Skip to main content

The Role of Evolved Perceptual Biases in Art and Design

  • Chapter

Abstract

The seminal ideas about the relationship of aesthetic appreciation and evolutionary theory emerged initially with the Darwinian construct of sexual selection that emphasized the importance of mate choice and physical attractiveness (Darwin 1885). Anthropomorphic linkage of processes of human intelligence and those of other species (Romanes 1886), coupled with emphasis on the role of natural selection in adjusting human intelligence (Spencer 1888), set the stage for describing behavior in terms of evolutionary history. The idea that innate knowledge accumulated over successive generations and influenced current behavior pervaded nineteenthcentury tomes that characterized behavioral relics as atavistic (Nietzsche 1909), especially the fearful behavior of children (Hall 1897). Jung (1916, 1972) continued the development of these ideas with his construct of the archetype as a species-typical pattern of thought that might account for cross-cultural similarities in mythology and graphical symbolism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adolphs R, Tranel D, Damasio AR (1998) The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature 393: 470–474

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aikens NE (1998a) The biological origins of art. Praeger, Westport, CT

    Google Scholar 

  • Aikens NE (1998b) Human cardiovascular response to the eye spot threat stimulus. Evol Cognition 4: 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderton D (1991) Crocodiles and alligators of the world: a synopsis. Blandford, London

    Google Scholar 

  • An X, Bandler R, Ongur D, Price JL (1998) Prefrontal cortical projections to longitudinal columns in the midbrain periaqueductal gray in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 401: 455–479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appleton J (1984) Prospects and refuges revisited. Landscape J 3: 91–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Appleton J (1996) The experience of landscape, revised ed. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle M, Cook M (1976) Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronoff J, Barclay AM, Stevenson LA (1988) The recognition of threatening facial stimuli. J Pers Soc Psychol 54: 647–655

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asfaw B, White T, Lovejoy O, Latimer B, Simpson S, Suwa G (1999) Australopithecus garbi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science 284: 629–635

    Google Scholar 

  • Balling JD, Falk JH (1982) Development of visual preferences for natural environments. Environ Behav 14: 5–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura A, Blanchard EB, Ritter B (1969) Relative efficacy of desensitization and modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal changes. J Pers Soc Psycho) 13: 173–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry JC (1987) Large carnivores (Canidae, Hyaenidae, Felidae) from Laetoli. In: Leakey MD, Harris JM (eds) Laetoli a Pliocene site in northern Tanzania. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 235–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett-Levy J, Marteau T (1984) Fear of animals: what is prepared? Br J Psychol 75: 37–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berggren U (1992) General and specific fears in referred and self-referred adult patients with extreme dental anxiety. Behav Res Therapy 30: 395–401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernâldez F, Gallardo D, Abello RP (1987) Children’s landscape preferences: from rejection to attraction. J Environ Psychol 7: 169–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilotta J, Lindauer MS (1980) Artistic and nonartistic backgrounds as determinants of the cognitive response to the arts. Bull Psychonomic Soc 15: 354–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Black JE, Greenough WT (1986) Developmental approaches to the memory process. In: Martinez JL Jr, Kesner RP (eds) Learning and memory, a biological view. Academic Press, Orlando, pp 55–81

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blair RJ, Morris JS, Frith CD, Perrett DI, Dolan RJ (1999) Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger. Brain 122: 883–893

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blake J, O’Rourke P, Borzellino G (1994) Form and function in the development of pointing and reaching gestures. Infant Behav Dev 17: 195–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumstein DT, Daniel JC, Griffin AS, Evans CS (2000) Insular tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) respond to visual but not acoustic cues from predators. Behav Ecol 11: 528–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradsher K (2000) Was Freud a minivan or s. u.v. kind of guy? New York Times, July 17

    Google Scholar 

  • Brain CK (1970) New finds at the Swartkrans australopithecine site. Nature 225: 1112–1119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brain CK (1981) The hunters or the hunted? University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandon JG, Coss RG (1982) Rapid dendritic spine stem shortening during one-trial learning: the honeybee’s first orientation flight. Brain Res 252: 51–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown CF, Kulik J (1977) Flashbulb memories. Cognition 5: 73–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown F, Harris J, Leakey R, Walker A (1985) Early Homo erectus skeleton from west Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature 316: 788–792

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce C, Desimone R, Gross CG (1981) Visual properties of neurons in a polysensory area in superior temporal sulcus of the macaque. J Neurophysiol 46: 369–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buhyoff GJ, Wellman JD, Daniel TC (1982) Predicting scenic quality for mountain pine beetle and western spruce budworm damaged forest vistas. For Sci 28: 827–838

    Google Scholar 

  • Buschbeck EK, Strausfeld NJ (1997) The relevance of neural architecture to visual performance: phylogenetic conservation and variation in Dipteran visual systems. J Comp Neurol 383: 282–304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clearwater YA, Coss RG (1991) Functional aesthetics to enhance well-being in isolated and confined settings. In: Harrison AA, Clearwater YA, McKay C (eds) Human experience in Antarctica: applications to life in space. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 331–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Clévenot D (2000) Splendors of Islam - architecture, decoration and design. Vendome Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocude M, Mellet E, Denis M (1999) Visual and mental exploration of visuo-spatial configurations: behavioral and neuroimaging approaches. Psychol Res 62: 93–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook M, Mineka S (1989) Observational conditioning of fear to fear-relevant versus fearirrelevant stimuli in rhesus monkeys. J Abnormal Psychol 98: 448–459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook WJ (1997) GM is getting looks. US News World Rep 122: 48–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett JE (1948) The man-eating leopard of Rudraprayag. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosmides L, Tooby J (1987) From evolution to behavior: evolutionary psychology as the missing link. In: Dupré J (ed) The latest on the best: essays on evolution and optimality. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 277–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1965) Mood provoking visual stimuli: their origins and applications. University of California Press, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1967) De nouveaux concepts esthétiques et le comportement du consommateur. Design Industrie No 84–85, July

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1968) The ethological command in art. Leonardo 1: 273–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1969) Electro-oculography: drawing with the eye. Leonardo 2: 399–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1970) The perceptual aspects of eye-spot patterns and their relevance to gaze behaviour. In: Hutt C, Hutt SJ (eds) Behaviour studies in psychiatry. Pergamon Press, London, pp 121–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1977) Constraints on innovation: the role of pattern recognition in the graphic arts. Proc 8th Western Symposium on Learning: Creative Thinking, pp 24–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1978) Perceptual determinants of gaze aversion by the lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), the role of two facing eyes. Behaviour 64: 248–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1979) Perceptual determinants of gaze aversion by normal and psychotic children: the role of two facing eyes. Behaviour 69: 228–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1981) Reflections on the evil eye. In: Dundes A (ed) The evil eye. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, pp 181–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1985) Evolutionary restraints on learning: phylogenetic and synaptic interpretations. In: Weinberger NM, McGaugh JL, Lynch G (eds) Memory systems of the brain: animal and human cognitive processes. Guilford Publications, New York, pp 253–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1991a) Context and animal behavior III: the relationship between early development and evolutionary persistence of ground squirrel antisnake behavior. Ecol Psychol 3: 277–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1991b) Evolutionary persistence of memory-like processes. Concepts Neurosci 2: 29–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1993). Evolutionary persistence of ground squirrel antisnake behavior: reflections on Burton’s commentary. Ecol Psychol 5: 171–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG (1999) Effects of relaxed natural selection on the evolution of behavior. In: Foster SA, Endler. JA (eds) Geographic variation in behavior: perspectives on evolutionary mechanisms. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 180–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Biardi JE (1997) Individual variation in the antisnake defenses of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). J Mammal 78: 294–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Goldthwaite RO (1995) The persistence of old designs for perception. In: Thompson NS (ed) Perspectives in ethology 11: behavioral design. Plenum Press, New York, pp 83–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Moore M (1990) All that glistens: water connotations in surface finishes. Ecol Psychos 2: 367–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Moore M (1994) Preschool children recognize the utility of differently shaped trees: a cross-cultural evaluation of aesthetics and risk perception. In: Francis M, Lindsey P, Rice JS (eds) The healing dimensions of people-plant relations: proceedings of a research symposium. Center for Design Research, University of California, Davis, California, pp 407–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Moore M (2002) Precocious knowledge of trees as antipredator refuge in preschool children: An examination of aesthetics, attributive judgments, and relic sexual dinichism. Ecol Psychol 14: 181–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Owings DH (1985) Restraints on ground squirrel antipredator behavior: adjustments over multiple time scales. In: Johnston TD, Pietrewicz AT (eds) Issues in the ecological study of learning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 167–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Perkel DH (1985) The function of dendritic spines: a review of theoretical issues. Behav Neural Biol 44: 151–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Ramakrishnan U (2000) Perceptual aspects of leopard recognition by wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). Behaviour 137: 315–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Schowengerdt BT (1998) Evolution of the modern human face: aesthetic and attributive judgments of a female profile warped along a continuum of paedomorphic to late archaic craniofacial structure. Ecol Psychol 10: 1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Towers SR (1990) Provocative aspects of pictures of animals in confined settings. Anthrozoös 3: 162–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Clearwater YA, Barbour CG, Towers SR (1989) Functional decor in the international space station: body orientation cues and picture perception. NASA Tech Memorandum 102242

    Google Scholar 

  • Coss RG, Marks S, Ramakrishnan U (2002) Early environment shapes the development of gaze aversion by wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). Primates 43 (3):217–222 Crawford NA (1934) Cats holy and profane. Psychoanal Rev 21: 168–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Curio E (1975) The functional organization of anti-predator behaviour in the pied flycatcher: a study of avian visual perception. Anim Behav 23: 1–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curio E (1993) Proximate and developmental aspects of antipredator behavior. Adv Stud Behav 22: 135–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dailey ME, Smith SJ (1996) The dynamics of dendritic structure in developing hippocampal slices. J Neurosci 16: 2983–2994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin C (1885) The descent of man and selection in relation to sex, 2nd edn. John Murray, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Davey GCL (1995) Preparedness and phobias: specific evolved associations or a generalized expectancy bias? Behav Brain Sci 18: 289–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Heinzelin J, Clark JD, White T, Hart W, Renne P, Wolde Gabriel G, Beyene Y, Vrba E (1999) Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science 284: 625–629

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennell R (1986) Needles and spear-throwers. Nat Hist 95: 70–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Desimone R (1991) Face-selective cells in the temporal cortex of monkeys. J Cognitive Neurosci 3: 1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desmarais JH (1998) The Beardsley industry. Ashgate Publishing, Brookfield, Vermont

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Bolio J (1987) The geometry of the Maya and their rattlesnake art. Area Mayan-Mayan Area, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico

    Google Scholar 

  • Dissanayake E (1974) A hypothesis of the evolution of art from play. Leonardo 7: 211–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dissanayake E (1979) An ethological view of ritual and art in human evolutionary history. Leonardo 12: 27–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dissanayake E (1992) Homo aestheticus: where art comes from and why. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ditmars RL (1931) Snakes of the world. Macmillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dundes A (1981) Wet and dry, the evil eye: an essay in Indo-European and Semitic world-view. In: Dundes A (ed) The evil eye. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, pp 257–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterbrook MA, Kisilevsky BS, Hains SMJ, Muir DW (1999) Faceness or complexity: evidence from newborn visual tracking of facelike stimuli. Infant Behav Dev 22: 17–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eibl-Eibesfeldt I (1979) Human ethology: concepts and implications for the sciences of man. Behav Brain Sci 1: 1–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eibl-Eibesfeldt I (1989) Human ethology. Aldine de Gruyter, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Eimer M (2000) Effects of face inversion on the structural encoding and recognition of faces: evidence from event-related brain potentials. Cognitive Brain Res 10: 145–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elston GN, Rosa MG (1998) Morphological variation of layer III pyramidal neurones in the occipitotemporal pathway of the macaque monkey visual cortex. Cerebral Cortex 8: 278–294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emery NJ (2000) The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24: 581–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engert F, Bonhoeffer T (1999) Dendritic spine changes associated with hippocampal longterm synaptic plasticity. Nature 399: 66–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans CS, Wenderoth P, Cheng K (2000) Detection of bilateral symmetry in complex biological images. Perception 29: 31–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer M, Kaech S, Knutti D, Matus A (1998) Rapid actin-based plasticity in dendritic spines. Neuron 20: 847–854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzhugh L (2001) Update to mountain lion attack information. Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox E, Lester V, Russo R, Bowles RJ, Pichler A, Dutton K (2000) Facial expressions of emotions: are angry faces detected more efficiently? Cognition Emotion 14: 61–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fridlund AJ (1994) Human facial expression: an evolutionary view. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujita I, Fujita T (1996) Intrinsic connections in the macaque inferior temporal cortex. J Comp Neurol 368: 467–486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita K (1993a) Development of visual preference for closely related species by infant and juvenile macaques with restricted social experience. Primates 34: 141–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita K (1993b) Role of some physical characteristics in species recognition by pigtailed macaques. Primates 34: 133–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gale A, Lucas B, Nissim R, Harpham B (1972). Some EEG correlates of face-to-face contact. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 11: 326–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gale A, Spratt G, Chapman AJ, Smallbone A (1975). EEG correlates of eye contact and interpersonal distance. Biol Psychol 3: 237–245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson JJ (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenberg AM, Schroeder JL, Robertson DA (1998) Averting the gaze disengages the environment and facilitates remembering. Mem Cognition 26: 651–658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goepel J (1995) Driving impressions of the Geo Metro Lsi, Chevrolet Cavalier LS, Chrysler Cirrus LX, Ford Explorer. Motorland 116: 20–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold PE, McCarty RC (1995) Stress regulation of memory processes: role of peripheral catecholamines and glucose. In: Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY (eds) Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: from normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder. Lippincott Raven, Philadelphia, pp 151–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Goren CC, Sarty M, Wu PYK (1975) Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics 56: 544–549

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene HW (1997) Snakes: the evolution of mystery in nature. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosof DH, Shapley RM, Hawken MJ (1993) Macaque V1 neurons can signal ‘illusory’ contours. Nature 365: 550–552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie RD, Petocz RG (1970) Weapon automimicry among mammals. Am Nat 104: 585–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haile-Selassie Y (2001) Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 412: 178–181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall GS (1897) A study of fears. Am J Psychol 8: 147–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton WJ III, Bulger JB (1990) Natal male baboon rank rises and successful challenges to resident alpha males. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 26: 357–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haselrud GM (1938) The effect of movement of stimulus objects upon avoidance reactions in chimpanzees. J Comp Psychol 25: 507–528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendey QB (1974) The late Cenozoic carnivora of the south-western cape province. Ann S Afr Mus 63: 1–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Henshilwood CS, d’Errico F, Marean CW, Milo RG, Yates R (200la) An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and language. J Human Evol 41: 631–678

    Google Scholar 

  • Henshilwood CS, Sealy JC, Yates R, Cruz-Uribe K, Goldberg P, Grine FE, Klein RG, Poggenpoel C, van Niekerk, K, Watts I (200 lb) Blombos cave, Southern Cape, South Africa: preliminary report on the1992–1999 excavations of the Middle Stone Age levels. J Archaeol Sci 28: 421–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Henshilwood CS, d’Errico F, Yates R, Jacobs Z, Tribolo C, Duller GAT, Mercier N, Sealy JC, Valladas H, Watts I, Wintle AG (2002) Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science 295: 1278–1280

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzog TR (1985) A cognitive analysis of preference for waterscapes. J Environ Psycho! 5: 225–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hess EH (1975) The tell-tale eye. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiss T (1991) The experience of place. Vintage Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooff Jaram van (1967) The facial displays of the catarrhine monkeys and apes. In: Morris D (ed) Primate ethology. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, pp 7–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell FC, Petter G (1975) Carnivora from Omo Group Formations, southern Ethiopia. In: Coppens Y, Howell FC, Isaac GL, Leakey REF (eds) Earliest man and environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 314–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull BR IV, Buhyoff GJ (1983) Distance and scenic beauty, a nonmonotonic relationship. Environ Behav 15: 77–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt KD (1992) Social rank and body size as determinants of positional behavior in Pan troglodytes. Primates 33: 347–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt RM (1996) Basicranial anatomy of the giant viverrid from ‘E’ Quarry, Langebaanweg, South Africa. In: Stewart KM, Seymour KL (eds) Paleoecology and paleoenvironments of late Cenozoic mammals. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp 588–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs BF, Winkler DA (1992) Taphonomy of a Middle Miocene autochthonous forest assemblage, Ngorora Formation, central Kenya. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 99: 31–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs BF, Deino AL (1996) Test of climate-leaf physiognomy regression models, their application to two Miocene floras from Kenya, and 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Late Miocene Kapturo site. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 123: 259–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jersild AT, Holmes FB (1935) Children’s fears. Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jirari CG (1971) Form perception, innate form preferences and visually mediated head-turning in the human neonate. PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago. University Microfilms Order No AAC T-22258

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson M (1993) A cognitive model for the perception and translation of a threedimensional object/array onto a two-dimensional surface. Visual Arts Res 19: 85–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MH, Morton J (1991) Biology and cognitive development: the case of face recognition. Blackwell, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MH, Dziurawiec S, Ellis H, Morton J (1991) Newborns’ preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition 40: 1–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones HE, Jones MC (1928) A study of fear. Childhood Educ 5: 136–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones LC (1981) The evil eye among European-Americans. In: Dundes A (ed) The evil eye. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, pp 150–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung CG (1916) Psychology of the unconscious. Moffat Yard, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung CG (1972) Man and his symbols. Doubleday, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kappas A, Hess U, Barr, CL, Kleck RE (1994) Angle of regard: the effect of vertical viewing angle on the perception of facial expressions. J Nonverbal Behav 18: 263–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kastner S, De Weerd P, Ungerleider LG (2000) Texture segregation in the human visual cortex: a functional MRI study. J Neurophysiol 83: 2453–2457

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawashima R, Sugiura M, Kato T, Nakamura A, Hatano K, Ito K, Fukuda H, Kojima S, Nakamura K (1999) The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring. A PET study. Brain 122: 779–783

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg R, Knoll M, Kugles J (1965) Form-similarity between phosphenes of adults and pre-school children’s scribblings. Nature 208: 1129–1130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ (1992) The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women. The interrelationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia, and simple phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 273–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA (1999) Fears and phobias: reliability and heritability. Psychol Med 29: 539–553

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendrick KM, Baldwin BA (1987) Cells in temporal cortex of conscious sheep can respond preferentially to the sight of faces. Science 236: 448–450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kesler/West ML, Andersen AH, Smith CD, Avison MJ, Davis CE, Kryscio RJ, Blonder LX (2001) Neural substrates of facial emotion processing using fMRI. Cognitive Brain Res 11: 213–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kibunjia M (1994) Pliocene archaeological occurrences in the Lake Turkana basin. J Human Evol 27: 159–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobatake E, Tanaka K (1994) Neuronal selectivities to complex object features in the ventral visual pathway of the macaque cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 71: 856–867

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koenderink J (2000) Trieste in the mirror. Perception 29: 127–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kortlandt A (1955) Aspects and prospects of the concept of instinct. Archives néerlandaises de zoologie XI. EJ Brill, Leiden, pp 1–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortlandt A (1967) Experimentation with chimpanzees in the wild. In: Starck D, Schneider R, Kuhn H-J (eds) Neue Ergebnisse der Primatologie–progress in primatology. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 208–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortlandt A (1980) How might early hominids have defended themselves against large predators and food competitors? J Human Evol 9: 79–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kortlandt A, Kooij M (1963) Protohominid behaviour in primates (preliminary communication). Symp Zool Soc Lond 10: 61–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosslyn SM, Thompson WL, Kim IJ, Alpert NM (1995) Topographical representations of mental images in primary visual cortex. Nature 378: 496–498

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs G, Vogels R, Orban GA (1995a) Selectivity of macaque inferior temporal neurons for partially occluded shapes. J Neurosci 15: 1984–1997

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs G, Vogels R, Orban GA (1995b) Cortical correlate of pattern backward masking. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 5587–5591

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruizinga P, Petkov N (2000) Computational model of dot-pattern selective cells. Biol Cybernetics 83: 313–325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang PJ, Levin DN, Miller GA, Kozak MJ (1983) Fear behavior, fear imagery, and the psychophysiology of emotion: the problem of affective response integration. J Abnormal Psychol 92: 276–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus RS (1981) A cognitivist’s reply to Zajonc on emotion and cognition. Am Psychol 36: 222–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leakey MG, Feibel CS, McDougall I, Walker A (1995) New four-million-year-old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Nature 376: 565–571

    Google Scholar 

  • Leakey MG, Feibel CS, Bernor RL, Harris JM, Cerling TE, Stewart KM, Storrs GW, Walker A, Werdelin L, Winkler AJ (1996) Lothagam: a record of faunal change in the Late Miocene of East Africa. J Vertebrate Paleontol 16: 556–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leakey MG, Feibel CS, McDougall I, Ward C, Walker A (1998) New specimens and confirmation of an early age for Australopithecus anamensis. Nature 393: 62–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leakey MG, Spoor F, Brown FH, Gathogo PN, Klarle C, Leakey LN, McDougall I (2001) New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse Middle Pliocene lineages. Nature 410: 433–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee-Thorp J, Thackeray JF, van der Merwe N (2000) The hunters and the hunted revisited. J Human Evol 39: 565–576

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt JB, Lewis DA, Yoshioka T, Lund JS (1993) Topography of pyramidal neuron intrinsic connections in macaque monkey prefrontal cortex (areas 9 and 46). J Comp Neurol 338: 360–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis-Williams JD, Dowson TA (1993) On vision and power in the Neolithic: evidence from the decorated monuments. Curr Anthropol 34: 55–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein P, Annas P (2000) Heritability and prevalence of specific fears and phobias in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Disciplines 41: 927–937

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logothetis NK, Pauls J, Augath M, Trinath T, Oeltermann A (2001) Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature 412: 150–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz KZ (1950) The comparative method in studying innate behaviour patterns. Symp Soc Exp Biol 4: 221–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons E (1983) Demographic correlates of landscape preference. Environ Behav 15: 487–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maletic-Savatic M, Malinow R, Svoboda K (1999) Rapid dendritic morphogenesis in CA1 hippocampal dendrites induced by synaptic activity. Science 283: 1923–1927

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks IM, Gelder MG (1966) Different ages of onset in varieties of phobia. Am J Psychiatry 123: 218–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshack A (1972) The roots of civilization. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Masataka N (1993) Effects of experience with live insects on the development of fear of snakes in squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus. Anim Behav 46: 741–746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masello R (1986) Deathscapes. Omni 8: 80–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Matus A (2000) Actin-based plasticity in dendritic spines. Science 290: 754–758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayr E (1963) Animal species and evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride G, King MG, James JW (1965) Social proximity effects on galvanic skin responses in adult humans. J Psychol 61: 153–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McHenry HM (1992a) Body size and proportions in early hominids. Am J Phys Anthropol 87: 407–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McHenry HM (1992b). How big were early hominids? Evol Anthropol 1: 15–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPherson EG, Rowntree RA (1993) Energy conservation potential of urban tree planting. J Arboricult 19: 321–331

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhinnie HJ (1968) A review of research on aesthetic measure. Acta Psychol 28: 363–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mellaart J (1967) Çatal Hüyük: a Neolithic town in Anatolia. Thames and Hudson, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Meltzoff AN, Moore MK (1977) Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science 198: 75–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller EK, Erickson CA, Desimone R (1996) Neural mechanisms of visual working memory in prefrontal cortex of the macaque. J Neurosci 16: 5154–5167

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller H (1970) The cobra, India’s “good snake”. Natl Geogr 138: 393–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell G (1970) Abnormal behavior in primates. In: Rosenblum LA (ed) Primate behavior: development in field and laboratory research. Academic Press, New York, pp 195–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris JS, Friston KJ, Buchel C, Frith CD, Young AW, Calder AJ, Dolan RJ (1998a) A neuro-modulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions. Brain 121: 47–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris JS, Öhman A, Dolan RJ (1998b) Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature 393: 467–470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy CM, Bootzin RR (1973) Active and passive participation in the contact desensitization of snake fear in children. Behav Therapy 4: 203–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson CA (2001) The development and neural bases of face recognition. Infant Child Dev 10: 3–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman RW (1970) Why man is such a sweaty and thirsty naked animal: a speculative review. Human Biol 42: 12–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nhachi CF, Kasilo OM (1994) Snake poisoning in rural Zimbabwe-a prospective study. J Appl Toxicol 14: 191–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols KA, Champness BG (1971) Eye gaze and the GSR. J Exp Soc Psychol 7: 623–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nietzsche F (1909) Human all-too-human. TN Foulin, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Noronha RP (1992) Animals and other animals. Sanchar Publishing House, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Noton D, Stark L (1971) Eye movements and visual perception. Sci Am 224: 35–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Craven KM, Kanwisher N (2000) Mental imagery of faces and places activates corresponding stimulus-specific brain regions. J Cognitive Neurosci 12: 1013–1023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Craven KM, Downing PE, Kanwisher N (1999) fMRI evidence for objects as the units of attentional selection. Nature 401: 584–587

    Google Scholar 

  • Öhman A (1986) Face the beast and fear the face: animal and social fears as prototypes for evolutionary analyses of emotion. Psychophysiology 23: 123–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öhman A (1994) The psychophysiology of emotion: evolutionary and non-conscious origins. In: d’Ydewalle G, Eelen P, Bertelson P (eds) International perspectives on psychological science, volume 2: the state of the art. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 197–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Öhman A, Soares JJF (1994) “Unconscious anxiety”: phobic responses to masked stimuli. J Abnormal Psychol 103: 231–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Okusa T, Kakigi R, Osaka N (2000) Cortical activity related to cue-invariant shape perception in humans. Neuroscience 98: 615–624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orians GH (1980) Habitat selection. In: Lockard JS (ed) The evolution of human social behavior. Elsevier, New York, pp 49–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Orians GH(1986). An ecological and evolutionary approach to landscape aesthetics. In: Penning-Rowsell EC, Lowenthal D (eds) Landscape meanings and values. Allen and Unwin, London, pp 3–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Orians GH (1998) Human behavioral ecology: 140 years without Darwin is too long. Bull Ecol Soc Am 79: 15–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Orians GH, Heerwagen JH (1992) Evolved responses to landscapes. In: Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J (eds) The adapted mind. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 555–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortolani A (1999) Spots, stripes, tail tips and dark eyes: predicting the function of carnivore colour patterns using the comparative method. Biol J Linn Soc 67: 1–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Packer C (1979) Male dominance and reproductive activity in Papio anubis. Anim Behav 27: 37–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palombit RA (1992) A preliminary study of vocal communication in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), I. Vocal repertoire and call emission. Int J Primatol 13: 143–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papa M, Bundman MC, Greenberger V, Segal M (1995) Morphological analysis of dendritic spine development in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 15: 1–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parks TE, Coss RG, Coss CS (1985) Thatcher and the Cheshire Cat: context and the processing of facial features. Perception 14: 747–754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel SN, Stewart MG (1988) Changes in the number and structure of dendritic spines 25 hours after passive avoidance training in the domestic chick, Gallus domesticus. Brain Res 449: 34–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson HEH (1993) Evolution and the recognition concept of species: collected writings. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Patsfall MR, Feimer NR, Buhyoff GJ, Wellman JD (1984) The prediction of scenic beauty from landscape content and composition. J Environ Psychol 4: 7–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson JH (1986) The man-eaters of Tsavo. St Martin’s Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrett DI, Rolls ET, Caan W (1982) Visual neurones responsive to faces in the monkey temporal cortex. Exp Brain Res 47: 329–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters A, Kaiserman-Abramof IR (1970) The small pyramidal neuron of the rat cerebral cortex. The perikaryon, dendrites and spines. Am J Anatomy 127: 321–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickford M, Senut B (2001) The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Série 2, sciences de la terre et des planètes 332: 145–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillemer DP (1984) Flashbulb memories of the assassination attempt on President Reagan. Cognition 16: 63–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pooley AC, Hines TC, Shield J (1989) Attacks of humans. In: Ross CA (ed) Crocodiles and alligators. Facts on File Inc, New York, pp 172–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Ditchfield P (1999) Paleolandscape variation and early Pleistocene hominid activities: Members 1 and 7, Olorgesailie Formation, Kenya. J Human Evol 37: 747–788

    Google Scholar 

  • Prechtl HFR (1949) Das Verhalten von Kleinkindern gegenüber Schlangen. Wiener Z Philos Psychol Pädagogik 2: 68–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Puce A, Smith A, Allison T (2000) ERPs evoked by viewing facial movement. Cognitive Neuropsychol 17: 221–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quade J, Cerling TE, Bowman JR (1989) Development of Asian monsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the latest Miocene in northern Pakistan. Nature 342: 163–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson WB (1942) Reaction toward snakes as shown by the wood rat (Neotoma albigula). J Comp Psychol 34: 1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivers VZ (1995) Shining cloth. Surface Design J 20: 4–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivers VZ (1999) The shining cloth: Dress and adornment that glitter. Thames and Hudson, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson MD (1998) Running from William Jame’s Bear: a review of preattentive mechanisms and their contribution to emotional experience. Cognition Emotion 12: 667–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rollenhagen A, Bischof HJ (1994) Spine morphology of neurons in the avian forebrain is affected by rearing conditions. Behav Neural Biol 62: 83–89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romanes GJ (1886) Animal intelligence, 4th edn. K Paul, Trench and Company, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusakov DA, Stewart MG, Sojka M, Richter-Levin G, Bliss TV (1995) Dendritic spines form ‘collars’ in hippocampal granule cells. Neuroreport 6: 1557–1561

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sackett GP (1966) Monkeys reared in isolation with pictures as visual input: evidence for an innate releasing mechanism. Science 154: 1468–1473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiller PH (1952) Innate constituents of complex responses in primates. Psychol Rev 59: 177–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlosser K (1952) Der Signalismus in der Kunst der Naturvölker. Kommissionsverlag Walter G Mühlau, Kiel

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeck H (1981) The evil eye: forms and dynamics of a universal superstition. In: Dundes A (ed) The evil eye. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, pp 192–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder HW (1986) Estimating park tree densities to maximize landscape esthetics. J Environ Manage 23: 325–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman MEP (1970) On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychol Rev 77: 406–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman MEP (1971) Phobias and preparedness. Behav Therapy 2: 307–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semaw S, Renne P, Harris JWK, Feibel CS, Bernor RL, Fesseha N, Mowbray K (1997) 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385: 333–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Senut B, Pickford M, Gommery D, Mein P, Cheboi K, Coppens Y (2001) First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Série 2, sciences de la terre et des planètes 332: 137–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Shipman P, Walker A (1989) The costs of becoming a predator. J Human Evol 18: 373–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simion F, Valenza E, Umilta C, Barba BD (1998) Preferential orienting to faces in newborns: a temporal-nasal asymmetry. J Exp Psychol Human Perception Performance 24: 1399–1405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonton DK (1999) Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer R, Wymer J (1982) The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Skre I, Onstad S, Torgersen S, Lygren S, Kringlen E (2000) The heritability of common phobic fear: a twin study of a clinical sample. J Anxiety Disorders 14: 549–562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smart FM, Halpain S (2000) Regulation of dendritic spine stability. Hippocampus 10: 542–554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SM (1977) Coral-snake pattern recognition and stimulus generalization by naïve great kiskadees (Ayes: Tyrannidae). Nature 265: 535–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer R (1997) Further cross-national studies of tree-form preference. Ecol Psychol 9: 153–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer R, Summit J (1995) An exploratory study of preferred tree form. Environ Behav 27: 540–557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer R, Summit J (1996) Cross-national rankings of tree shape. Ecol Psychol 8: 327–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer R, Guenther H, Cecchettini CL (1992) A user-based method for rating street trees. Landscape Res 17: 100–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer R, Summit J, Clements A (1993) Slide ratings of street tree attributes: some methodological issues and answers. Landscape J 12: 17–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer H (1888) The principles of psychology, 3rd edn. D Appleton and Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Spindler P (1959) Studien zur Vererbung von Verhaltensweisen 2. Verhalten gegenüber Schlangen. Anthropol Anz 23: 187–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern JT Jr, Susman RL (1983) The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis. Am J Phys Anthropol 60: 279–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugase Y, Yamane S, Ueno S, Kawano K (1999). Global and fine information coded by single neurons in the temporal visual cortex. Nature 400: 869–872

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summit J, Sommer R (1999) Further studies of preferred tree shapes. Environ Behav 31: 550–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Susman RL, Stern JT Jr, Jungers WL (1984) Arboreality and bipedality in the Hadar hominids. Folia Primatol 43: 113–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sütterlin C (1989) Universals in apotropaic symbolism: a behavioral and comparative approach to some medieval sculptures. Leonardo 22: 65–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K (1996) Representation of visual features of objects in the inferotemporal cortex. Neural Networks 9: 1459–1475

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K, Saito H-A, Fukada Y, Moriya M (1991) Coding visual images of objects in the inferotemporal cortex of the macaque monkey. J Neurophysiol 66: 170–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MJ, Itier RJ, Allison T, Edmonds GE (2001) Direction of gaze effects on early face processing: eyes-only versus full faces. Cognitive Brain Res 10: 333–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaker HM, Kankel DR (1992) Mosaic analysis gives an estimate of the extent of genomic involvement in the development of the visual system in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 131: 883–894

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas EM (1990) Reflections the old ways. The New Yorker, October 15, pp 78–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson P (1980) Margeret Thatcher: a new illusion. Perception 9: 483–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tinbergen N (1951) The study of instinct. Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Toni N, Buchs PA, Nikonenko I, Bron CR, Muller D (1999) LTP promotes formation of multiple spine synapses between a single axon terminal and a dendrite. Nature 402: 421–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tooby J, De Vore I (1987) The reconstruction of hominid behavioral evolution through strategic modeling. In: Kinzey WG (ed) The evolution of human behavior: primate models. State University of New York Press, New York, pp 183–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Topal J, Csânyi V (1994) The effect of eye-like schema on shuttling activity of wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus): context-dependent threatening aspects of the eyespot patterns. Anim Learning Behav 22: 96–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuan Y-F (1978) Children and the natural environment. In: Altman I, Wohlwill JF (eds) Human behavior and environment, vol 3. Plenum Press, New York, pp 5–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner A (1990) The evolution of the guild of larger terrestrial carnivores during the PlioPleistocene in Africa. Geobios 23: 349–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner A (1997) The big cats and their fossil relatives. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner A, Wood B (1993) Taxonomic and geographic diversity in robust austrolopithecines and other African Plio-Pleistocene larger mammals. J Human Evol 24: 147–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler CJ, Dunlop SA, Lund RD, Harman AM, Dann JF, Beazley LD, Lund JS (1998) Anatomical comparison of the macaque and marsupial visual cortex: common features that may reflect retention of essential cortical elements. J Comp Neurol 400: 449–468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uher J (1991a) Die Ästhetik von Zick-Zack and Welle, ethologische Aspekte der Wirkung linearer Muster. PhD Dissertation, University of Munich

    Google Scholar 

  • Uher J (199 lb) On zigzag designs: three levels of meaning. Curr Anthropol 32:437–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich RS (1977) Visual landscape preference: a model and application. Man Environ Syst 7: 279–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich RS (1981) Nature versus urban scenes, some psychophysiological effects. Environ Behav 13: 523–556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich RS (1983) Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In: Altman I, Wohlwill JF (eds) Human behavior and environment, vol 6. Plenum Press, New York, pp 85–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich RS (1984) View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science 224: 420–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Hout MA, de Jong P, Kindt M (2000) Masked fear words produce increased SCRs: An anomaly for Öhman’s theory of pre-attentive processing in anxiety. Psychophysiology 37: 283–288

    Google Scholar 

  • van Schaik CP, Mitrasetia T (1990) Changes in the behaviour of wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) after encounters with a model python. Folia Primatol 55: 104–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Rossum D, Hanisch UK (1999) Cytoskeletal dynamics in dendritic spines: direct modulation by glutamate receptors? Trends Neurosci 22: 290–295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varia R (1986) Brancusi. Universe, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Verstijnen IM, van Leeuwen C, Goldschmidt G, Hamel R, Hennessey JM (1998) Creative discovery in imagery and perception: combining is relatively easy, restructuring takes a sketch. Acta Psychol 99: 177–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von der Heydt R, Peterhans E, Dursteler MR (1992) Periodic-pattern-selective cells in monkey visual cortex. J Neurosci 12: 1416–1434

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallhäusser E, Scheich H (1987) Auditory imprinting leads to differential 2-deoxyglucose uptake and dendritic spine loss in the chick rostral forebrain. Brain Res 428: 29–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wellens AR (1987) Heart-rate changes in response to shifts in interpersonal gaze from liked and disliked others. Perceptual and Motor Skills 64: 595–598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werdelin L, Lewis ME (2000) Carnivora from the South Turkwel hominid site, northern Kenya. J Paleontol 74: 1173–1180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werdelin L, Olsson L (1997) How the leopard got its spots: a phylogenetic view of the evolution of felid coat patterns. Biol J Linn Soc 62: 383–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White TD, Suwa G, Asfaw B (1994) Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature 375: 88

    Google Scholar 

  • Wik G, Fredrikson M, Ericson K, Eriksson L, Stone-Elander S, Greitz T (1993) A functional cerebral response to frightening visual stimulation. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 50: 15–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willats J (1987) Marr and pictures: an information-processing account of children’s drawings. Arch Psychol 55: 105–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Willats J (1992) Seeing lumps, sticks, and slabs in silhouettes. Perception 21: 481–496

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson HR, Wilkinson F, Lin L-M, Castillo M (2000) Perception of head orientation. Vision Res 40: 459–472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolde Gabriel G, Haile-Selassie Y, Renne PR, Hart WK, Ambrose SH, Asfaw B, Heiken G, White T (2001) Geology and palaeontology of the Late Miocene Middle Awash valley, Afar rift, Ethiopia. Nature 412: 175–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe A, Sleeper B (1995) Wild cats of the world. Crown, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood B (1992) Origin and evolution of the genus Homo. Nature 355: 783–790

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodcock DM (1982) A functionalist approach to environmental preference. PhD Dissertation, The University of Michigan, University Microfilms International No: 8215108

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang K-H, Blackwell KT (2000) Analogue pattern matching in a dendritic spine model based on phosphorylation of potassium channels. Network Computation in Neural Systems 11: 281–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeager CP (1991) Possible antipredator behavior associated with river crossings by proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus). Am J Primatol 24: 61–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yerkes RM, Yerkes AW (1936) Nature and conditions of avoidance (fear) response in chimpanzee. J Comp Psychol 21: 53–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuste R, Bonhoeffer T (2001) Morphological changes in dendritic spines associated with long-term synaptic plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci 24: 1071–1089

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc RB (1980) Feeling and thinking: preferences need no inferences. Am Psychol 35: 151–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zapfe H (1981) Ein Schädel von Mesopithecus mit Biß-Spuren (A skull of Mesopithecus with bite marks). Folia Primatol 35: 248–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zube EH (1974) Cross-disciplinary and intermode agreement on the description of evaluation of landscape resources. Environ Behav 6: 69–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zube EH, Pitt DG, Evans GW (1983). A lifespan developmental study of landscape assessment. J Environ Psychol 3: 115–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Coss, R.G. (2003). The Role of Evolved Perceptual Biases in Art and Design. In: Voland, E., Grammer, K. (eds) Evolutionary Aesthetics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07142-7_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07142-7_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07822-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-07142-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics