Abstract
In Hydra, there are distinct germline stem cells (GSCs). The GSCs are cell-autonomously sex determined in Hydra: there are egg-restricted stem cells (EgSCs) and sperm-restricted stem cells (SpSCs). The sex of the individual polyp is determined by the sex of the GSCs present in the body: polyps that have EgSCs are female and produce eggs; while polyps that have SpSCs are male and produce sperm. Occasionally an EgSC transdetermines into an SpSC. The newly emerged SpSC proliferates vigorously and then differentiates into sperm, while EgSCs are eliminated in the presence of SpSCs. Thus, the animal changes sex from female to male. This process is called masculinization. The third stem cell type in Hydra is referred to as multipotent stem cells (MPSCs). MPSCs are somatic stem cells in normal polyps and differentiate exclusively into somatic cells such as nerve cells and nematocytes (cnidarian stinging cells). However, if GSCs are lost during asexual reproduction by budding or regeneration, new ones are regenerated from MPSCs. Thus, sexual reproduction is guaranteed for every polyp. In the rest of this chapter we further discuss the nature of MPSCs found in other lower metazoans and the absence of MPSCs in cnidarians other than hydrozoans.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. T. Fujisawa for critical reading of the manuscript and for support and encouragement. We are grateful to all members of the Kobayashi Project at the TARA Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, for discussions.
This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) on Innovative Areas, “Mechanisms Regulating Gamete Formation in Animals” (#25114002) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) to Satoru Kobayashi; KAKENHI (A) (#24247011) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) to Satoru Kobayashi; and a Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (#15K14565) from JSPS to Chiemi Nishimiya-Fujisawa.
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Nishimiya-Fujisawa, C., Kobayashi, S. (2018). Roles of Germline Stem Cells and Somatic Multipotent Stem Cells in Hydra Sexual Reproduction. In: Kobayashi, K., Kitano, T., Iwao, Y., Kondo, M. (eds) Reproductive and Developmental Strategies. Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56609-0_7
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