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Towards the Multilingual Semantic Web pp 119–135Cite as

State-of-the-Art in Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Ontology Matching

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Abstract

Ontology matching is one of the key solutions for solving the heterogeneity problem in the Semantic Web. Nowadays, the increasing amount of multilingual data on the Web and the consequent development of ontologies in different natural languages have pushed the need for multilingual and cross-lingual ontology matching. This chapter provides an overview of multilingual and cross-lingual ontology matching. We formally define the problem of matching multilingual and cross-lingual ontologies and provide a classification of different techniques and approaches. Systematic evaluations of these techniques are discussed with an emphasis on standard and freely available data sets and systems.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The ontology is available at http://dati.camera.it/ocd/reference_document/.

  2. 2.

    ocd: standing for http://dati.camera.it/ocd/ and dbpedia-owl: for http://dbpedia.org/ontology/.

  3. 3.

    In order to get parliament members and their political party membership from the DBpedia.

  4. 4.

    An example of comparable natural languages is English and German, both belonging to the Germanic language family. Comparable natural languages can also be languages that are not from the same language family. For example, Italian belonging to the Romance language family and German belonging to the Germanic language family can still be compared using string comparison techniques such as edit distance, as they are both alphabetic letter based with comparable graphemes. An example of natural languages that are not comparable in this context can be Chinese and English, where the former is logogram based and the latter is alphabetic letter based. In this chapter, we consider natural languages to be comparable when they contain graphemes that can be analysed using automated string comparison techniques.

  5. 5.

    For example, in the case of 329 “Linked Open Vocabularies” at http://lov.okfn.org/, there are 271 vocabularies in English, 23 in French, 17 in German, 17 in Spanish, etc. Growing trend of multilinguality is documented by Vila-Suero et al. (this volume).

  6. 6.

    These approaches are not exclusive and might overlap. This classification takes into account the kind of technique used (manual, translation, learning, etc.) and resources involved (dictionaries, corpora, etc.).

  7. 7.

    www.wiktionary.org.

  8. 8.

    http://oaei.ontologymatching.org/2006/food/.

  9. 9.

    http://oaei.ontologymatching.org/2007/environment/.

  10. 10.

    http://oaei.ontologymatching.org/2007/library/.

  11. 11.

    http://oaei.ontologymatching.org/2008/mldirectory/.

  12. 12.

    http://oaei.ontologymatching.org/2008/vlcr/.

  13. 13.

    http://oaei.ontologymatching.org/2009/library/.

  14. 14.

    In this chapter, we have revised the definitions of multilingual and cross-lingual terms. Contrary to what is reported in Meilicke et al. (2012) MultiFarm is a benchmark for cross-lingual ontology matching.

  15. 15.

    http://oaei.ontologymatching.org/2012/multifarm/.

  16. 16.

    http://web.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/oaei-library/2012/

  17. 17.

    http://oaei.ontologymatching.org/2011.5/.

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Acknowledgements

Cassia Trojahn is partially supported by the CAPES-COFECUB Cameleon project number 707-11. Ondřej Zamazal has been supported by the CSF grant no. 14-14076P.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Toulouse 2 & IRIT, Toulouse, France

    Cássia Trojahn

  2. University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Bo Fu

  3. University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic

    Ondřej Zamazal

  4. University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

    Dominique Ritze

Authors
  1. Cássia Trojahn
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  2. Bo Fu
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Correspondence to Cássia Trojahn .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

    Paul Buitelaar

  2. Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

    Philipp Cimiano

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Trojahn, C., Fu, B., Zamazal, O., Ritze, D. (2014). State-of-the-Art in Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Ontology Matching. In: Buitelaar, P., Cimiano, P. (eds) Towards the Multilingual Semantic Web. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43585-4_8

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