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Specifieke taalontwikkelingsstoornissen: linguïstische aspecten

september 1997

  • Chapter
Taalontwikkelingsstoornissen

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Samenvatting

Taalachterstand heeft bij kinderen niet altijd een eenvoudig te identificeren oorzaak. In dit hoofdstuk gaat het om kinderen die een taalachterstand hebben die niet gemakkelijk wordt ingelopen en die bestaat zonder duidelijk aanwijsbare etiologie.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Wanneer chronische otitis media als oorzaak wordt gezien, blijft onverklaard dat er legio kinderen met middenoorontsteking zijn die geen taalstoornis oplopen. Crago en Allen (1996) beschrijven het geval van een taalgestoord meisje dat herhaaldelijk aan middenoorinfecties leed. Zij constateerden dat een dergelijk patroon voorkwam bij 25% van de kinderen in de gemeenschap waarin het meisje opgroeide, zonder dat die eveneens een taalstoornis hadden.

  2. 2.

    In het onderzoek van Bol en Kuiken werden ook een groep slechthorende kinderen en een groep kinderen met het syndroom van Down betrokken. Die blijven hier buiten beschouwing. De morfosyntactische overeenkomsten van deze groepen met de groep sli–kinderen zijn niettemin opvallend. Bishop (1992a) wijst op het belang van onderzoek naar de exclusiviteit van de symptomen van sli, mede naar aanleiding van Bol en Kuiken (1990).

  3. 3.

    Fouten als hier genoemd worden eveneens voor Nederlandse kinderen met sli aangehaald in de dissertatie van Braam–Voeten (1997).

  4. 4.

    Door Fried–Oken (1987) is een methode voorgesteld om een kleine woordenschat te onderscheiden van specifieke woordvindingsproblemen: de Double Administration Naming Technique. Deze methode houdt kortweg in dat een woordenschattest herhaald wordt afgenomen. Bij referenten die ook de tweede keer niet juist worden benoemd wordt vervolgens een cue aangereikt. Kinderen met een kleine woordenschat zullen van decue niet profiteren, kinderen die woorden niet gemakkelijk ophalen uit hun lexicon juist wel. Ook het bij tweede testafname wel benoemen van een item dat in eerste instantie niet werd benoemd wijst eerder op toegangsproblemen dan op een geringe woordenschat.

  5. 5.

    Binnen het Nederlands taalgebied vormt de studie van Van Balkom, over de communicatieve ontwikkeling van sli–kinderen, een gunstige uitzondering. Twaalf taalgestoorde kinderen en zes normale kinderen werden, elk samen met een van hun ouders, door Van Balkom anderhalfjaar gevolgd. Bij het begin van het onderzoek waren de kinderen tussen 2;6 en 3;0 jaar oud.

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Aanbevolen literatuur

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  • Johnston geeft een helder empirisch overzicht van wat bekend is over de symptomen van sli. Alle niveaus komen stuk voor stuk aan bod en ook de niet–talige capaciteiten van taalgestoorde kinderen worden uitgebreid besproken. Voor de linguïstische symptomen geeft het recente handboek van Fletcher en MacWhinney een update. Het bevat hoofdstukken over stoornissen op het fonologische, morfosyntactische en pragmatische vlak.

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  • Bishop, D.V.M. (1992). The underlying nature of specific language impairment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 3–66.

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  • Rice, M.L. (ed.). (1996). Toward a genetics of language. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

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  • Het artikel van Bishop en het boek van Watkins en Rice zijn een prima introductie tot de onderwerpen die momenteel in het brandpunt van de discussie staan. Is de stoornis primair talig of buitentalig? Is sli een stoornis in de verwerking of symptornatisch voor een gebrek aan lingustische kennis? Wat is de rol van de erfelijkheid? Deze en andere kwesties komen hier aan de orde. Bishops artikel was een tijdige poging de vraag naar de basis van de stoornis onder de aandacht te brengen. De bundel van Rice is een recente uitgave waarin de erfelijkheid van sli (maar ook van andersoortige stoornissen en van normale taalverwerving) uitputtend aan de orde komt.

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H.F.M. Peters R. Bastiaanse J. Van Borsel K. Jansonius-Schultheiss P.H.O. Dejonckere Sj. Van der Meulen B.J.E. Mondelaers

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Peters, H. et al. (2014). Specifieke taalontwikkelingsstoornissen: linguïstische aspecten. In: Peters, H., et al. Taalontwikkelingsstoornissen. Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, Houten. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-0796-8_1

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