Skip to main content

Plan and Conduct of Research: Observational and Interventional Study Designs

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Thesis Writing for Master's and Ph.D. Program

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Jolles BM, Martin E. Study designs in orthopaedic clinical research. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:909–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Altman D. Introduction to study design. 2014. http://www.equator-network.org.

  3. Rohrig B, du Prel JB, Wachtlin D, Blettner M. Types of study in medical research: part 3 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications. DtschArzteblatt Int. 2009;106:262–8.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sut N. Study designs in medicine. Balkan Med J. 2014;31:273–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Dawson B, Trapp RG. Basic and clinical biostatistics. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Silva DS. Overview of study designs. In: Silva DS, editor. Cancer epidemiology: principles and methods. France: IARC Publications. http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/epi/cancerepi/.

  7. Lewallen S, Courtright P. Epidemiology in practice: case-control studies. Commun Eye Health. 1998;11(28):57–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Szumilas M. Explaining odds ratios. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;19(3):227–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Song JW, Chung KC. Observational studies: cohort and case-control studies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(6):2234–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Andrade C. Understanding relative risk, odds ratio, and related terms: as simple as it can get. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(7):e857–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research Involving Human Participants. 2017. http://www.icmr.nic.in/guidelines/ICMR_Ethical_Guidelines_2017.pdf. Accessed 22 Nov 2017.

  12. Šimundić A-M. Measures of diagnostic accuracy: basic definitions. EJIFCC. 2009;19(4):203–11.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Cook C, Cleland J, Huijbregts P. Creation and critique of studies of diagnostic accuracy: use of the STARD and QUADAS methodological quality assessment tools. J Man Manip Ther. 2007;15(2):93–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kabisch M, Ruckes C, Seibert-Grafe M, Blettner M. Randomized controlled trials: part 17 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications. Deutsches Ärzteblatt Int. 2011;108(39):663–8.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hopewell S, Dutton S, Yu LM, Chan AW, Altman DG. The quality of reports of randomised trials in 2000 and 2006: comparative study of articles indexed in Pub Med. BMJ. 2010;340:c723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Iaggio G, Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Pocock SJ, Evans SJ, CONSORT Group. Reporting of non-inferiority and equivalence randomized trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement. JAMA. 2006;295(10):1152–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Mohsina S, Shanmugam D, Sureshkumar S, Kundra P, Mahalakshmy T, Kate V. Adapted ERAS pathway vs. standard care in patients with perforated duodenal ulcer-a randomized controlled trial. J Gastrointest Surg. 2018;22(1):107–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-017-3474-2. [Epub ahead of print]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Das R, Sureshkumar S, Sreenath GS, Kate V. Sequential versus concomitant therapy for eradication of Helicobacter Pylori in patients with perforated duodenal ulcer: a randomized trial. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(4):309–15. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.187605.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI. Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(25):1887–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Efird J. Blocked randomization with randomly selected block sizes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(1):15–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8010015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhao W. A better alternative to stratified permuted block design for subject randomization in clinical trials. Stat Med. 2014;33(30):5239–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6266.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Doig GS, Simpson F. Randomization and allocation concealment: a practical guide for researchers. J Crit Care. 2005;20(2):187–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Hollis S, Campbell F. What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials. Br Med J. 1999;319(7211):670–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Suresh K. An overview of randomization techniques: an unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4(1):8–11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.82352.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Philip S. What is a non-randomised controlled trial? BMJ. 2014;348:g4115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Haidich AB. Meta-analysis in medical research. Hippokratia. 2010;14(Suppl 1):29–37.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of reporting of meta-analyses. Lancet. 1999;354(9193):1896–900.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Checkoway H, Pearce N, Kriebel D. Selecting appropriate study designs to address specific research questions in occupational epidemiology. Occup Environ Med. 2007;64(9):633–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kate, V., Sureshkumar, S., Subair, M. (2018). Plan and Conduct of Research: Observational and Interventional Study Designs. In: Parija, S., Kate, V. (eds) Thesis Writing for Master's and Ph.D. Program. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0890-1_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0890-1_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0889-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0890-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics