Abstract
The ability of Doppler echocardiography to evaluate changes in flow non-invasively on a beat to beat basis has made it quite valuable as a means of evaluating pacemaker physiology. Combined Doppler echocardiographic studies of the left atrium and mitral inflow have been used to evaluate left atrial size and function [1, 2] while Doppler echocardiographic studies of aortic flow velocity have been used to evaluate the effect of different pacing modes or different AV intervals on resting stroke volume [1, 3–10]. These studies are useful in evaluating patients for ventricular versus dual chamber pacemakers, and for optimizing the AV interval in patients who have received dual chamber pacemakers. Doppler echocardiographic studies can also be used to document atrial capture [11] to exclude pacemaker induced valvular regurgitation [3] and to investigate the hemodynamic alterations in patients with the pacemaker syndrome. This chapter will review the role that combined Doppler echocardiographic studies have played in improving our understanding of pacemaker physiology, and the clinical applications of these techniques.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Labovitz AJ, Williams GA, Redd RM, Kennedy HL: Noninvasive assessment of pacemaker hemodynamics by Doppler echocardiography: importance of left atrial size. J Am Coll Cardiol, 6:196–200, 1985.
Iwase M, Sotobata I, Yokota M, et al: Evaluation by pulsed Doppler echocardiography of the atrial contribution to left ventricular filling in patients with DDD pacemakers. Am J Cardiol, 58:104–9, 1986.
Zugibe F, Nanda NC, Barold SS, Akiyama T: Usefulness of Doppler echocardiography in cardiac pacing: assessment of mitral regurgitation, peak aortic flow velocity and atrial capture. PACE, 6:1350–7, 1983.
Nanda NC, Bhandari A, Barold SS, Falkoff M: Doppler echocardiographic studies in sequential atrioventricular pacing. PACE, 6: 811–4, 1983.
Stewart WJ, Dicola VC, Harthorne JW, et al: Doppler ultrasound measurement of cardiac output in patients with physiologic pacemakers. Am J Cardiol, 54: 308–12, 1984.
Forfang K, Otterstad JE, Ihlen H: Optimal atrioventricular delay in physiologic pacing determined by Doppler echocardiography. PACE, 9:17–20, 1985.
Faerestrand S, Ohm OJ: A time-related study of the hemodynamic benefit of atrioventricular synchronous pacing evaluated by Doppler echocardiography. PACE, 8: 838–48, 1985.
Halperin JL, Teichholz LE, Steinmetz MY, et al: Selection of patients for dual-chamber pacing by noninvasive means: the VVI-variance index. Circulation, 70: II–409, 1984. (Abstract).
Halperin JL, Rothlauf EB, Stern EH, et al: Pulsed-Doppler echocardiographic assessment of hemodynamic function during dual-chamber cardiac pacing. Circulation, 68: III–379, 1983. (Abstract).
Kafka W, Holdebrandt U, Delius W: Hemodynamic advantage of AV-sequential pacing with respect to the AV-delay. PACE, 8: A-38, 1985. (Abstract).
Switzer DF, Nanda NC: Doppler-echocardiographic assessment of cardiac pacemakers. Cardiol Clin, 3: 631–53, 1985.
Tscheliessnigg KH, Stenzl W, Dacar D: Hemodynamic importance of a constant AV delay. PACE, 8: A-38, 1985. (Abstract).
Ausubel K, Furman S: The pacemaker syndrome. Annals Int Med, 103:420–9, 1985.
Maurer G, Torres MAR, Corday E, et al: Two-dimensional echocardiographic contrast assessment of pacing-induced mitral regurgitation: relation to altered regional left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol, 3: 986–91, 1984.
Judy WV, Hall JH: Non-invasive analysis of pacemaker induced cardiodynamics. Circulation, 70:II–408, 1984. (Abstract).
Miyatake K, Okamoto M, Kinoshita N, et al: Augmentation of atrial contribution to left ventricular inflow with aging as assessed by intracardiac Doppler flowmeter. Am J Cardiol, 53:586–89, 1984.
Gardin JM, Tobis JM, Dabestani A, et al: Superiority of two-dimensional measurement of aortic vessel diameter in Doppler echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular stroke volume. J Am Coll Cardiol, 6:66–74, 1985.
Huntsman LL, Stewart DK, Barnes SR, et al: Noninvasive Doppler determination of cardiac output in man. Circulation, 67: 593–601, 1983.
Schuster AH, Nanda NC: Doppler echocardiography: Part I: Doppler cardiac output measurements: Perspective and comparison with other methods of cardiac output determination. Echocardiography: A Review of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, 1: 45–54, 1984.
Lewis JF, Kuo LL, Nelson JG, et al: Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic determination of stroke volume and cardiac output: Clinical validation of two new methods using the apical window. Circulation, 70:425–431, 1984.
Gardin JM, Dabestini A, Natin K, et al: Reproducibility of Doppler aortic blood flow velocity measurements: studies on intra-observer, inter-observer and day-to-day variability in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol, 54: 1092–8, 1984.
Schuster AH, Nanda NC: Doppler echocardiographic measurement of cardiac output: comparison with a non-golden standard, (ed) Am J Cardiol, 53: 257–9, 1984.
Elkayam U, Gardin JM, Berkley R, et al: The use of Doppler flow velocity measurement to assess the hemodynamic response to vasodilators in patients with heart failure. Circulation, 67: 377, 1983.
Reiter MJ, Hindman MC: Hemodynamic effects of acute atrioventricular sequential pacing in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol, 49:687–92, 1982.
Eisenhauer AC, McElroy PA, Weber KT: Chronotropic dysfunction and exercise. Physiologic Principles and Clinical Applications. Weber KT &Janicki JS (eds). Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1986.
Ionescu VL: An ‘on demand pacemaker’ responsive to respiratory rate. PACE 3: 375, 1980 (Abstract).
Rickards AF, Norman J: Relation between QT interval and heart rate. New design of physiologically adaptive cardiac pacemaker. Br Heart J 45: 56–61, 1981.
Anderson K, Humen D, Klein GJ, Brumwell D, Huntley S: A rate variable pacemaker which automatically adjusts for physical activity. PACE 6: A12, 1983 (Abstract).
Wish M, Fletcher RD, Gottdiener JS, et al: Optimal left atrioventricular sequence in dual chamber pacing-limitations of programmed A-V interval. J Am Coll Cardiol, 3: 507A, 1984 (Abstract).
Von Bibra H, Busch U, Wirtzfeld A: The beneficial effect of short AV-intervals in VDD patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 5: 394, 1985.
Haas J, Strait G: Pacemaker-induced cardiovascular failure: hemodynamic and angiographic observations. Am J Cardiol 33: 295–299, 1974.
Miyatake K, Izumi S, Okamoto M, et al: Semiquantitative grading of severity of mitral regurgitation by real-time two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging technique. J Am Coll Cardiol, 7: 82–8, 1986.
Perry GJ and Nanda NC: Diagnosis and quantitation of valvular regurgitation by color Doppler flow mapping. Echocardiography: A Review of Cardiovascular Ultrasound 3: 493–503, 1986.
Helmcke F, Nanda NC, Hsiung MC, Soto B, Adey C, Goyal RG, Gatewood R: Color Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation using orthogonal planes. Circulation 75: 175–183, 1987.
Ambrose JA, Meller J, Herman MV, et al: The ventricular A wave and a new echocardiographic index of late diastolic filling of the left ventricle. Am Heart J, 96:615, 1978.
Naito M, Dreifus LS, Mardelli TJ, et al: Echocardiographic features of atrioventricular and ventricule-atrial conduction. Am J Cardiol, 46:625, 1980.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Perry, G.J., Nanda, N.C. (1989). Doppler echocardiography and cardiac pacing. In: Cikes, I. (eds) Echocardiography in Cardiac Interventions. Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol 96. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0907-6_35
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0907-6_35
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6897-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0907-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive