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Arsenic Toxicity: A South Asian Perspective

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Mechanisms of Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants

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Abstract

Arsenic (As) toxicity has become one of the most significant abiotic threats to agriculture and human health. Owing to various natural and anthropogenic activities, the circulation of As among various reservoirs has increased over the past several decades. Though present throughout the world, South Asian region is particularly affected by it. A major portion of the people living in the region is dependent upon agriculture for their livelihood, and they utilize untreated water for dietary consumption. Moreover, the ability of As to accumulate in the plant body increases the chances of the urban and rural populations to be exposed to the metalloid. The metalloid uses a number of molecular mechanisms which causes adverse reactions in plants and animals. In order to control the detrimental effects of As, effective interventional strategies need to devised and implemented. Various physical, chemical, and biological processes can be employed for the purpose. This chapter reviews the geographical patterns of As toxicity in South Asia. The adverse aspects of As toxicity have then been provided followed by the proposed interventional strategies that can be employed for decreasing the As-associated toxicity in South Asia.

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Abbreviations

ACR:

Arsenate reductase

AMF:

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

As:

Arsenic

ATF:

Activating transcription factor 6

CHO:

Chinese hamster ovary

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

DMA:

Dimethylarsinic acid

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EPA:

US Environmental Protection Agency

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

FTCD:

Forminidoyl transferase cyclodeaminase

GLUT:

Glucose transporters

GSH:

Glutathione

GWAS:

Genome-wide association study

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

IRE:

Inositol-requiring enzyme

MAO:

Trimethylarsine oxide

MCL:

Maximum contaminant limit

mg:

Milligram

MMA:

Monomethylarsonic acid

NAC:

N-Acetylcysteine

NAPDH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NIPs:

Nodulin26-like intrinsic proteins

P:

Phosphorus

PERK:

PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RuBisCO:

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

tHcys:

Total homocysteine

UNICEF:

United Nations Children’s Fund

UPR:

Unfolded protein response

WAT:

White adipose tissue

WHO:

World Health Organization

Zn:

Zinc

μg:

Microgram

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Sahar Iftikhar, Zeeshan Ali, Duaa Ahmad Khan & Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar

  2. Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Najam-us-Sahar Sadaf Zaidi & Alvina Gul

Authors
  1. Sahar Iftikhar
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  2. Zeeshan Ali
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  3. Duaa Ahmad Khan
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  4. Najam-us-Sahar Sadaf Zaidi
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  5. Alvina Gul
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  6. Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
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Correspondence to Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

  2. Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Kamrun Nahar

  3. Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan

    Masayuki Fujita

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Iftikhar, S., Ali, Z., Khan, D.A., Zaidi, NuS.S., Gul, A., Babar, M.M. (2018). Arsenic Toxicity: A South Asian Perspective. In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Fujita, M. (eds) Mechanisms of Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1292-2_19

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