Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cranial Morphology and Variation of the Earliest Indonesian Hominids

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Asian Paleoanthropology

Part of the book series: Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology ((VERT))

Abstract

The Early Pleistocene deposits of Sangiran, Central Java, have yielded the oldest hominid fossils in Indonesia. This Sangiran assemblage is the oldest sizable hominid fossil collection so far known from Asia, and along with the African and Georgian arrays is the best comparative collection of Early Pleistocene Homo in the world. For this reason, the Sangiran hominid materials are important for understanding the dispersal and paleobiology of earlier members of our genus. However, due to ambiguous contextual documentation and the fragmentary nature of many of the existing fossils, our understanding of the taxonomic affinities and morphological variation of the earliest Indonesian hominids remains unclear. In this paper, we review recent chronostratigraphic data, and examine the Sangiran cranial remains. Contrary to previous arguments that the oldest Indonesian hominids are characterized by cranial robusticity, we propose that these hominids are actually highly variable, including both robust and gracile morphotypes. In overall cranial size and shape, and dentognathic morphology, the earliest Indonesian hominids appear to be comparable to c. 1.7 Ma early Homo erectus from East Africa. Evolutionary and taxonomic implications of these findings are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Wolpoff (1999) also defined two chronological groups of the Early Pleistocene Javanese hominin remains by setting a boundary at the top of the Grenzbank zone. However, he failed to find this temporal variation due to some errors in his stratigraphic allocation of the fossil specimens.

  2. 2.

    To be exact, whether Sangiran 4 was unearthed from the uppermost part of the Sangiran Formation or overlying Grenzbank zone is currently indeterminate (Matsu’ura 1982; Itihara et al. 1985).

References

  • Antón, S. C. (1997a). Endocranial hyperostosis in Sangiran 2, Gibraltar 1, and Shanidar 5. American Journal of Physical Anthropolpology, 108, 223–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antón, S. C. (1997b). Developmental age and taxonomic affinity of the Mojoketro child, Java, Indonesia. American Journal of Physical Anthropolpology, 102, 497–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antón, S. C. (2002a). Evolutionary significance of cranial variation in Asian Homo erectus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 118, 301–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antón, S. C. (2002b). Cranial growth in Homo erectus. In N. Minugh-Purvis & K. J. McNamara (Eds.), Human evolution through developmental change (pp. 349–380). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antón, S. C. (2003). Natural history of Homo erectus. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 46, 126–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antón, S. C., & Swisher, C. C., III. (2004). Early dispersal of Homo from Africa. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 271–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antón, S. C., Leonard, W. R., & Robertson, M. L. (2003). An ecomorphological model of the initial hominin dispersal from Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 43, 773–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arif, J., Kaifu, Y., Baba, H., Suparka, M. E., Zaim, Y., & Setoguchi, T. (2002). Preliminary observation of a new cranium of Homo erectus (Tjg-1993.05) from Sangiran, Central Jawa. Anthropological Science, 110, 165–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aziz, F. (2001). Hominin fossils housed at the Geological Research and Development Center, Bandung, Indonesia. In E. Indriati (Ed.), A scientific life: papers in honor of Prof. Dr. T. Jacob (pp. 53–66). Yogyakarta: Bigraf Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baba, H., Kaifu, Y., Narasaki, S., Aziz, F., Sudijono, Saefudin, I., Susanto, E.E. (1998). Fossil frontal bone of Homo erectus found in 1994 from Sangiran, Java. Anthropological Science, 107, 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baba, H., Aziz, F., Narasaki, S., Sudijono, Kaifu, Y., Saefudin, I., Susanto E.E. (2004). Frontal bone fragment of Homo erectus from Sangiran, Java. Human Evolution, 19, 197–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartstra, G.-J. (1982). The river-laid strata near Trinil, site of Homo erectus erectus, Java, Indonesia. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia, 7, 97–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettis III, E. A., Milius, A. K., Carpenter, S. J., Larick, R., Zaim, Y., Rizal, Y., Ciochon, R. L., Tassier-Surine, S. A., Murray, D., Suminto, Bronto, B. (2009). Way out of Africa: Early Pleistocene paleoenvironments inhabited by Homo erectus in Sangiran, Java. Journal of Human Evolution, 56, 11–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bräuer, G., & Mbua, E. (1992). Homo erectus features used in cladistics and their variability in Asian and African hominins. Journal of Human Evolution, 22, 79–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. (1994). Cranial vault thickness in Asian Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 171, 33–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coqueugniot, H., Hublin, J.-J., Veillon, F., Houët, F., & Jacob, T. (2004). Early brain growth in Homo erectus and implications for cognitive ability. Nature, 431, 299–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, M. H. (1986). Guide to Fossil Man (4th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vos, J., & Sondaar, P. Y. (1982). The importance of the ‘Dubois collection’ reconsidered. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia, 7, 35–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vos, J., Sartono, S., Hardja-Sasmita, S., & Sondaar, P. Y. (1982). The fauna from Trinil, type locality of Homo erectus: a reinterpretation. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 61, 207–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vos, J., Sondaar, P. Y., Van den Bergh, G. D., & Aziz, F. (1994). The Homo bearing deposits of Java and its ecological context. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 171, 129–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennell, R. (2003). Dispersal and colonization, long and short chronologies: how continuous is the Early Pleistocene record for hominins outside East Africa? Journal of Human Evolution, 45, 421–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dennell, R., & Roebroeks, W. (2005). An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa. Nature, 438, 1099–1104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feibel, C. S., Brown, F. H., & McDougall, I. (1989). Stratigraphic context of fossil hominids from the Omo Group deposits; northern Turkana basin, Kenya and Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 78, 595–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabunia, L., Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Swisher, C. C., III, Ferring, R., Justus, A., et al. (2000). Earliest Pleistocene hominin cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: taxonomy, geological setting, and age. Science, 288, 1019–1025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabunia, L., de Lumley, M. A., Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., & de Lumley, H. (2002). Découverte d’un nouvel homininé à Dmanissi (Transcaucasie, Géorgie). Comptes rendus Palevol, 1, 243–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, X., Wei, Q., Shen, C., & Keates, S. (2005). New light on the earliest hominin occupation in East Asia. Current Anthropology, 46, 115–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gathogo, P. N., & Brown, F. H. (2006). Revised stratigraphy of Area 123, Koobi Fora, Kenya, and new age estimates of its fossil mammals, including hominins. Journal of Human Evolution, 51, 471–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimaud-Hervé, D. (2001). Taxonomic position of the Sangiran 31 hominin. In T. Simanjuntak, B. Prasetyo, & R. Handini (Eds.), Sangiran: man, culture, and environment in Pleistocene times (pp. 46–53). Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, R. L., Broadfield, D. C., & Yuan, M. S. (2004). The human fossil record, 3. Brain endocasts: the Paleoneurological evidence. New Jersey: Wiley-Liss.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Huffman, O. F., Zaim, Y., Kappleman, J., Ruez, D. R., Jr., de Vos, J., Rizal, Y., et al. (2006). Relocation of the 1936 Mojokerto skull discovery site near Perning, East Java. Journal of Human Evolution, 50, 431–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, L. T., Dean, M. C., & Stringer, C. B. (1999). Morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles. Journal of Anatomy, 195, 491–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyodo, M., Watanabe, N., Sunata, W., Susanto, E. E., & Wahyono, H. (1993). Magnetostratigraphy of hominin fossil bearing formations in Sangiran and Mojokerto, Java. Anthropological Science, 101, 157–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Indonesia-Japan Research Cooperation Programme – CTA-41 (IJRCP) (1979). Progress report of the Indonesia-Japan Joint Research Project on geology of human fossil bearing formations in Java. Bulletin of Geological Research and Development Centre, 1, 47–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Indriati, E. (2004). Indonesian fossil hominin discoveries from 1889–2003: problems and catalogue. National Science Museum Monographs, 24, 163–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Indriati, E., & Antón, S. C. (2008). Earliest Indonesian facial and dental remains from Sangiran, Java: a description of Sangiran 27. Anthropological Science, 116, 219–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Itihara, M., Sudijono, Kadar, D., Shibasaki, T., Kumai, H., Yoshikawa, S., Aziz, F., Soeradi, T., Wikarno, Kadar, A.P., Hashibuan, F., Kagemori, Y. (1985). Geology and stratigraphy of the Sangiran area. In N. Watanabe, D. Kadar (Eds.), Quaternary geology of the hominin fossil bearing formations in Java. Geological Research and Development Centre, Special Publication 4, pp. 11–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, T. (1975). Indonesia. In K. P. Oakley, B. G. Campbell, & T. I. Molleson (Eds.), Catalogue of Fossil Hominins, Part III (pp. 103–116). British Museum (Natural History): London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, T. (1976). Early populations in the Indonesian region. In R. L. Kirk & A. G. Thorne (Eds.), The origin of the Australians (pp. 81–93). Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, T. (1979). Hominine evolution in Southeast Asia. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania, 14, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, T. (1980). The Pithecanthropus of Indonesia: phenotype, genetics and ecology. In L. K. Königsson (Ed.), Current Argument on Early Man (pp. 170–179). Oxford: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaifu, Y. (2006). Advanced dental reduction in Javanese Homo erectus. Anthropological Science, 114, 35–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaifu, Y., Aziz, F., & Baba, H. (2005a). Hominin mandibular remains from Sangiran: 1952–1986 collection. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 128, 497–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaifu, Y., Baba, H., Aziz, F., Indriati, E., Schrenk, F., & Jacob, T. (2005b). Taxonomic affinities and evolutionary history of the Early Pleistocene hominins of Java: Dento-gnathic evidence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 128, 709–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaifu, Y., Arif, J., Yokoyama, K., Baba, H., Suparka, E., & Gunawan, H. (2007). A new Homo erectus molar from Sangiran. Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 222–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaifu, Y., Aziz, F., Indriati, E., Jacob, T., Kurniawan, I., & Baba, H. (2008). Cranial morphology of Javanese Homo erectus: new evidence for continuous evolution, specialization, and terminal extinction. Journal of Human Evolution, 55, 551–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, A. (1989). The evolutionary and taxonomic affinities of the Sangiran mandibles of Central Java, Indonesia. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, A. (1994). A critical analysis of claims for the existence of Southeast Asian australopithecines. Journal of Human Evolution, 26, 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langbroek, M. (2004). ‘Out of Africa’: an investigation into the earliest occupation of the old world. BAR international series 1244. Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larick, R., Ciochon, R. L., Zaim, Y., Sudijono, S., Rizal, Y., & Aziz, F. (2000). Lithostratigraphic context for Kln-1993.05-SNJ, a fossil colobine maxilla from Jolotingkir, Sangiran Dome. International Journal of Primatology, 21, 731–759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larick, R., Ciochon, R. L., Zaim, Y., Sudijono, S., Rizal, Y., Aziz, F., et al. (2001). Early Pleistocene 40Ar/39Ar ages for Bapang Formation hominins, Central Jawa, Indonesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 4866–4871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Gros Clark, W. E. (1978). The fossil evidence of human evolution: an introduction to the study of Paleoanthropology (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leinders, J. J. M., Aziz, F., Sondaar, P. Y., & de Vos, J. (1985). The age of the hominin-bearing deposits of Java: state of the art. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 64, 167–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., Yang, X., Heller, F., & Li, H. (2008). High resolution magnetostratigraphy and deposition cycles in the Nihewan Basin (North China) and their significance for stone artifact dating. Quaternary Research, 69, 250–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lordkipanidze, D., Vekua, A., Ferring, R., Rightmire, G. P., Zollikofer, C. P. E., Ponce de León, M. S., et al. (2006). A fourth hominin skull from Dmanisi, Georgia. Anatomical Record, 288A, 1146–1157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsu’ura, S. (1982). A chronological framing for the Sangiran hominins: fundamental study by the fluorine dating method. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo Ser D, 8, 1–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsu’ura, S., Kondo, M., Takeshita, Y., Kumai, H., Hyodo, M., Kamishima, Y., et al. (2005). Probable source horizon of the Pithechanthropus II (Sangiran 2) calotte and its possible palaeoanthropological implications. Anthropological Science, 113, 323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsu’ura, S., Kondo, M., Hyodo, M., Danhara, T., Takeshita, Y., Kamishima, Y., et al. (2006). Toward the reliable age determination of the youngest homind-fossil bearing layers at Sangiran, Java. Anthropological Science, 114, 243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. M. A. (2000). Craniofacial variation in Homo habilis: an analysis of the evidence for multiple species. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 112, 103–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mithen, S., & Reed, M. (2002). Stepping out: a computer simulation of hominin dispersal from Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 43, 433–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moorwood, M. J., Brown, P., Jatmiko, Sutikna, T., Wahyu Saptomo, E., Westaway, K. E., Rokus Awe Due, Roberts, R. G., Maeda, T., Wasisto, S., Djubiantono, T. (2005). Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature, 437, 1012–1017.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Hoggins, P., Moore, W. J., Johnson, D. R., & McAndrew, T. J. (1990). Patterns of cranial sexual dimorphism in certain groups of extant hominoids. Journal of Zoology (London), 222, 399–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potts, R., Behrensmeyer, A. K., Deino, A., Ditchfield, P., & Clark, J. (2004). Small mid-Pleistocene hominin associated with East African Acheulean technology. Science, 305, 75–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, G. G., & Cronin, J. E. (1984). The Asian Hominidae. Journal of Human Evolution, 13, 377–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rightmire, G. P. (1990). The evolution of Homo erectus: comparative anatomical studies of an extinct human species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rightmire, G. P., Lordkipanidze, D., & Vekua, A. (2006). Anatomical descriptions, comparative studies and evolutionary significance of the hominin skulls from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia. Journal of Human Evolution, 50, 115–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rightmire, G. P., Van Arsdale, A. P., & Lordkipanidze, D. (2008). Variation in the mandibles from Dmanisi, Georgia. Journal of Human Evolution, 54, 904–908.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santa Luca, A. P. (1980). The Ngandong fossil hominins: a comparative study for a Far Eastern Homo erectus group. Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 78, 1–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartono, S. (1982). Sagittal cresting in Meganthropus palaeojavanicus von Koenigswald. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia, 7, 201–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartono, S., & Grimaud-Hervé, D. (1983). Les Pariétaux de l’homininé Sangiran 31. L’Anthropologie (Paris), 87, 465–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. H., & Tattersall, I. (2003). The human fossil record, 2. Craniodental morphology of genus Homo (Africa and Asia). New Jersey: Wiley-Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. H., & Tattersall, I. (2005). The human fossil record, 4. Craniodental morphology of early hominins (Genera Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Orrorin), and overview. New Jersey: Wiley-Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sémah, F. (2001). La position stratigraphique du site de Ngebung 2 (dôme de Sangiran, Java Central, Indonésia). In F. Sémah, C. Falguères, D. Grimaud-Hervé, & A.-M. Sémah (Eds.), Origine des Peuplements et Chronologie des Cultures Paléolithiques dans le Sud-Est Asiatique (pp. 299–329). Paris: Semenanjung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, J. (2006). Out of Africa 1: who, where, and when? Evolutionary Anthropology, 15, 1–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, M. M., Gordon, A. D., & Collard, N. J. (2006). Mandibular size and shape variation in the hominins at Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia. Journal of Human Evolution, 51, 36–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soeradi, T., Shibasaki, T., Kadar, D., Sudijono, Itihara, M., Kumai, H., Hayashi, T., Furuyama, K., Aziz, F., Siagian, H., Furutani, M., Suminto, Yoshikawa, S. (1985). Geology and stratigraphy of the Trinil area. In N. Watanabe, D. Kadar (Eds.), Quaternary geology of the hominin fossil bearing formations in Java. Geological Research and Development Centre, Special Publication 4, pp. 45–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sondaar, P. Y., De Vos, J., & Leinders, J. J. M. (1983). Facts and fiction around the fossil mammals of Java. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 62, 339–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spoor, F., Leakey, M. G., Gathogo, P. N., Brown, F. H., Antón, S. C., McDougall, I., et al. (2007). Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 448, 688–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sudijono, Matsu’ura, S., Kondo, M., Aziz, F. (2001). Stratigraphic allocation of the hominin frontal fragment (Bp 9408) from Sangiran by the multielement approach. Geological Research and Development Centre, Special Publication 27, pp. 81–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suwa, G., Asfaw, B., Haile-Selassie, Y., White, T., Katoh, S., WoldeGabriel, G., et al. (2007). Early Pleistocene Homo erectus fossils from Konso, southern Ethiopia. Anthropological Science, 115, 133–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swisher III, C. C., Curtis, G. H., Jacob, T., Getty, A. G., Suprijo, A., Widiasmoro (1994). Age of the earliest known hominins in Java, Indonesia. Science, 263, 1118–1121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobias, P. V. (1991). Olduvai Gorge, 4: the skulls endocasts and teeth of Homo habilis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, D. E., Krantz, G. S., & Sartono, S. (1995). The taxonomic status of the ‘Meganthropus’ cranial (Sangiran 31) and the ‘Meganthropus’ occipital fragment III. In J. R. F. Bower & S. Sartono (Eds.), Evolution and ecology of Homo erectus (pp. 189–201). Leiden University: Pithecanthropus Centennial Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Arsdale, A. P. (2006). Mandibular variation in early homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Rightmire, G. P., Agusti, J., Ferring, R., Maisuradze, G., et al. (2002). A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Science, 297, 85–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Koenigswald, G. H. R. (1934). Zur Stratigraphie des Javanischen Pleistocän. De Ingenieur in Nederlandsch-Indie, 1, 185–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Koenigswald, G. H. R. (1935). Die fossilen Säugetierfaunen Javas. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam 38, 188–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Koenigswald, G. H. R. (1950). Fossil hominins from the Lower Pleistocene of Java. Report of 18th International Geological Congress 1948, London, Part 9, 59–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A., & Leakey, R. (Eds.). (1993). The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, N., & Kadar, D. (Eds.) (1985). Quaternary geology of the hominin fossil bearing formations in Java. Geological Research and Development Centre, Special Publication 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidenreich, F. (1945). Giant early man from Java and South China. Anthropological Papers of American Museum of Natural History, 40, 1–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widianto, H., Sémah, A. M., Djubiantono, T., & Sémah, F. (1994). A tentative reconstruction of the cranial human remains of Hanoman 1 from Bukuran, Sangiran (Central Java). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 171, 47–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolpoff, M. H. (1999). Paleoanthropology (2nd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, B. A. (1991). Koobi Fora research project, 4. Hominin cranial remains from Koobi Fora. Oxford: Clarendon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, B. A., Li, Y., & Willoughby, C. (1991). Intraspecific variation and sexual dimorphism in cranial and dental variables among higher primates and their bearing on the hominin fossil record. Journal of Anatomy, 174, 185–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, R. X., Potts, R., Xie, F., Hoffman, K. A., Deng, C. L., Shi, C. D., et al. (2004). New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia. Nature, 431, 559–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, R. X., Potts, R., Pan, Y. X., Yao, H. T., Lu, L. Q., Zhao, X., et al. (2008). Early evidence of the genus Homo in East Asia. Journal of Human Evolution, 55, 1075–1085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Christopher Bae and David Braun for inviting us to participate in this volume. We are grateful to Friedmann Schrenk, Ottmar Kullmer, John de Vos, and Yahdi Zaim for access to the specimens in their care. Donald E. Tyler kindly provided us a cast of Sangiran 31, Shuji Matsu’ura and three anonymous reviewers made helpful comments, and Christopher Bae and David Braun assisted us in correcting the English. We also thank Sudijono, Iyep Saefudin, Eko Edi Susanto, Selamet, Sutanto, Shuichiro Narasaki, Koeshardjono, and Rusyad Adi Surijanto for field participation and laboratory assistance. This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 3-23-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan

    Yousuke Kaifu

Authors
  1. Yousuke Kaifu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Etty Indriati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fachroel Aziz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Iwan Kurniawan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hisao Baba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yousuke Kaifu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Maile Way 346 Saunders Hall 2424, Honolulu, 96822-2223, Hawaii, USA

    Christopher J. Norton

  2. , Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa

    David R. Braun

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kaifu, Y., Indriati, E., Aziz, F., Kurniawan, I., Baba, H. (2011). Cranial Morphology and Variation of the Earliest Indonesian Hominids. In: Norton, C., Braun, D. (eds) Asian Paleoanthropology. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9094-2_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation