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Igneous Layering in Basaltic Magma Chambers

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Layered Intrusions

Part of the book series: Springer Geology ((SPRINGERGEOL))

Abstract

Layering is a common feature in mafic and ultramafic layered intrusions and generally consists of a succession of layers characterized by contrasted mineral modes and/or mineral textures, including grain size and orientation and, locally, changing mineral compositions. The morphology of the layers is commonly planar, but more complicated shapes are observed in some layered intrusions. Layering displays various characteristics in terms of layer thickness, homogeneity, lateral continuity, stratigraphic cyclicity, and the sharpness of their contacts with surrounding layers. It also often has similarities with sedimentary structures such as cross-bedding, trough structures or layer termination. It is now accepted that basaltic magma chambers mostly crystallize in situ in slightly undercooled boundary layers formed at the margins of the chamber. As a consequence, most known existing layering cannot be ascribed to a simple crystal settling process. Based on detailed field relationships, geochemical analyses as well as theoretical and experimental studies, other potential mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to explain the formation of layered igneous rocks. In this study, we review important mechanisms for the formation of layering, which we classify into dynamic and non-dynamic layer-forming processes.

Dynamic processes occur during filling of the magma chamber or during its crystallization. They include differential settling or flotation of crystals with contrasted densities and/or grain sizes, flow segregation of crystal-laden magma and crystal segregation during convective liquid movement into the magma chamber. Double diffusive convection, which produces a stratified liquid column in the magma chamber, can also produce layering. Other dynamic processes include magma injection into the chamber, which results in magma stratification or magma mixing, and silicate liquid immiscibility either in the main magma chamber or within the solidifying crystal mush.

Non-dynamic layer-forming processes mainly include rapid changes in intensive conditions of crystallization (e.g. pressure, oxygen fugacity) that disrupt and change the stable liquidus assemblages, and transitory excursions about cotectic curves. Layering can also result from variation in nucleation rates and from mineral reorganization in a crystal mush through grain rotation, dissolution-precipitation due to initial heterogeneity in terms of grain size distribution, mineral modes or differential pressure. Many of these processes are driven by dissipation of energy and can be referred to as equilibration or self-organization processes.

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Acknowledgments

ON was supported by a Junior Research Fellowship from Magdalene College (University of Cambridge) and by a von Humboldt Fellowship (University of Hannover). This work has benefited from discussions with Madeleine Humphreys, Marian Holness, Jacqueline Vander Auwera, Richard Wilson and Brian Robins. The authors would like to thank J. Koepke, C. Li, S.A. Morse, R. Latypov, E. Ripley and B. Upton who kindly accepted to share field photographs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Mineralogy, University of Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany

    O. Namur

  2. CNRS-UMR 5563, GET, OMP, University of Toulouse, 31400, Toulouse, France

    Bénédicte Abily & Georges Ceuleneer

  3. Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Alan E. Boudreau

  4. School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, 95301, Atwater, CA, USA

    Francois Blanchette

  5. Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA

    John W. M. Bush

  6. Department of Geology, University of Liege, B 4000, Sart Tilman, Belgium

    B. Charlier & Jean-Clair Duchesne

  7. School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9AL, St. Andrews, UK

    Colin H. Donaldson

  8. Sciences de la Terre, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Blvd de l’université, G7H 2B1, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada

    M. D. Higgins

  9. Departamento de Geología & Andean Geothermal Center of Excellence (CEGA, Fondap-CONICYT), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, 13518, Santiago, Casilla, Chile

    D. Morata

  10. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Troels F. D. Nielsen

  11. School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Keele, UK

    B. O’Driscoll

  12. The University of Manchester School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science (SEAES), Williamson Building Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK

    B. O’Driscoll

  13. Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China

    K. N. Pang

  14. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Thomas Peacock

  15. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, 4811, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    Carl J. Spandler

  16. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, 812 8581, Fukuoka, Japan

    Atsushi Toramaru

  17. Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    I.V. Veksler

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  18. I.V. Veksler
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Correspondence to O. Namur .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium

    Bernard Charlier

  2. University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Olivier Namur

  3. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Rais Latypov

  4. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Christian Tegner

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Namur, O. et al. (2015). Igneous Layering in Basaltic Magma Chambers. In: Charlier, B., Namur, O., Latypov, R., Tegner, C. (eds) Layered Intrusions. Springer Geology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9652-1_2

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