Abstract
Because the whole book’s issue assumes the uneven integrations of national/continental urban systems inside the global economy, this chapter evaluates the rates and qualitative modes of integration of the national urban systems by the economic networks that are dominated by multinational firms. The empirical study encompasses the largest 1250 cities of the world delineated in a comparative way according to common definitions of large urban regions (LURs). The position of LURs in multinational firms’ ownership networks in 2 years, 2010 and 2013, corresponds to the deepest period of the crisis and the following recovery, respectively. Thus, we checked that the fast reorganization of multinational firms facing this crisis between 2010 and 2013 did not fundamentally transform their strong urban organization but rather introduced some minor changes, particularly due to the simultaneous breakthrough of emergent countries’ companies (especially the Chinese ones). Synthetic network clustering methods partitioning cities of the world offer clear visions of the structure of the multipolar urban networks. They reveal “regions” of integration of cities for all kinds of multinational companies but also distinguishing companies according to their skill levels either in industry or in services. A special attention is given to some highly integrated cities appearing with properties of “city-states,” i.e., without a strong national urban system.
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Notes
- 1.
The empirical study of cities’ globalization is based on a large database that we update regularly, encompassing the direct or indirect ownership networks of the 3000 main groups of the world (approximately 800,000 enterprises linked by one million financial linkages at each date and positioned in comparative urban areas [see (2) below for more precision]) (source: Bureau Van Dijk 2010, 2013).
- 2.
This database encompasses about 700,000 subsidiaries in 2010 and 800,000 subsidiaries in 2013, linked by one million filiation links in 2010 and 1.2 million in 2013. The 3000 first firms are different in 2010 and in 2013, only maintaining a common part, for which the network of subsidiaries could change. Through these independent data, we can evaluate the main strength of the global networks at each date, considering the transformations of the dominant economic actors.
- 3.
This preparation needs some huge efforts and a high-level expertise for each country to evaluate the relevance of the LURs’ delineations.
- 4.
These calculations are based on the total initial number of cities and all their weighted linkages.
- 5.
We note that this total is not the sum of continents or countries because for the example of continents, intercontinental linkages count for each of them (counting twice, i.e., for both continents they concern). This explains why the proportion of intercontinental linkages is much higher for each continent than it is for the total.
- 6.
To compare cluster partitioning, we used the Normalized Mutual Information (NMI) method, as proposed by Danon et al. (2005). Given two partitional structures of a network, the NMI calculates the proportion of couples remaining in the same groups and thus returns a value in a range between 100% (perfect similarity) and 0% (complete dissimilarity).
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Rozenblat, C. (2018). Urban Systems Between National and Global: Recent Reconfiguration Through Transnational Networks. In: Rozenblat, C., Pumain, D., Velasquez, E. (eds) International and Transnational Perspectives on Urban Systems. Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7799-9_2
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