Skip to main content

Social Support and Long-Term Care for Older People: The Potential for Social Innovation and Active Ageing

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Future of Ageing in Europe

Abstract

How should ‘social innovation’ be understood in the context of active ageing and long-term care for older people, and to what extent are the countries of Europe actively fostering innovation in the care sector? Based on in-depth, comparative case study analysis of select countries, the authors discuss the drivers and barriers of social innovation practices and policies across different care regime typologies. They identify clear ‘first mover’ and ‘early mover’ countries where evidence points to complex, integrated service innovations being scaled up with public sector support and ‘starter’ countries where less complex innovations tend to operate on a small scale, for short periods of time, with limited public support. The authors outline four areas where the need and potential for social innovation is greatest: expanding the type and scope of long-term care services, improving integration and coordination of long-term care systems, developing community-based care models, and improving the employment and training opportunities within the care sector.

With contributions from (in alphabetical order): G. Casanova, M. Ghenta, G. Lamura, A. Matei, I. Mladen, G. Naegele, G. Paat-Ahi, S. Schulze, Z. Széman, M. Tróbert.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For the purpose of our study LTC has been defined by considering a number of criteria to focus on the continuity of social and health care with the aim to overcome barriers at the interfaces between social and health care, and between formal and informal care (Schulmann and Leichsenring 2014; Leichsenring et al. 2013).

  2. 2.

    For a critical overview of the ‘welfare regime’ approach, see Hoff (2006).

References

  • Anderson, A. (2012). Europe’s Care Regimes and the Role of Migrant Care Worker Within Them. Journal of Population Ageing, 5(2), 135–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angus, J., & Reeve, P. (2006). Ageism: A Threat to ‘Aging Well’ in the 21st Century. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 25(2), 137–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anttonen, A., & Sipilä, J. (1996). European Social Care Services: Is It Possible to Identify Models. Journal of European Social Policy, 6, 87–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beltrametti, L. (2008). Il Finanziamento). In C. Gori (Ed.), Le riforme regionali per i non autosufficienti (pp. 47–73). Rome: Carocci.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettio, F., & Plantenga, J. (2004). Comparing Care Regimes in Europe. Feminist Economics, 10, 85–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BMFSFJ (Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend; Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth). (2017). Altenbericht der Bundesregierung. Sorge und Mitverantwortung in der Kommune – Aufbau und Sicherung zukunftsfähiger Gemeinschaften. (7. German Federal Report on Ageing- Caring and shared responsibility in the Community.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casanova, G., Schulze, S., Mladen, L., Naegele, G., Leichsenring, K., & Lamuara, G. (2016). Social Innovations Facilitating the Creation and Improvement of Employment Opportunities in Social Support and LTC. Policy Paper #4. In K. Leichsenring, K. Schulmann, G. Casanova, M. Ghența, G. Lamura, A. Matei, … M. A. Tróbert (Eds.), Potentials for Social Innovation in Social Support and Long-Term Care (pp. 42–56). A Series of Policy Papers. Vienna: European Centre. MoPAct Report, #8.4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colombo, F., & Mercier, J. (2011). Help Wanted! Balancing for Protection and Financial Sustainability in Long-Term Care. Eurohealth, 17(2–3), 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colombo, F., Nozal, A.-L., Mercier, J., & Tjadens, F. (2011). Help Wanted? Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Health Policy Studies. Paris: OECD Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Council of the European Union. (2014). Adequate Social Protection for Long-Term Care Needs in an Ageing Society. European Union. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/health//sites/health/files/ageing/docs/ev_20140618_co04_en.pdf

  • Deusdad, B. A., Pace, C., & Anttonen, A. (2016). Facing the Challenges in the Development of Long-Term Care for Older People in Europe in the Context of an Economic Crisis. Journal of Social Service Research, 42(2), 144–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ENNHRI -European Network of National Human Rights Institutions. (2017). Long-Term Care in Europe. ENNHRI. Retrieved from http://ennhri.org/Long-term-Care-in-Europe

  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Oxford: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2011). Empowering People, Driving Change: Social Innovation in the European Union. Luxembourg: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurostat. (2015). People in the EU – Population Projections. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from Eurostat. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/People_in_the_EU_%E2%80%93_population_projections#Europop2013_.E2.80.94_population_projections

  • Ferrara, M. (1996). The ‘Southern’ Model of Welfare in Social Europe. Journal of European Social Policy, 55(1), 17–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, L., & Walker, A. (2015). Active and Successful Aging: A European Policy Perspective. The Gerontologist, 55(1), 83–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, M., Eizaguirre, S., & Pradel, M. (2010). Theorising Governance in Social Innovation Dynamics and Strategies. In F. Moulaert, D. MacCallum, A. Mehmood, & A. Hamdouch (Eds.), Social Innovation: Collective Action, Social Learning and Transdisciplinary Research (pp. 31–40). KARTASIS Final Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geerts, J. (2011). The Long-Term Care Workforce: Description and Perspectives. ENEPRI. Retrieved from http://www.ancien-longtermcare.eu/sites/default/files/ENEPRIRR93_ANCIENWP3_0.pdf

  • Greve, B. (2016). Long Term Care for Elderly in Europe. Oxon: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, C., & Smith, J. (2010). Removing the Policy Barriers to Integrated Care in England. London: The Nuffield Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinze, R., & Naegele, G. (2012). Social Innovations in Ageing Societies. In H.-W. Franz, J. Hochgerner, & J. Howaldt (Eds.), Challenge Social Innovation (pp. 153–167). Heidelberg: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, A. (2006). Lone Mothers Between the Welfare State and Informal Support. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, A., Reichert, H., Hamblin, K., Perek-Bialas, K., & Principi, A. (2014). Informal and Formal Reconciliation Strategies of Older Peoples’ Working Carers: The European carers@work Project. Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion, 5, 1. https://doi.org/10.3402/vgi.v5.24264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howaldt, J., Kaletka, C., & Schröder, A. (2016). Mapping the World of Social Innovation. Key Results of a Comparative Analysis of 1.005 Social Innovation Initiatives at a Glance. Retrieved from http://www.sfs.tu-dortmund.de/cms/de/Aktuelles/170104_global_mapping_si_drive_innovationen/Mapping_the_World_of_Social_Innovation.pdf

  • Kassner, E. (2011). Home and Community-Based Long-Term Services and Supports for Older People. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodner, D. (2009). Integrated Service Models: An Exploration of North American Models and Lessons. In J. Glasby & H. Dickinson (Eds.), International Perspectives on Health and Social Care: Partnership Working in Action (pp. 68–80). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kodner, D. L., & Spreeuwenberg, C. (2002). Integrated Care: Meaning, Logic, Applications, and Implications – Discussion Paper. Journal of Integrated Care, 2, e12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamura, G. (2007). Dimensions of Future Social Service Provision in the Ageing Societies of Europe. VI. European Congress of Gerontology and Geriatrics. St. Petersburg, Russia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leichsenring, K. (2004). Providing Integrated Health and Social Care for Older Persons – A European Overview. In K. Leichsenring & A. M. Alaszewski (Eds.), Providing Integrated Health and Social Care for Older Persons – A European Overview of Issues at Stake (pp. 9–52). Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leichsenring, K., Billings, J., & Nies, H. (Eds.). (2013). Long-Term Care in Europe: Improving Policy and Practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leichsenring, K., Casanova, G., & Schulze, S. (2016a). Facilitating Integration and Coordination in LTC. Policy Paper #2. In K. Leichsenring, K. Schulmann, G. Casanova, M. Ghența, G. Lamura, A. Matei, … M. A. Tróbert (Eds.), Potentials for Social Innovation in Social Support and Long-Term Care (pp. 16–27). A Series of Policy Papers. Vienna: European Centre. MoPAct Report, #8.4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leichsenring, K., Schulmann, K., Casanova, G., Ghența, M., Lamura, G., Matei, A., … Tróbert, M. A. (2016b). Potentials for Social Innovation in Social Support and Long-Term Care. A Series of Policy Papers. 56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. (1992). Gender and the Development of Welfare Regimes. Journal of European Social Policy, 2, 159–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, H., & Palenga-Mollenbeck, E. (2010). Care Work Migration in Germany: Semi-Compliance and Complicity. Social Policy and Society, 9(3), 419–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, N. (2004). Diversity and Change in Pre-accession Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989. Journal of European Social Policy, 14(3), 211–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meagher, G., & Szebehely, M. (2013). Marketisation in Nordic Eldercare. A Research Report on Legislation, Oversight, Extent and Consequences. Stockholm: Stockholm University (Normacare).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moulaert, F., MacCullum, D., & Hillier, J. (2013). Social Innovation: Intuition, Precept, Concept and Practice. In F. Moulaert, D. MacCullum, A. Mehmood, & A. Hamdouch (Eds.), The International Handbook on Social Innovation. Collective Action, Social Learning and Transdisciplinary Research (pp. 13–24). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nies, H., Leichsenring, K., & Mak, S. (2013). The Emerging Identity of Long-Term Care Systems in Europe. In K. Leichsenring, J. Billings, & H. Nies (Eds.), Long-Term Care in Europe. Improving Policy and Practice (pp. 19–41). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfau-Effinger, B. (1998). Gender Cultures and the Gender Arrangement – A Theoretical Framework for Cross-National Comparisons on Gender. The European Journal of the Social Sciences, 11, 147–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfau-Effinger, B. (2005). Culture and Welfare State Policies: Reflections on a Complex Interrelation. Journal of Social Policy, 34, 3–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichert, M. (2012). Vereinbarkeit von Erwerbstätigkeit und Pflege – eine Bestandsaufnahme [Reconciliation of Work and Care – A Review]. In R. Bispinck, G. Bosch, K. Hofemann, & G. Naegele (Eds.), Sozialpolitik und Sozialstaat [Social Policy and Welfare State] (pp. 323–333). Wiesbaden: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues, R., Huber, M., & Lamura, G. (2012). Facts and Figures on Healthy Ageing and Long-Term Care. Vienna: European Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi Mori, A., & Dandi, R. (2012). The Influence of Technology on Long-Term Care Systems. ENEPRI Policy Brief No. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rostgaard, T., & Pfau-Effinger, B. (2011). Care Between Work and Welfare in European Societies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruppe, G. (2011). Active Ageing and Prevention in the Context of Long-Term Care. Rethinking Concepts and Practices. European Centre, Policy Brief July 2011. Vienna: European Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sainsbury, D. (1996). Gender, Equality and Welfare States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schulmann, K., & Leichsenring, K. (2014). Social Support and Long-Term Care in EU Care Regimes. Framework Conditions and Initiatives of Social Innovation in an Active Ageing Perspective. Vienna: European Centre. MoPAct Report, #8.1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulmann, K., & Leichsenring, K. (2015). A Qualitative Inventory of the Key Drivers of Social Innovation in the Delivery of Social Support and Long-Term Care. Vienna: European. MoPAct Report, #8.3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonazzi, A. (2009). Care Regimes and National Employment Models. The Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(2), 211–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Széman, Z., Ghenta, M., Matei, A., Tróbert, M., Schulze, S., & Paat-Ahi, G. (2016). Mobilising the Social Innovation Potential in LTC: Expanding Services. Policy Paper #4. In K. Leichsenring, K. Schulmann, G. Casanova, G. Ghența, G. Lamura, A. Matei, … M. A. Tróbert (Eds.), Potentials for Social Innovation in Social Support and Long-Term Care (pp. 4–15). A Series of Policy Papers. Vienna: European Centre. MoPact Report #8.4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timonen, V., & Doyle, M. (2007). Home Care for Ageing Population: A Comparative Analysis of Domiciliary Care in Denmark, The United States and Germany. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Heide, I., Snoeijs, S., Melchiorre, M. G., Quattrini, S., Boerma, W., Schellevis, F., & Rijken, M. (2015). Innovating Care for People with Multiple Chronic Condition in Europe. ICARE4EU Project. Final Report. ICARE4EU. Retrieved from http://www.icare4eu.org/pdf/State-of-the-Art_report_ICARE4EU.pdf

  • Walker, A., & Foster, L. (2013). Active Ageing: Rhetoric, Theory and Practice. In R. Ervik & T. S. Linden (Eds.), The Making of Ageing Policy: Theory and Practice in Europe (pp. 27–52). London: Edward Elgar.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2015). WHO Global Strategy on Integrated People-Centred Health Services. Interim Report. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from WHO. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/155002/1/WHO_HIS_SDS_2015.6_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1

  • WHO. (2016). What Is ‘Active Ageing’? Retrieved March 20, 2018, from World Health Organisation (WHO). http://www.who.int/ageing/active_ageing/en/

  • Williams, F. (2012). Converging Variations in Migrant Care Work in Europe. Journal of European Social Policy, 22(4), 363–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank and acknowledge the contributions to this chapter by Georgia Casanova and Giovanni Lamura, National Institute of Health and Science on Ageing (INRCA), Ancona, Italy; Mihaela Ghenta, Speranta Pirciog, Aniela Matei and Luise Mladen, National Research Institute for Labour and Social Protection (INCSMPS), Bucharest, Romania; Niku Määttänen and Tarmo Valkonen, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy (ETLA), Helsinki, Finland; Gerli Paat-Ahi and Vootele Veldre, Praxis Centre for Policy Studies Foundation, Tallinn, Estonia; Gerhard Naegele and Sandra Schulze, Technical University Dortmund, Institute for Gerontology (TUD IFG), Dortmund, Germany; Anett Mária Tróbert and Zsuzsa Széman, Institute for Sociology, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (IS RCSS HAS), Budapest, Hungary; Rita Gouveia and Karin Wall, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon (ICS), Lisbon, Portugal.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katharine Schulmann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Schulmann, K., Reichert, M., Leichsenring, K. (2019). Social Support and Long-Term Care for Older People: The Potential for Social Innovation and Active Ageing. In: Walker, A. (eds) The Future of Ageing in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1417-9_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1417-9_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-1416-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-1417-9

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics