Abstract
Lakes are found in all climate zones. A first-order zonation of potentially freezing freshwater lakes can be taken as the continental areas where the January (Northern Hemisphere) or July (Southern Hemisphere) mean air temperature is less than 0 °C (Fig. 2.2).
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Notes
- 1.
In limnology, the amount of dissolved salts (c d) is normally expressed in mass/volume (grams/litre). Clearly c d = ρS, where ρ is the density of the solution.
- 2.
Pressure is taken as the ‘gauge pressure’, which is the pressure above the sea level atmospheric pressure. Usually pressure is given in bars; the SI unit is Pascal and 1 bar = 100 kPa. The pressure of one standard atmosphere is 1013.25 mbars.
- 3.
In limnology the upper layer is called epilimnion and the lower layer is called hypolimnion.
- 4.
Secchi depth is the maximum depth where a white disk, diameter 30 cm, is visible from the surface.
- 5.
Celcius (°C) is a convenient temperature unit in investigations of freezing lakes and mostly used in this book. The absolute temperature (Kelvin) is the natural scale for thermodynamics and used here where considered preferable. These units transform by 273.15 K = 0 °C.
- 6.
Wind direction (WD, degrees) tells from where the wind blows in the compass angle, zero toward north and turning clockwise. Mathematical right-hand coordinate system has zero direction toward east (x-axis) and turns counter-clockwise. Wind vector direction (to where the wind blows) is in the right-hand system 270°–WD.
- 7.
Water equivalent refers to the thickness of a layer of liquid water with corresponding volume.
- 8.
The total downwelling solar irradiance on a horizontal plane is also called global radiation.
- 9.
In Finland, all lakes have frozen over every year, except possibly some deep basins in 1930.
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Leppäranta, M. (2015). Freezing of Lakes. In: Freezing of Lakes and the Evolution of their Ice Cover. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29081-7_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29081-7_2
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