Abstract
Previous research on modelling and monitoring norms, contracts and commitments has studied the semantics of concepts such as obligation, permission, prohibition and commitment; languages for expressing behavioural constraints (such as norms or contracts) to be followed by agents in specific contexts; and mechanisms for run-time monitoring of fulfilment and violation of these constraints. However, there has been little work that provided all of these features while also allowing the current expectations of agents and the fulfilment and violation of these expectations to be expressed as first-class constructs in the language. This paper demonstrates the benefits of providing this capability by considering a variety of use cases and demonstrating how these can be addressed as applications of a previously defined temporal logic of expectations and an associated monitoring technique.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ågotnes, T., van der Hoek, W., Tennenholtz, M., Wooldridge, M.: Power in normative systems. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, vol. 1, pp. 145–152. IFAAMAS (2009)
Alberti, M., Chesani, F., Gavanelli, M., Lamma, E., Mello, P., Torroni, P.: Verifiable agent interaction in abductive logic programming: the \(\mathcal{S}\)CIFF framework. ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 9(4), 29:1–29:43 (2008)
Alberti, M., Gavanelli, M., Lamma, E., Chesani, F., Mello, P., Torroni, P.: Compliance verification of agent interaction: a logic-based software tool. Applied Artificial Intelligence 20(2), 133–157 (2006)
Aldewereld, H., Álvarez-Napagao, S., Dignum, F., Vázquez-Salceda, J.: Making norms concrete. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 807–814. IFAAMAS (2010)
Artikis, A., Sergot, M.: Executable specification of open multi-agent systems. Logic Journal of the IGPL 18(1), 31–65 (2010)
Bacchus, F., Kabanza, F.: Using temporal logics to express search control knowledge for planning. Artificial Intelligence 116(1-2), 123–191 (2000)
Bentahar, J., Moulin, B., Chaib-draa, B.: Commitment and Argument Network: A New Formalism for Agent Communication. In: Dignum, F. (ed.) ACL 2003. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2922, pp. 146–165. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Bentahar, J., Moulin, B., Meyer, J.J.C., Lespérance, Y.: A New Logical Semantics for Agent Communication. In: Inoue, K., Satoh, K., Toni, F. (eds.) CLIMA 2006. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4371, pp. 151–170. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Blackburn, P., de Rijke, M., Venema, Y.: Modal Logic. Cambridge University Press (2001)
Boella, G., van der Torre, L.: Security policies for sharing knowledge in virtual communities. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A 36(3), 439–450 (2006)
Boella, G., van der Torre, L., Verhagen, H.: Introduction to the special issue on normative multiagent systems. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 17(1), 1–10 (2008)
Broersen, J., Dignum, F., Dignum, V., Meyer, J.J.C.: Designing a Deontic Logic of Deadlines. In: Lomuscio, A., Nute, D. (eds.) DEON 2004. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3065, pp. 43–56. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Carmo, J., Jones, A.J.I.: Deontic logic and contrary-to-duties. In: Gabbay, D., Guenthner, F. (eds.) Handbook of Philosophical Logic, 2nd edn., vol. 8, pp. 265–343. Kluwer Academic Publishers (2002)
Castelfranchi, C.: For a systematic theory of expectations. In: Proceedings of the 2nd European Cognitive Science Conference. Taylor & Francis (2007)
Chesani, F., Mello, P., Montali, M., Torroni, P.: Commitment tracking via the reactive event calculus. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pp. 91–96. Morgan Kaufmann (2009)
Chittaro, L., Montanari, A.: Efficient temporal reasoning in the cached event calculus. Computational Intelligence 12(3), 359–382 (1996)
Cliffe, O., De Vos, M., Padget, J.: Modelling Normative Frameworks Using Answer Set Programing. In: Erdem, E., Lin, F., Schaub, T. (eds.) LPNMR 2009. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5753, pp. 548–553. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Cranefield, S., Winikoff, M.: Verifying social expectations by model checking truncated paths. Journal of Logic and Computation 21(6), 1217–1256 (2011)
Dastani, M., Brandsema, J., Dubel, A., Meyer, J.-J.C.: Debugging BDI-Based Multi-Agent Programs. In: Braubach, L., Briot, J.-P., Thangarajah, J. (eds.) ProMAS 2009. LNCS, vol. 5919, pp. 151–169. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Dignum, F., Meyer, J.J.C., Wieringa, R.: A dynamic logic for reasoning about sub-ideal states. In: Proceedings of the ECAI Workshop on Artificial Normative Reasoning, pp. 79–92 (1994)
Dignum, F., Weigand, H., Verharen, E.: Meeting the Deadline: On the Formal Specification of Temporal Deontic Constraints. In: Michalewicz, M., Raś, Z.W. (eds.) ISMIS 1996. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 1079, pp. 243–252. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)
Eisner, C., Fisman, D., Havlicek, J., Lustig, Y., McIsaac, A., Van Campenhout, D.: Reasoning with Temporal Logic on Truncated Paths. In: Hunt Jr., W.A., Somenzi, F. (eds.) CAV 2003. LNCS, vol. 2725, pp. 27–39. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Esteva, M., Rosell, B., Rodríguez-Aguilar, J.A., Arcos, J.L.: AMELI: An agent-based middleware for electronic institutions. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, vol. 1, pp. 236–243. IEEE Computer Society (2004)
Farrell, A.D.H., Sergot, M.J., Sallé, M., Bartolini, C.: Using the event calculus for tracking the normative state of contracts. International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 14(2 & 3), 99–129 (2005)
Fornara, N., Viganò, F., Colombetti, M.: Agent communication and artificial institutions. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 14(2), 121–142 (2007)
Gabbay, D.: The Declarative Past and Imperative Future: Executable Temporal Logic for Interactive Systems. In: Banieqbal, B., Pnueli, A., Barringer, H. (eds.) Temporal Logic in Specification. LNCS, vol. 398, pp. 409–448. Springer, Heidelberg (1989)
García-Camino, A., Noriega, P., Rodríguez-Aguilar, J.A.: Implementing norms in electronic institutions. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 667–673. ACM Press (2005)
García-Camino, A., Rodríguez-Aguilar, J.A., Sierra, C., Vasconcelos, W.W.: Constraint rule-based programming of norms for electronic institutions. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 18(1), 186–217 (2009)
Governatori, G., Rotolo, A.: How do agents comply with norms? Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings 09121 (2009), http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2009/1909
Lomuscio, A., Penczek, W., Solanki, M., Szreter, M.: Runtime monitoring of contract regulated web services. In: Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Formal Languages and Analysis of Contract-Oriented Software, pp. 9–16 (2009), http://www.dsi.uclm.es/retics/flacos09/Flacos09-proceedings.pdf#page=9
Modgil, S., Faci, N., Meneguzzi, F., Oren, N., Miles, S., Luck, M.: A framework for monitoring agent-based normative systems. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 153–160. IFAAMAS (2009)
Nickles, M., Rovatsos, M., Weiss, G.: Expectation-oriented modeling. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 18, 891–918 (2005)
Raimondi, F., Lomuscio, A.: Automatic Verification of Deontic Properties of Multi-agent Systems. In: Lomuscio, A., Nute, D. (eds.) DEON 2004. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3065, pp. 228–242. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Shoham, Y., Tennenholtz, M.: On social laws for artificial agent societies: off-line design. Artificial Intelligence 73(1-2), 231–252 (1995)
Singh, M.P.: Semantical considerations on dialectical and practical commitments. In: Cohn, A. (ed.) Proceedings of the 23rd National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 176–181. AAAI Press (2008)
Spoletini, P., Verdicchio, M.: An Automata-Based Monitoring Technique for Commitment-Based Multi-Agent Systems. In: Hübner, J.F., Matson, E., Boissier, O., Dignum, V. (eds.) COIN 2008. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5428, pp. 172–187. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Tinnemeier, N.A.M., Dastani, M.M., Meyer, J.J.C., van der Torre, L.: Programming normative artifacts with declarative obligations and prohibitions. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, vol. 2, pp. 145–152. IEEE Computer Society (2009)
Vázquez-Salceda, J.: The role of norms and electronic institutions in multi-agent systems applied to complex domains: The HARMONIA framework. AI Communications 16(3), 209–212 (2003)
Vázquez-Salceda, J., Aldewereld, H., Dignum, F.: Implementing Norms in Multiagent Systems. In: Lindemann, G., Denzinger, J., Timm, I.J., Unland, R. (eds.) MATES 2004. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3187, pp. 313–327. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Verdicchio, M., Colombetti, M.: Communication languages for multiagent systems. Computational Intelligence 25(2), 136–159 (2009)
Wallace, I., Rovatsos, M.: Bounded practical social reasoning in the ESB framework. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 1097–1104. IFAAMAS (2009)
Yolum, P., Singh, M.P.: Commitment Machines. In: Meyer, J.-J.C., Tambe, M. (eds.) Intelligent Agents VIII. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2333, pp. 235–247. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Yolum, P., Singh, M.: Reasoning about commitments in the event calculus: An approach for specifying and executing protocols. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 42, 227–253 (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Cranefield, S., Winikoff, M., Vasconcelos, W. (2012). Modelling and Monitoring Interdependent Expectations. In: Cranefield, S., van Riemsdijk, M.B., Vázquez-Salceda, J., Noriega, P. (eds) Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, and Norms in Agent System VII. COIN 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 7254. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35545-5_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35545-5_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-35544-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-35545-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)