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Recently Discovered Plant Growth Regulators

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Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism

Abstract

Salicylic acid is a phenolic plant growth regulator known to regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. It also functions in various ways in modulating biotic and abiotic stress responses. Plants, such as willow tree (Salix sp.) and poplar (Populus sp.), have been used since the fourth century BC to relieve pain in the human body. But it was only in the nineteenth century that salicylic acid (SA) and related compounds such as methyl salicylate, saligenin, and their glycosides were isolated from the bark of willow tree and were found to be analgesic. Oil of wintergreen, extracted from the American plant Gaultheria procumbens, which was widely used as analgesic during the mid-nineteenth century, is also rich in methyl salicylate. SA was chemically synthesized in 1858 in Germany, and it replaced wintergreen oil as an analgesic. The sharp bitter taste and gastric irritation caused by SA, however, did not make it popular for its application as an analgesic. Subsequently, Bayer and Co. (a German pharmaceutical company) produced acetyl derivative of SA, i.e., acetyl salicylic acid, with the trade name Aspirin which became popular as an analgesic since then (Fig. 22.1). In the recent past, action of this phenolic compound, i.e., SA (chemical name: 2-hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid), has also been discovered in various aspects of plant growth and development and acquisition of disease/wound resistance.

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Suggested Further Readings

  • Flematti GR, Waters MT, Scaffidi A, Merritt DJ, Ghisalberti EL, Dixon KW, Smith SM (2013) Karrikin and cyanohydrin smoke signal provide clues to new endogenous plant signaling compounds. Mol Plant 6:29–37

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  • Kaur H, Mukherjee S, Bhatla SC (2015) Regulatory roles of serotonin and melatonin in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Signal Behav 10:1–8

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  • Liu JH, Wang W, Wu H, Gong X, Moriguchi T (2015) Polyamines function in stress tolerance: from synthesis to regulation. Front Plant Sci 6:1–10

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  • Smith SM (2014) Q&A: what are strigolactones and why are they important to plants and soil microbes? BMC Biol 12:1–7

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  • Vicente MR, Plasencia J (2011) Salicylic acid beyond defence: its role in plant growth and developmental. J Exp Bot 62:3321–3338

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Satish C Bhatla

Authors
  1. Satish C Bhatla
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Multiple-Choice Questions

Multiple-Choice Questions

  1. 1.

    Perception of signal peptides by cells occur via:

    1. (a)

      RLKs

    2. (b)

      MAPKs

    3. (c)

      CDPKs

    4. (d)

      PKC

  2. 2.

    First plant signaling peptide was named as:

    1. (a)

      Systemin

    2. (b)

      Prosystemin

    3. (c)

      Defensin

    4. (d)

      None of the above

  3. 3.

    Signaling peptide involved in the development of stomata in Arabidopsis is:

    1. (a)

      IDA

    2. (b)

      STOMAGEN

    3. (c)

      CLV3

    4. (d)

      HEA

  4. 4.

    SA has the following physiological functions:

    1. (a)

      To retard senescence

    2. (b)

      To induce flowering

    3. (c)

      To regulate thermogenesis

    4. (d)

      All of the above

  5. 5.

    Plants like Sauromatum sp. are known to generate large amount of heat as a result of:

    1. (a)

      Cytochrome respiration pathway

    2. (b)

      Alternative respiratory pathway

    3. (c)

      Release of amines

    4. (d)

      Photophosphorylation

  6. 6.

    Sequentially acting enzymes for synthesizing strigolactones in plastids are:

    1. (a)

      P-450, D27, CCD8

    2. (b)

      CCD7, D27, P-450

    3. (c)

      D27, β-carotene isomers, CCD7, CCD8

    4. (d)

      CCD7, CCD8, D27

  7. 7.

    Which other hormones functions in coordination with auxin to modulate apical dominance?

    1. (a)

      Jasmonic acid

    2. (b)

      Brassinosteroids

    3. (c)

      Salicylic acid

    4. (d)

      Strigolactones

  8. 8.

    Two indoleamines known to function as neurotransmitters in animals and growth and development in plants are:

    1. (a)

      Brassinosteroids and jasmonic acid

    2. (b)

      Serotonin and melatonin

    3. (c)

      Tryptophan and brassinosteroids

    4. (d)

      Salicylic acid and tryptophan

  9. 9.

    Two enzymes leading to the formation of serotonin are:

    1. (a)

      Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) and tryptamine hydroxylase

    2. (b)

      Tryptophan decarboxylase and tryptophan synthase

    3. (c)

      Tryptophan decarboxylase and anthranilate synthase

    4. (d)

      Tryptophan synthase and anthranilate synthase

  10. 10.

    Rate-limiting step in the synthesis of serotonin, melatonin and IAA is the one catalyzed by:

    1. (a)

      TDC

    2. (b)

      Tryptamine hydroxylase

    3. (c)

      Amine oxidase

    4. (d)

      5-hydroxyindole-o-methyl transferase

  11. 11.

    The first polyamine reported by Anton von Leuwenhoek was:

    1. (a)

      Spermidine

    2. (b)

      Putrescine

    3. (c)

      Spermine

    4. (d)

      Cadaverine

  12. 12.

    Compounds responsible for distinctive odor of sperm and urine are:

    1. (a)

      Spermidine

    2. (b)

      Putrescine

    3. (c)

      Non-spermines

    4. (d)

      Thermospermine

  13. 13.

    Compounds helping in condensation of chromatin by stabilizing negative charges associated with phosphate groups in NAs:

    1. (a)

      Polyamines

    2. (b)

      Arginine

    3. (c)

      Methionine

    4. (d)

      S-adenosylmethionine

  14. 14.

    Anti-senescent molecules to control leaf senescence and fruit ripening are:

    1. (a)

      Ethylene

    2. (b)

      Polyamines

    3. (c)

      Abscisic acid

    4. (d)

      Jasmonic acid

  15. 15.

    A compound important for initiation of modulation and maintenance of nodules is:

    1. (a)

      NO

    2. (b)

      Polyamines

    3. (c)

      Salicylic acid

    4. (d)

      Strigolactones

  16. 16.

    NO is synthesized in plants through:

    1. (a)

      L-arginine-dependent pathway

    2. (b)

      Nitrite-dependent pathway

    3. (c)

      Nonenzymatic NO production

    4. (d)

      All of the above

  17. 17.

    NO can be endogenously removed through activity of enzyme:

    1. (a)

      Nitrate reductase

    2. (b)

      Nitrite reductase

    3. (c)

      S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNO)

    4. (d)

      Oxidoreductase xanthine

  18. 18.

    Putative NOS (At NOS) is known to be present in:

    1. (a)

      Plastids and mitochondria

    2. (b)

      Apoplast

    3. (c)

      Chloroplasts

    4. (d)

      Cytosol

  19. 19.

    Compounds derived from burnt plant material, responsible for stimulating seed germination in plants are:

    1. (a)

      Strigolactones

    2. (b)

      Polyamines

    3. (c)

      Jasmonic acid

    4. (d)

      Karrikins

Answers

1. a

 

2. a

 

3. b

 

4. d

 

5. b

 

6. c

 

7. d

8. b

 

9. a

 

10. a

 

11. c

 

12. b

 

13. a

 

14. b

15. b

 

16. d

 

17. c

 

18. a

 

19. d

    

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Bhatla, S.C. (2018). Recently Discovered Plant Growth Regulators. In: Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2023-1_22

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