Skip to main content

Number Sense in Low-Performing Kindergarten Children: Effects of a Working Memory and an Early Math Training

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Literacy Studies ((LITS,volume 6))

Abstract

Previous research has shown that number sense skills can be improved by playing numerical games and that working memory is related to number sense as well. In this chapter, it is investigated if working memory could be trained and what the additional effect could be of a working memory training on children’s number sense skills. Two studies are reported, in which low-performing kindergarten children received training on either number sense or on both number sense and working memory. The results of these studies show that working memory can be trained and moreover, that counting skills can be improved by training working memory. However, for a direct effect, training number sense seems to be the most effective. More research is needed to further examine these results. This chapter provides directions for early interventions for children at risk for mathematical learning problems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alloway, T. P. (2007). Automated working memory assessment. London: Pearson Assessment. [Translated and reproduced by permission of Pearson Assessment.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Alloway, T. P. (2009). Working memory, but not IQ, predicts subsequent learning in children with learning difficulties. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 92–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alloway, T. P., & Alloway, R. G. (2010). Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 106, 20–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari, D. (2008). Effects of development and enculturation on number representation in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 279–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aunio, P., Hautamäki, J., & Van Luit, J. E. H. (2005). Mathematical thinking intervention programmes for preschool children with normal and low number sense. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 20, 131–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baddeley, A. (1996). Exploring the central executive. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49, 5–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, J. L., & Siegler, R. S. (2006). Developmental and individual differences in pure numerical estimation. Developmental Psychology, 41, 189–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, D. P. (2005). Commentary on early identification and intervention for students with mathematics difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 340–345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bull, R., & Scerif, G. (2001). Executive functioning as a predictor of children’s mathematics ability: Inhibition, switching, and working memory. Developmental Neuropsychology, 19, 273–293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bull, R., Espy, K. A., & Wiebe, S. A. (2008). Short-term memory, working memory, and executive functioning in preschoolers: Longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33, 205–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dehaene, S. (2001). Précis of the number sense. Mind & Language, 16, 16–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowsett, S. M., & Livesey, D. J. (2000). The development of inhibitory control in preschool children: Effects of “executive skills” training. Developmental Psychobiology, 36, 161–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebersbach, M., Luwel, K., Frick, A., Onghena, P., & Verschaffel, L. (2008). The relationship between the shape of the mental number line and familiarity with numbers in 5- to 9-year-old children: Evidence for a segmented model. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 99, 1–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, L. S., Compton, D. L., Fuchs, D., Paulsen, K., Bryant, J. D., & Hamlett, C. L. (2005). The prevention, identification, and cognitive determinants of math difficulty. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 493–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallistel, C. R., & Gelman, R. (1992). Preverbal and verbal counting and computation. Cognition, 44, 43–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2000). Assessment of working memory in six- and seven-year-old children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 377–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geary, D. C., Hoard, M. K., & Hamson, C. O. (1999). Numerical and arithmetical cognition: Patterns of functions and deficits in children at risk for a mathematical disability. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 74, 213–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geary, D. C., Hoard, M. K., Byrd-Craven, J., Nugent, L., & Numtee, C. (2007). Cognitive mechanisms underlying achievement deficits in children with mathematical learning disability. Child Development, 78, 1343–1359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geary, D. C., Hoard, M. K., Nugent, L., & Byrd-Craven, J. (2008). Development of number line representations in children with mathematical learning disability. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33, 277–299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gebuis, T., Cohen-Kadosh, R., De Haan, E., & Henik, A. (2009). Automatic quantity processing in 5-year olds and adults. Cognitive Processing, 10, 133–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gersten, R., & Chard, D. (1999). Early math: Rethinking arithmetic instruction for students with mathematical disabilities. The Journal of Special Education, 33, 18–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gersten, R., Jordan, N. C., & Flojo, J. R. (2005). Early identification and interventions for students with mathematics difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 293–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, J., Gathercole, S. E., & Dunning, D. L. (2009). Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children. Developmental Science, 12, F9–F15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, N. C., Kaplan, D., Oláh, L. N., & Locuniak, M. N. (2006). Number sense growth in kindergarten: A longitudinal investigation of children at risk for mathematics difficulties. Child Development, 77, 153–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, N. C., Kaplan, D., Locuniak, M. N., & Ramineni, C. (2007). Predicting first-grade math achievement from developmental number sense trajectories. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 22, 36–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalchman, M., Moss, J., & Case, R. (2001). Psychological models for the development of mathematical understanding: Rational numbers and functions. In S. Carver & D. Klahr (Eds.), Cognition and instruction (pp. 1–38). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavkler, M., Tancig, S., & Magajna, L. (2003). Longitudinal study of children with very low mathematical competence in preschool years. Paper presented at EARLI2003, Padova, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlström, K., & Westerberg, H. (2005). Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 77–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolkman, M. E., Hoijtink, H. H., Kroesbergen, E. H., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2012). The role of executive functions in numerical estimation skills [Manuscript submitted for publication].

    Google Scholar 

  • Krajewski, K., & Schneider, W. (2009). Exploring the impact of phonological awareness, visual-spatial working memory, and preschool quantity-number competencies on mathematics achievement in elementary school: Findings from a 3-year longitudinal study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 103, 516–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroesbergen, E. H., Van Luit, J. E. H., Van Lieshout, E. C. D. M., Van Loosbroek, E., & Van de Rijt, B. A. M. (2009). Individual differences in early numeracy: The role of executive functions and subitizing. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 27, 226–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kroesbergen, E. H., Van ’t Noordende, J. E., Kolkman, M. E., & Huiting, R. (2012). Math and working memory in kindergarten children: Domain-specific versus domain-general working memory training [Manuscript submitted for publication].

    Google Scholar 

  • Laski, E. V., & Siegler, R. S. (2007). Is 27 a big number? Correlational and causal connections among numerical categorization, number line estimation, and numerical magnitude comparison. Child Development, 78, 1723–1743.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Locuniak, M. N., & Jordan, N. C. (2008). Using kindergarten number sense to predict calculation fluency in second grade. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41, 451–459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Passolunghi, M. C., & Pazzaglia, F. (2005). A comparison of working memory processes in children good or poor in arithmetic word problem-solving. Learning and Individual Differences, 15, 257–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Passolunghi, M. C., & Siegel, L. S. (2003). Working memory and access to numerical information in children with disability in mathematics. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88, 348–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Passolunghi, M. C., Mammarella, I. C., & Altoè, G. (2008). Cognitive abilities as precursors of the early acquisition of mathematical skills during first through second grades. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33, 229–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramani, G. B., & Siegler, R. S. (2008). Promoting broad and stable improvements in low-income children’s numerical knowledge through playing number board games. Child Development, 79, 375–394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, C., & Bisanz, J. (2005). Representation and working memory in early arithmetic. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 91, 137–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegler, R. S., & Ramani, G. B. (2008). Playing linear numerical board games promotes low-income children’s numerical development. Developmental Science, 11, 655–661.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, H. L., & Beebe-Frankenberger, M. (2004). The relationship between working memory and mathematical problem solving in children at risk and not at risk for serious math difficulties. Journal of Educational Psychology, 3, 471–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorell, L. B., Lindqvist, S., Nutley, S. B., Bohlin, G., & Klingberg, T. (2009). Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children. Developmental Science, 12, 106–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tudge, J. R. H., & Doucet, F. (2004). Early mathematical experiences: Observing young black and white children’s everyday activities. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19, 21–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Rijt, B. A. M., & Van Luit, J. E. H. (1998). Effectiveness of the additional early mathematics program for teaching children early mathematics. Instructional Science, 26, 337–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Rijt, B. A. M., & Van Luit, J. E. H. (1999). Milestones in the development of infant numeracy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 65–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Molen, M. (2009). Working memory in children with mild intellectual disabilities: Abilities and training potential. Doctoral dissertation, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Sluis, S., De Jong, P. F., & Van der Leij, A. (2007). Executive functioning in children, and its relations with reasoning, reading, and arithmetic. Intelligence, 35, 427–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Luit, J. E. H., & Van de Rijt, B. A. M. (2009). Utrechtse Getalbegrip Toets-Revised [Early numeracy test-revised]. Doetinchem: Graviant.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Aster, M. G., & Shalev, R. S. (2007). Number development and developmental dyscalculia. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49, 868–873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, J. C., & Bull, R. (2008). Number games, magnitude representation, and basis number skills in preschoolers. Developmental Psychology, 44, 588–596.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, K. M., & Swanson, H. L. (2001). Are mathematics disabilities due to a domain-general or a domain-specific working memory deficit? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34, 237–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witt, M. (2007, August 27–30). Can working memory training affect mathematical performance in children at primary school? Poster presented at Earli 2007, Budapest, Hungary.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Evelyn H. Kroesbergen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kroesbergen, E.H., Van’t Noordende, J.E., Kolkman, M.E. (2012). Number Sense in Low-Performing Kindergarten Children: Effects of a Working Memory and an Early Math Training. In: Breznitz, Z., Rubinsten, O., Molfese, V., Molfese, D. (eds) Reading, Writing, Mathematics and the Developing Brain: Listening to Many Voices. Literacy Studies, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4086-0_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics