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Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems pp 357–381Cite as

The Physiology and Functional Genomics of Cyanobacterial Hydrogenases and Approaches Towards Biohydrogen Production

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Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 33))

Summary

Three different enzymes, the nitrogenase and two different hydrogenases, an uptake and a bidirectional enzyme, are involved in cyanobacterial hydrogen metabolism. In strains containing nitrogenase, H2 is produced as a byproduct during nitrogen fixation. Many cyanobacterial strains additionally express an uptake hydrogenase that recycles these reducing equivalents. Since not every nitrogen-fixing strain encodes the genes of the uptake hydrogenase, it seems to be dispensable under some environmental conditions. Genome comparisons suggest that the cyanobacterial uptake hydrogenase requires the presence of five additional accessory genes for its maturation.

The primary function of the bidirectional hydrogenase is to increase energetic yield during fermentation and light induced H2 production in transition states, when cells shift from dark anaerobic conditions to those where light is present. Under oxidizing conditions, the bidirectional enzyme can also catalyze hydrogen uptake. Comparative genomics and database searches reveal the specific association of the pyruvate:ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase with the bidirectional hydrogenase, indicating a functional association. This chapter summarizes what is known about the physiological function of the hydrogenases, how they are integrated in the overall metabolism, their phylogenetic ancestry, and their distribution in cyanobacterial genomes.

Oxygenic phototrophs provide the framework that is needed for biological hydrogen production from sunlight and water, and they could be used as a blueprint for biomimetic systems for hydrogen generation. The genetic modifications that have been made to achieve higher production rates are described and future strategies for the use of cyanobacteria as rewarding H2 producers are outlined.

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Acknowledgments

I am especially grateful for the exceptional support I received from Rüdiger Schulz during the major part of my scientific life and I like to thank all the Ph.D. and diploma students I have been working with in the lab and who were part of exciting and many fruitful discussions. My special thanks are to Horst Senger, Reto Strasser, Georg Schmetterer, Eva-Mari Aro, Laurent Cournac, Teruo Ogawa, Aaron Kaplan, Petra Fromme, Anne Jones and Wim Vermaas. Personally I like to thank Kirstin Gutekunst who added a warm and invaluable character to my life.

Financial aid from DFG, COST 841, Innovationsfond des Landes Schleswig-Holstein, Linde AG, Arizona State University and the Intel­lectual Fusion Investment Fund for ASU by Brian and Kelly Swette is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Botanisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    Jens Appel

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  1. Dept. Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 74075, Oklahoma, USA

    Robert Burnap

  2. School of Life Sciences &, Center for Bioenergy & Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287-4501, Arizona, USA

    Wim Vermaas

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Appel, J. (2012). The Physiology and Functional Genomics of Cyanobacterial Hydrogenases and Approaches Towards Biohydrogen Production. In: Burnap, R., Vermaas, W. (eds) Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 33. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1533-2_15

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