agro-forests in the akha highlands of Southwest China. Ecol Soc 15(4):27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed S, Stepp JR (2012) Green tea: the plants, processing, manufacturing and production. In: Preedy V (ed) Tea in health and disease prevention. Academic Press/Elsevier Science and Technology, Missouri

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed S, Stepp JR (2016) Beyond yields: climate effects on specialty crop quality and agroecological management. Elementa 4:000092

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed S, Peters CM, Chunlin L, Meyer R, Unachukwu U, Litt A, Kennelly E, Stepp JR (2013) Biodiversity and phytochemical quality in indigenous and state-supported tea management systems of Yunnan, China. Conserv Lett 5(6):28–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed S, Stepp JR, Orians C, Griffin T, Matyas C, Robbat A, Cash S, Xue D, Chunlin L, Unachuckwu U, Buckley S, Small D, Kennelly E (2014a) Effects of extreme climate events on tea (Camellia sinensis) functional quality validate indigenous farmer knowledge and sensory preferences in Tropical China. PLoS One 9(10):e109126

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed S, Orians C, Griffin T, Buckley S, Unachukwu U, Stratton AE, Stepp JR, Robbat A, Cash S, Kennelly E (2014b) Effects of water availability and pest pressures on tea (Camellia sinensis) growth and functional quality. AoB Plants 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed S, Stepp JR, Xue D (2015) Cultivating botanicals for sensory quality: from good agricultural practices (GAPs) to taste discernment by smallholder tea farmers. In: Reynertson K (ed) Botanicals: methods for quality and authenticity. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhlas M (2003) Qualitative assessment of fresh tea produced in Pakistan growing under different agro-ecological conditions and fertilizer treatments. Pak J Bot 35(5):779–790

    Google Scholar 

  • Anandacoomaraswamy A, De Costa WAJM, Shyamalie HW, Campbell GS (2000) Factors controlling transpiration of mature field-grown tea and its relationship with yield. Agric For Meteorol 103:375–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki S (1987) Varietal differences and effects of nitrogen fertilization on decline of photosynthetic rate in overwintered tea leaves. Jpn J Crop Sci 56(2):252–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AVP (2016) Changing climate’s challenges to TATA tea. https://rctom.hbs.org/submission/changing-climates-challenges-to-tata-tea/

  • Bhattacharya A, Saini U, Joshi R, Kaur D, Pal AK, Kumar N et al (2014) Osmotin-expressing transgenic tea plants have improved stress tolerance and are of higher quality. Transgenic Res 23(2):211–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Björkman M, Klingen I, Birch AN, Bones AM, Bruce TJ, Johansen TJ et al (2011) Phytochemicals of Brassicaceae in plant protection and human health–Influences of climate, environment, and agronomic practice. Phytochemistry 72(7):538–556

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom AJ, Burger M, Asensio JSR, Cousins AB (2010) Carbon dioxide enrichment inhibits nitrate assimilation in wheat and Arabidopsis. Science 328(5980):899–903

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boehm R, Cash S, Anderson B, Ahmed S, Griffin T, Robbat A Jr, Stepp JR, Han W, Hazel M, Orians C (2016) Association between empirically estimated monsoon dynamics and other weather factors and historical tea yields in China: results from a yield response model. Climate 4(2)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boutraa T, Akhkha A, Al-Shoaibi AA, Alhejeli AAM (2010) Effect of water stress on growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of some wheat cultivars (Triticum durum) grown in Saudi Arabia. J Taibah Univ Sci 3:39–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caffin N, D’Arcy B, Yao L, Rintoul G (2004) Developing an index of quality for Australian tea. University of Queensland: RIRDC publication no. 04/033. RIRDC project no. UQ-88A

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao P, Liu C, Liu K (2007) Aromatic constituents in fresh leaves of lingtou dancong tea induced by drought stress. Front Agric China 1(1):81–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11703-007-0015-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr MKV (1972) The climatic requirements of the tea plant: a review. Exp Agric 8:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Central Bank (1983) Annual Report. Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Colombo

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Bank (1992\1983), Annual Report. Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Colombo

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty U, Chakraborty N (2005) Impact of environmental factors on infestation of tea leaves by helopeltis theivora, and associated changes in flavonoid flavor components and enzyme activities. Phytoparasitica 33(1):88–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02980930

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang K, Brattlof M (2015) Socio-economic implications of climate change for tea producing countries. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4482e.pdf

  • Chen YM, Tsao TM, Liu CC, Lin KC, Wang MK (2011) Aluminum and nutrients induce changes in the profiles of phenolic substances in tea plants (Camellia sinensis CV TTES, no. 12 (TTE)). J Sci Food Agric 91(6):1111–1117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheruiyot EK, Mumera LM, Ng’etich WK, Hassanali A, Wachira F (2007) Polyphenols as potential indicators for drought tolerance in tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71(9):2190–2197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheruiyot EK, Mumera LM, Ng’etich WK, Hassanali A, Wachira F, Wanyoko JK (2008) Shoot epicatechin and epigallocatechin contents respond to water stress in tea (Camellia sinensis (l) o. kuntze). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72(5):1219–1226. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.70698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Costa WAJM, Mohotti AJ, Wijeratne MA (2007) Ecophysiology of Tea. Braz J Plant Physiol 19(4):299–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong F, Yang Z, Baldermann S, Sato Y, Asai T, Watanabe N (2011) Herbivore-induced volatiles from tea (Camellia sinensis) plants and their involvement in intraplant communication and changes in endogenous nonvolatile metabolites. J Agric Food Chem 59(24):13131–13135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duan X, Hu X, Chen F, Deng Z (2012) Bioactive ingredient levels of tea leaves are associated with leaf Al level interactively influenced by acid rain intensity and soil Al supply. J Food Agric Environ 10:1197–1204

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan JMA, Saikia SD, Gupta N, Biggs EM (2016) Observing climate impacts on tea yield in Assam, India. Appl Geogr 77:64–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ethical Tea Partnership (2015) Addressing the Effects of Climate Change, Kenya

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewert F, Rounsevell MDA, Reginster I, Metzger MJ, Leemans R (2005) Future scenarios of European agricultural land use: I. Estimating changes in crop productivity. Agric Ecosyst Environ 107(2–3):101–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAOSTAT (2016) http://www.fao.org/statistics/en/

  • Feng ZZ, Kobayashi K, Ainsworth EA (2008) Impact of elevated ozone concentration on growth, physiology, and yield of wheat (L.): a metaanalysis. Glob Chang Biol 14(11):2696–2708

    Google Scholar 

  • Galmes J, Flexas J, Keys AJ, Cifre J, Mitchell RAC, Madgwick PJ, Haslam RP, Medrano H, Parry MAJ (2005) Rubisco specificity factor tends to be larger in plant species from drier habitats and in species with persistent leaves. Plant Cell Environ 28(5):571–579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilani GS, Nasim A (2007) Impact of foods nutritionally enhanced through biotechnology in alleviating malnutrition in developing countries. J AOAC Int 90(5):1440–1444

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gliessman S (2015) Agroecology: the ecology of sustainable food systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Han B, Chen Z (2002) Composition of the volatiles from intact and mechanically pierced tea aphid− tea shoot complexes and their attraction to natural enemies of the tea aphid. J Agric Food Chem 50(9):2571–2575

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield JL, Prueger JH (2015) Agroecology: implications for plant response to climate change. In: Yadav SS, Redden RJ, Hatfield JL, Lotze-Campen H, Hall AE (eds). Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, pp 27–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández I, Alegre L, Munné-Bosch S (2006) Enhanced oxidation of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidin accumulation in water-stressed tea plants. Phytochemistry 67(11):1120–1126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollósy F (2002) Effects of ultraviolet radiation on plant cells. Micron 33(2):179–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu Q, Xu J, Pang G (2003) Effect of selenium on the yield and quality of green tea leaves harvested in early spring. J Agric Food Chem 51(11):3379–3381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.). IPCC, Geneva, p 151

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayanganesh S, Venkatesan S, Senthurpandian V (2011) Impact of different sources and doses of magnesium fertilizer on biochemical constituents and quality parameters of black tea. Asian J Biochem 6:273–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi SC, Palni LMS (1998) Clonal variation in temperature response of photosynthesis in tea. Plant Sci 137:225–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiarii (2017) https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001230909/adverse-weather-conditions-hurting-tea-farmers

  • Kingdon-Ward F (1950) Does wild tea exist? Nature 165:297–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krishna N. Das (2015) “Climate change sparks tension in India’s tea gardens.” Reuters, 4 May

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalsick A, Kfoury N, Robbat A, Ahmed S, Orians C, Griffin T, Cash S, Stepp JR (2014) Metabolite profiling of Camellia sinensis by automated sequential, multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-GC/MS) reveals strong monsoon effects on tea constituents. J Chromatogr A 1370(28):230–239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leakey ADB, Ainsworth EA, Bernacchi CJ, Rogers A, Long SP, Ort DR (2009 1 July) Elevated CO2 effects on plant carbon, nitrogen, and water relations: six important lessons from FACE. J Exp Bot 60(10):2859–2876. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JE, Lee BJ, Chung JO, Hwang JA, Lee SJ, Lee CH et al (2010) Geographical and climatic dependencies of green tea (Camellia sinensis) metabolites: a 1H NMR-based metabolomics study. J Agric Food Chem 58(19):10582–10589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemmesa F (1996) Tea production and management. Teaching handout, Department of Plant Sciences, Jimma College of Agriculture, Jimma, pp 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Zhang L, Ahammed GJ, Li ZX, Wei JP, Shen C et al (2017) Stimulation in primary and secondary metabolism by elevated carbon dioxide alters green tea quality in Camellia sinensis L. Sci Rep 7(1):7937. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08465-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lin BB (2011) Resilience in agriculture through crop diversi cation: adaptive management for environmental change. Bioscience 61:183–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lobell DB, Burke MB (2010) On the use of statistical models to predict crop yield responses to climate change. Agric For Meteorol 150(11):1443–1452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lower SS, Orians CM (2003) Soil nutrients and water availability interact to influence willow growth and chemistry but not leaf beetle performance. Entomol Exp Appl 107(1):69–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohotti AJ, Lawlor DW (2002) Diurnal variation of photosynthesis and photoinhibition in tea: effects of irradiance and nitrogen supply during growth in the field. J Exp Bot 53:313–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohotti AJ, Dennett MD, Lawlor DW (2000) Electron transport as a limitation to photosynthesis of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze): a comparison with sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) with special reference to irradiance. Trop Agric Res 12:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan PB, Ainsworth EA, Long SP (2003) How does elevated ozone impact soybean? A meta-analysis of photosynthesis, growth and yield. Plant Cell Environ 26(8):1317–1328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyay M, Mondal T (2017) Cultivation, improvement, and environmental impacts of tea. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.373

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Myers SS, Zanobetti A, Kloog I, Huybers P, Leakey ADB, Bloom AJ, Carlisle E et al (2014) Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition. Nature 510(7503):139–142 and the literature summarized by them

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ohno A, Oka K, Sakuma C, Okuda H, Fukuhara K (2011) Characterization of tea cultivated at four different altitudes using 1H NMR analysis coupled with multivariate statistics. J Agric Food Chem 59(10):5181–5187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ponmurugan P, Baby U (2007) Morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in resistant and susceptible cultivars of tea in relation to phomopsis disease. Plant Pathol J 6(1):91–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman F (1988) Physiology of the tea bush. Two Bud 35:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts S (2015) Addressing climate change in one of the world’s poorest countries: how a sector programme on living wage and better livelihoods can help http://www.ethicalteapartnership.org/addressing-climate-change-in-one-of-the-worlds-poorest-countries-how-a-sector-programme-on-living-wage-and-better-livelihoods-can-help/

  • Ruan J, Gerendás J, Haerdter R, Sattelmacher B (2007) Effect of alternative anions (Cl− vs SO42−) on concentrations of free amino acids in young tea plants. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 170(1):49–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruan J, Haerdter R, Gerendás J (2010) Impact of nitrogen supply on carbon/nitrogen allocation: a case study on amino acids and catechins in green tea [Camellia sinensis (l) o. kuntze] plants. Biol Plant 12(5):724–734

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruan J, Ma L, Shi Y (2013) Potassium management in tea plantations: its uptake by field plants, status in soils, and efficacy on yields and quality of teas in China. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 176(3):450–459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sae-Lee N, Kerdchoechuen O, Laohakunjit N (2012) Chemical qualities and phenolic compounds of Assam tea after soil drench application of selenium and aluminum. Plant Soil 356(1–2):381–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoubo H (1989) Meteorology of the tea plant in China: a review. Agric For Meteorol 47(1):19–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith BG, Stephens W, Burges PJ, Carr MKV (1993) Effects of light, temperature, irrigation and fertilizer on photosynthetic rate in tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Exp Agric 29:291–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith BG, Burgess PJ, Carr MKV (1994) Effects of clone and irrigation on the stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of tea (Camellia sinensis). Exp Agric 30:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sombroek WG, Gommes R (1996) The climate change - agricultural conundrum. In: Bazzaz F, Sombroek WG (eds) Global climate change and agricultural production. Wiley and Sons, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiling P, Cornelissen T (2007) How does elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) affect plant–herbivore interactions? A fieldexperiment and meta-analysis of CO2-mediated changes on plant chemistry and herbivore performance. Glob Change Biol 13(9):1823–1842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tans PP, Fung IY, Takahashi T (1990) Observational contrains on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science 247(4949):1431–1438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taub D (2010) Effects of rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide on plants. Nat Educ Knowl 3(10):21

    Google Scholar 

  • Taub D, Wang X (2008) Why are nitrogen concentrations in plant tissues lower under elevated CO2? A critical examination of the hypotheses. J Integr Plant Biol 50(11):1365–1374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • TNT Desk (2016) Assam tea industry bears the brunt of climate change. https://thenortheasttoday.com/assam-tea-industry-suffer-due-to-climate-change/

  • Unsworth MH, Hogsett WE (1996) Combined effects of changing CO2, temperature, UVB radiation and O3 on crop growth. In: Bazzaz F, Sombroek W (eds) Global climate change and agricultural production. FAO and John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 171–198

    Google Scholar 

  • van-Dam NM, Vrieling K (1994) Genetic variation in constitutive and inducible pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in Cynoglossum officinale L. Oecologia 99(3–4):374–378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vingarzan R (2004) A review of surface ozone background levels and trends. Atmos Environ 38(21):3431–3442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Wei K, Jiang Y, Cheng H, Zhou J, He W et al (2011) Seasonal climate effects on flavanols and purine alkaloids of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Eur Food Res Technol 233(6):1049–1055

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei K, Wang L, Zhou J, He W, Zeng J, Jiang Y et al (2011) Catechin contents in tea (Camellia sinensis) as affected by cultivar and environment and their relation to chlorophyll contents. Food Chem 125(1):44–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wijeratne MA (1996) Vulnerability of Sri Lanka tea production to global climate change. Water Air Soil Pollut 92:87–94

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williges U (2004) Status of organic agriculture in Sri Lanka with special emphasis on tea production systems (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Fachbereich Pflanzenbau der Justus-Liebig-Universitat Gießen

    Google Scholar 

  • Willson KC (1999) Coffee, cocoa, and tea. Crop production science in horticulture series 8. CABI Publishing, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y (2005) Chinese tea cultivation. Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers, Shanghai

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang T, Li H, Hu X, Li J, Hu J, Liu R et al (2014) Effects of fertilizing with N, P, Se, and Zn on regulating the element and functional component contents and antioxidant activity of tea leaves planted in red soil. J Agric Food Chem 62(17):3823–3830

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yao L, Caffin N, D’arcy B, Jiang Y, Shi J, Singanusong R et al (2005) Seasonal variations of phenolic compounds in Australia-grown tea (camellia sinensis). J Agric Food Chem 53(16):6477–6483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeppel MJB, Adams HD, Anderegg WRL (2011) Mechanistic causes of tree drought mortality: recent results, unresolved questions and future research needs. New Phytol 192:800–803

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, Wu X (1979) A preliminary analysis of effects of tea sprinkler irrigation. Tea 2:1–6 in Chinese

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Z, Chen X (1985) The relationship between the ecoclimate for tea plants and tea production in the hilly land of Zhejiang province. J Hangzhou Univ 12(2):258–267 in Chinese

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by funding from (1) the United States National Science Foundation NSF (Award Numbers CNH BCS-1313775 and NSF RII Track-2 FEC 1632810) and (2) the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (Award Numbers P20GM103474 and 5P20GM1044-17). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the US National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food and Health Lab, Sustainable Food and Bioenergy Systems Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA

    Selena Ahmed

  2. Friedman School of Nutrition and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA

    Tim Griffin & Sean B. Cash

  3. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, PR China

    Wen-Yan Han

  4. Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Corene Matyas

  5. College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China

    Chunlin Long & Dayuan Xue

  6. Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA

    Colin M. Orians

  7. Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    John Richard Stepp

  8. Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA

    Albert Robbat

Authors
  1. Selena Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tim Griffin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sean B. Cash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wen-Yan Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Corene Matyas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Chunlin Long
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Colin M. Orians
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. John Richard Stepp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Albert Robbat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Dayuan Xue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Selena Ahmed .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China

    Wen-Yan Han

  2. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China

    Xin Li

  3. Department of Horticulture, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China

    Golam Jalal Ahammed

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ahmed, S. et al. (2018). Global Climate Change, Ecological Stress, and Tea Production. In: Han, WY., Li, X., Ahammed, G. (eds) Stress Physiology of Tea in the Face of Climate Change. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2140-5_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation