Skip to main content

Abstract

Fire is the major stand-renewing disturbance in the circumboreal forest. Weather and climate are the most important factors influencing fire activity and these factors are changing due to human-caused climate change. Under a future warmer climate, we expect more severe fire weather, more area burned, more ignitions and a longer fire season, although there will be large spatial and temporal variation in the fire activity response to climate change. Results indicate increases of 25 to 300% in area burned and a lengthening of the fire season by 30 to 50 days over a large portion of the Northwest Territories, Canada. This field of research allows better understanding of the interactions and feedbacks between fire, climate, vegetation and humans, and identification of vulnerable regions. Projections of fire activity for this century can be used to explore options for mitigation and adaptation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Amiro BD, Todd JB, Wotton BM, Logan KA, Flannigan M, Stocks BJ, Mason JA, Skinner WR, Martell DL, Hirsch KG (2001) Direct carbon emissions from Canadian forest fires, 1959 to 1999. Can J Forest Res 31:512–525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ACIA (2005). Arctic climate impact assessment. Scientific report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonan GB (2002) Ecological climatology: Concepts and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Ecological Stratification Working Group (1996) A national ecological framework for Canada. Agr. and Agri-food Can. and Environ Can., Ottawa

    Google Scholar 

  • Flannigan MD, Bergeron Y, Engelmark O, Wotton BM (1998) Future wildfire in circumboreal forests in relation to global warming. J Veg Sci 9:469–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flannigan MD, Logan KA, Amiro BD, Skinner WR, Stocks BJ (2005) Future area burned in Canada. Climatic Change 72:116

    Google Scholar 

  • Flannigan MD, Wotton BM (1989) A study of interpolation methods for forest fire danger rating in Canada. Can J Forest Res 19:1059–1066

    Google Scholar 

  • Flannigan MD, Wotton BM (2001) Climate, weather and area burned. In: Johnson EA, Miyanishi K (eds) Forest fires: Behavior & ecological effects. Academic Press, pp 335–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Flato GM, Boer GJ, Lee WG, McFarlane NA, Ramsden D, Reader MC, Weaver AJ (2000) The Canadian centre for climate modelling and analysis global coupled model and its climate. Clim Dynam 16:451–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming RA, Candau J-N, McAlpine RS (2002) Landscape-scale analysis of interactions between insect defoliation and forest fire in central Canada. Climatic Change 55:251–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillett NP, Weaver AJ, Zwiers FW, Flannigan MD (2004) Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires. Geophys Res Lett 31:L18211, doi:10.1029/2004GL020876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon C, Cooper C, Senior CA, Banks H, Gregory JM, Johns TC, Mitchell JFB, Wood RA (2000) The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Clim Dynam 16:147–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo S, Leighton HG, Feng J, Trishchenko A (2007) Wildfire aerosol and cloud radiative forcing in the Mackenzie River Basin from satellite observation. (Vol. I, this book)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hely C, Flannigan MD, Bergeron Y, McRae D (2001) Role of vegetation and weather on fire behavior in the Canadian mixedwood boreal forest using two fire behavior prediction systems. Can J Forest Res 31:430–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2001) Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson EA (1992) Fire and vegetation dynamics: studies from the North American boreal forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochtubajda B, Flannigan MD, Gyakum JR, Stewart RE, Logan KA, Nguyen T-V (2006) Lightning and fires in the Northwest Territories and responses to future climate change. Arctic 59:211–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochtubajda B, Stewart RE, Gyakum JR, Flannigan MD (2002) Summer convection and lightning over the Mackenzie River Basin and their impacts during 1994 and 1995. Atmos Ocean 40:199–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurz WA, Apps MJ, Stocks BJ, Volney WJA (1994) Global climate change: disturbance regimes and biospheric feedbacks of temperate and boreal forests. In: G. Woodwell (ed) Biotic feedbacks in the global climate system: will the warming speed the warming? Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp 119–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavorel S, Flannigan MD, Lambin EF, Scholes MC (2007) Vulnerability of land systems to fire: interactions between humans, climate, the atmosphere and ecosystems. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 12:33–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons WA, Nelson TE, Williams ER, Cramer JA, Turner TR (1998) Enhanced positive cloud-to-ground lightning in thunderstorms ingesting smoke from fires. Science 282:77–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAlpine RS, Hirsch KG (1999) An overview of LEOPARDS: the level of protection analysis system. Forest Chron 75:615–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Mearns LO, Giorgi F, McDaniel L, Shields C (1995) Analysis of daily variability of precipitation in a nested regional climate model — comparison with observations and doubled CO 2 results. Global Planet Change 10:55–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newark MJ (1975) The relationship between forest fire occurrence and 500 mb ridging. Atmos 13:26–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborn TJ, Hulme M (1997) Development of a relationship between station and grid-box rainday frequencies for climate model evaluation. J Clim 10:1885–1908

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price C, Rind D (1994). The impact of a 2xCO 2 climate on lightning-caused fires. J Clim 7:1484–1494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld D (1999) TRMM observed first direct evidence of smoke from forest fires inhibiting rainfall. Geophys Res Lett 26:3105–3108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SAS Institute Inc (2000) SAS OnlineDoc®, Version 8, SAS Institude Inc., Cary, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds PG, Manning AJ, Derwent RG, Ciais P, Ramonet M, Kazan V, Ryall D (2005) A burning question: can recent growth rate anomalies in the greenhouse gases be attributed to large-scale biomass burning events. Atmos Environ 39:2513–2517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skelly WC, Henderson-Sellers A (1996) Grid box or grid point: what type of data do GCMs deliver to climate impacts researchers? Int J Climatol 16:1079–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner WR, Flannigan MD, Stocks BJ, Martell DM, Wotton BM, Todd JB, Mason JA, Logan KA, Bosch EM (2001) A 500 mb synoptic wildland fire climatology from large Canadian forest fires, 1959–1996. Theor Appl Climatol 71:157–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner WR, Stocks BJ, Martell DL, Bonsal B, Shabbar A. (1999) The association between circulation anomalies in the mid-troposphere and area burned by wildland fire in Canada. Theor Appl Climatol 63:89–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stocks BJ (1993) Global warming and forest fires in Canada. Forest Chron 69:290–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocks BJ, Mason JA, Todd JB, Bosch EM, Wotton BM, Amiro BD, Flannigan MD, Hirsch KG, Logan KA, Martell DL, Skinner WR (2002) Large forest fires in Canada, 1959–1997. J Geophys Res 107:8149, doi:10.1029/2001JD000484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swetnam TW (1993) Fire history and climate change in giant sequoia groves. Science 262:885–889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wagner CE (1970) Conversion of Williams severity rating for use with the fire weather index. Can. Dept. Fish and Forest, Petawawa Forest Exp. Stn., Inf rep PS-X-21

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wagner CE (1987) The development and structure of the Canadian forest fire weather index system. Can Forest Serv, forest tech rep35, Ottawa, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber MG, Flannigan MD (1997) Canadian boreal forest ecosystem structure and function in a changing climate: impacts on fire regimes. Environ Rev 5:145–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber MG, Stocks BJ (1998) Forest fires and sustainability in the boreal forests of Canada. Ambio 27:545–550

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams DE (1959) Fire season severity rating. Can. Dept. Northern Affairs and Nat. Res., Div tech note 73, Ottawa, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Wotton BM, Flannigan MD (1993) Length of the fire season in a changing climate. Forest Chron 69:187–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Wotton BM, Martell DL, Logan KA (2003) Climate change and people-caused forest fire occurrence in Ontario. Climatic Change 60:275–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Flannigan, M.D., Kochtubajda, B., Logan, K.A. (2008). Forest Fires and Climate Change in the Northwest Territories. In: Woo, Mk. (eds) Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies. The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73936-4_23

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics