Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Tennessee and Kentucky

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America

Part of the book series: Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection ((SUPP))

Abstract

With similar topographies and soils, Kentucky and Tennessee grow many of the same row and field crops, although differences do occur. Tennessee is a significant cotton production state, whereas Kentucky’s production is small. Kentucky has an enormous production of hay and alfalfa, largely in support of its horse industry. Tennessee is a much larger producer of commercial vegetables, especially fresh tomatoes and snap beans. Significant early research efforts on nematodes occurred in both states. The major nematode problems are similar, although both states need up-to-date surveys. Soybean cyst nematode is a major pathogen and root-knot nematodes are particularly important in vegetable production. Reniform nematode is a growing problem in Tennessee on cotton but has not yet reached Kentucky. Lesion nematodes are diverse and abundant in both states, but estimating pathogenicity has been a challenge. Recently recognized nematode pests, such as the cyst nematode Vittatidera zeaphila, probably are underestimated as future problems. Climate change likely will make these states hotter and drier, resulting in new challenges to major crop and forage production.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • AFT (American Farmland Trust). (2012). Farming on the edge: State maps. https://www.farmland.org/farming-on-the-edge-state-maps. Accessed July 2017.

  • Arelli, P. R., Pantalone, V. R., Allen, F. L., Mengistu, A., & Fritz, L. A. (2015). Registration of JTN-5203 soybean germplasm with resistance to multiple cyst nematode populations. Journal of Plant Registrations, 9, 108–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arelli, P. R., Shannon, J. G., Mengistu, A., Gillen, A. M., & Fritz, L. A. (2017). Registration of conventional soybean germplasm JTN-4307 with resistance to nematodes and fungal diseases. Journal of Plant Registrations, 11, 192–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, G. F. (1889). A preliminary report upon the life history and metamorphoses of a root-gall nematode, Heterodera radicicola (Greeff) Müll., and the injuries caused by it upon the roots of various plants. Science Contributions from the Agricultural Experiment Station, Alabama Polytechnic Institute (Vol. 1, pp. 177–222).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, S. M., & Bernard, E. C. (1984). Nematode population and community dynamics in soybean-wheat cropping and tillage regimes. Journal of Nematology, 16, 379–386.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, O. J.-P., Bernard, E. C., & Gwinn, K. D. (1997). Effect of selected Neotyphodium lolii isolates on root knot nematode (Meloidogyne marylandi) numbers in perennial ryegrass. In Proceedings of the 50th New Zealand plant protection conference, pp. 65–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, E. C. (1980). Identification, distribution, and plant associations of plant parasitic nematodes in Tennessee (18 pp). University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, E. C. (1981). Distribution of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in commercial tomato fields of Cocke County, Tennessee. Tennessee Farm and Home Science, 118, 2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, E. C., & Eisenback, J. D. (1997). Meloidogyne trifoliophila n. sp. (Nemata: Meloidogynidae), a parasite of clover from Tennessee. Journal of Nematology, 29, 43–54.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, E. C., & Hadden, C. H. (1981). Influence of nematicides on southern root knot nematode and tomato yields. 1981. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 36, 182–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, E. C., & Jennings, P. L. (1997). Host range and distribution of the clover root knot nematode, Meloidogyne trifoliophila. Journal of Nematology, 29(4S), 662–672.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, E. C., & Keyserling, M. L. (1985). Reproduction of root knot, lesion, spiral, and soybean cyst nematodes on sunflower. Plant Disease, 69, 103–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, E. C., & Montgomery-Dee, M. E. (1993). Reproduction of plant parasitic nematodes on winter rapeseed (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera). Journal of Nematology, 25(4S), 863–868.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, E. C., & Witte, W. T. (1987). Parasitism of woody ornamentals by Meloidogyne hapla. Annals of Applied Nematology, 1, 41–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, E. C., Witte, W. T., Dee, M. M., & Jennings, P. L. (1994). Parasitism of holly cultivars by three root knot nematode isolates. Holly Society Journal, 12, 12–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, E. C., Self, L. H., & Tyler, D. D. (1996). Fungal parasitism of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines (Nemata: Heteroderidae), in differing cropping-tillage regimes. Applied Soil Ecology, 5, 57–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, E. C., Handoo, Z. A., Powers, T. O., Donald, P. A., & Heinz, R. D. (2010). Vittatidera zeaphila (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new genus and species of cyst nematode parasitic on corn (Zea mays). Journal of Nematology, 42, 139–150.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bost, S. (2013). Nematode control in the home garden. University of Tennessee Extension publication SP341-L. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agexgard/112. Accessed July 2017.

  • Bost, S. (2015). Commercial vegetable disease guide (50 pp). University of Tennessee Extension Publication W141. http://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W141.pdf. Accessed July 2017.

  • Castillo, P., & Vovlas, N. (2007). Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): Diagnosis, biology, pathogenicity and management, Nematology Monographs and Perspectives 6 (p. 529). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, A. Y., & Reed, H. E. (1961). The aim: Better nematode control on tomato plants. Tennessee Farm and Home Science, Progress Report, 40, 2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. A. (1954). Meadow nematodes associated with failure of spring-sown alfalfa. Phytopathology, 44, 542–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. A. (1956). Plant parasitic nematodes associated with strawberries in Kentucky. Plant Disease Reporter, 40, 179–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. A. (1957). Species of plant parasitic nematodes in Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 18, 70–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. A. (1958). The effect of root lesion nematodes on the growth of red clover and alfalfa under greenhouse conditions. Phytopathology, 48, 525–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. A. (1959). Development of Pratylenchus penetrans and Tylenchorhynchus martini on red clover and alfalfa. Phytopathology, 49, 357–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. A. (1963a). Population development of the plant parasitic nematode Scutellonema brachyurum on red clover. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 30, 169–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. A. (1963b). Population development of Meloidogyne arenaria in red clover. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 30, 233–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. A. (1963c). Development of Meloidogyne hapla and M. incognita in alfalfa. Phytopathology, 53, 1003–1005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. A. (1964). Effect of clover cyst nematode on growth of red and white clovers. Phytopathology, 54, 417–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. A., & Turner, D. R. (1975). Effect of Meloidogyne incognita on reproduction of Pratylenchus penetrans in red clover and alfalfa. Journal of Nematology, 7, 6–10.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Donald, P. A., Heinz, R., Bernard, E., Hershman, D., Hensley, D., Flint-Garcia, S., & Joost, R. (2012). Distribution, host status and potential sources of resistance to Vittatidera zeaphila. Nematropica, 42, 91–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donald, P. A., Holguin, C. M., & Agudelo, P. A. (2013). First report of lance nematode (Hoplolaimus magnistylus) on corn, soybean, and cotton in Tennessee. Plant Disease, 97, 1389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Endo, B. Y. (1962a). Survival of Heterodera glycines at controlled relative humidities. Phytopathology, 52, 80–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endo, B. Y. (1962b). Studies on the dessication of the soybean cyst nematode under controlled relative humidity conditions. Tennessee Farm and Home Science Progress Report, 42, 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epps, J. M. (1957). Soybean cyst nematode found in Tennessee. Plant Disease Reporter, 41, 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epps, J. M. (1958). Viability of air-dried Heterodera glycines cysts. Plant Disease Reporter, 42, 594–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epps, J. M. (1968). Survival of soybean cyst nematodes in seed bags. Plant Disease Reporter, 52, 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epps, J. M. (1969). Survival of the soybean cyst nematode in seed stocks. Plant Disease Reporter, 53, 403–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epps, J. M. (1971). Recovery of soybean cyst nematodes (Heterodera glycines) from the digestive tract of blackbirds. Journal of Nematology, 3, 417–419.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Epps, J. M., & Chambers, A. Y. (1958). New host records for Heterodera glycines; including one host in the Labiatae. Plant Disease Reporter, 42, 194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epps, J. M., & Chambers, A. Y. (1959). Mung bean (Phaseolus aureus), a host of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Plant Disease Reporter, 43, 981–982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epps, J. M., & Chambers, A. Y. (1965). Behavior of soybean-cyst-nematode populations under different cropping systems. Tennessee Farm and Home Science Progress Report, 53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epps, J. M., & Duclos, L. A. (1970). Races of the soybean cyst nematode in Missouri and Tennessee. Plant Disease Reporter, 54, 319–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, V. R., & Bernard, R. L. (1962). Injury to soybeans caused by Pratylenchus alleni. Plant Disease Reporter, 46, 181–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flinchum, W. T. (2001). Soybean production in Tennessee (32 pp). University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service PB 1608. https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/PB1608.pdf. Accessed July 2017.

  • Freckman, D. W., & Chapman, R. A. (1972). Infection of red clover seedlings by Heterodera trifolii Goffart and Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb). Journal of Nematology, 4, 23–28.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Halbrendt, J. M. (1996). Allelopathy in the management of plant parasitic nematodes. Journal of Nematology, 18, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershman, D. E. (2008). Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, populations adapting to resistant soybean cultivars in Kentucky. Plant Disease, 92, 1475.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hershman, D. E. (2009). The value of wheat residue in soybean cyst nematode management programs (3 p). University of Tennessee Cooperative Extension Service. PPFS-AG-S-08. http://plantpathology.ca.uky.edu/files/ppfs-ag-s-08.pdf. Accessed July 2017.

  • Hershman, D. E. (2015). 2015 soybean cyst nematode (SCN) recommendations for Kentucky. University of Kentucky Plant Pathology Fact Sheet PPFS-AG-S-24. http://plantpathology.ca.uky.edu/extension/soybean-cyst-nematode . Accessed July 2017.

  • Hershman, D. E., & Bachi, P. R. (1995). Effect of wheat residue and tillage on Heterodera glycines and yield of doublecrop soybean in Kentucky. Plant Disease, 79, 631–633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hershman, D. E., Bachi, P. R., Stuckey, R. E., Clinton, W., & Henson, G. (1986). Efficacy of nematicides and method of application on soybean yield and soybean cyst nematode populations, 1985. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 41, 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershman, D. E., Bachi, P. R., Stuckey, R. E., Clinton, W., & Henson, G. (1987). Effect of reduced rates of Temik 15G and soybean cultivar on soybean yield and soybean cyst nematode populations, 1986. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 42, 169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershman, D. E., Kennedy, B., Yielding, T., Bachi, P., Laurent, C., & Kelley, G. (2009). Host resistance and seed treatments for management of soybean cyst nematode in Hopkins County, Kentucky, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:N029. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDMR03. Online publication. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2010/N029.pdf. Accessed July 2017.

  • Inserra, R. N., Troccoli, A., Gozel, U., Bernard, E. C., Dunn, D., & Duncan, L. W. (2007). Pratylenchus hippeastri n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from amaryllis in Florida with notes on P. scribneri and P. hexincisus. Nematology, 9, 29–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2013). Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. In T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, & P. M. Midgley(Eds.), Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (1535 pp). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, P. L., & Bernard, E. C. (1986). Cover crop effects on Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology, 18, 616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. F., Chambers, A. Y., & Reed, H. E. (1967). Reduction of root knot of tomatoes with crop residue amendments in field experiments. Plant Disease Reporter, 51, 219–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. W., Townsend, L. H., Green, J. D., Martin, J. R., Witt, W. W., Hershman, D. E., Murdock, L., & Herbek, J. (2015). Kentucky integrated crop management manual for soybeans, IPM-3. https://ipm.ca.uky.edu/files/ipm3soy2.pdf. Accessed July 2017.

  • Jones, L. M., Koehler, A.-K., Trnka, M., Balek, J., Challinor, A. J., Atkinson, H. J., & Urwin, P. E. (2017). Climate change is predicted to alter the current pest status of Globodera pallida and G.rostochiensis in the United Kingdom. Global Change Biology, 2017, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, H. M. (2015). Cotton disease and nematode control 2016. University of Tennessee Extension Publication, 15 pp. https://ag.tennessee.edu/. Accessed July 2017.

  • Kelly, H. M. Y. (2016). Soybean disease and nematode ratings and yields. 2015 variety and fungicide trial summaries. University of Tennessee Extension Bulletin W369, 12 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kentucky Extension Service. (2017). Extension publications. http://plantpathology.ca.uky.edu/extension/soybean-cyst-nematode. Accessed 9 Mar 2018.

  • Kimmons, C. A., Gwinn, K. D., & Bernard, E. C. (1990). Nematode reproduction on endophyte-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue. Plant Disease, 74, 757–761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klobe, W. D. (1976). Occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes in seven West Tennessee counties. Tennessee Farm and Home Science Progress Report, 99, 14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenning, S. R., Kirkpatrick, T. L., Starr, J. L., Wrather, J. A., Walker, N. A., & Mueller, J. D. (2004). Plant parasitic nematodes attacking cotton in the United States: Old and emerging challenges. Plant Disease, 88, 100–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mai, W. F., Bloom, J. R., & Chen, T. A. (Eds.). (1977). Biology and ecology of the plant parasitic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Northeastern Regional Research Publication Bulletin, 815, 64.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGawley, E. C., & Chapman, R. A. (1982). Population dynamics of Criconemoides simile on soybean. Journal of Nematology, 14, 572–575.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McGawley, E. C., & Chapman, R. A. (1983). Reproduction of Criconemoides simile, Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus, and Paratylenchus projectus on soybean. Journal of Nematology, 15, 87–91.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mojtahedi, H., Santo, G. S., Hang, A. N., & Wilson, J. H. (1991). Suppression of root knot nematode populations with selected rapeseed cultivars as green manure. Journal of Nematology, 23, 170–174.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neal, J. C. (1889). The root knot disease of peach, orange, and other plants in Florida, due to the work of Anguillula. USDA Division of Entomology Bulletin, 20, 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, M. A. (1998). Summary of nematode survey activity in Tennessee. National Cotton Council of America. http://www.cotton.org/tech/pest/nematode/survey/tennessee.cfm. Accessed July 2017.

  • Niblack, T. L., & Bernard, E. C. (1985). Plant parasitic nematode communities in dogwood, maple, and peach nurseries in Tennessee. Journal of Nematology, 17, 132–139.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Niblack, T. L., & Riggs, R. D. (2004). Variation in virulence phenotypes. In D. P. Schmitt, J. A. Wrather, & R. D. Riggs (Eds.), Biology and management of soybean cyst nematode (2nd ed., pp. 57–71). Marceline: Schmitt and Associates of Marceline.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niblack, T. L., & Tylka, G. L. (2008). SCN soybean cyst nematode management guide, 5th edition. www.ncsrp.com/pdf_doc/SCN_Management.pdf. Accessed July 2017.

  • Niblack, T. L., Arelli, P. R., Noel, G. R., Opperman, C. H., Orf, J. H., Schmitt, D. P., Shannon, J. G., & Tylka, G. L. (2001). A revised classification scheme for genetically diverse populations of Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology, 34, 279–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, W. W., & Jenkins, W. R. (1962). Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus vulnus on boxwood, Buxus sempervirens var. arborescens. Plant Disease Reporter, 46, 712–714.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, R. D., & Schmitt, D. P. (1988). Complete characterization of the race scheme for Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology, 20, 392–395.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, R. T., Shipe, E., Shannon, G., Chen, P., Kantartzi, S. K., Jackson, L. E., Gbur, E. E., Dombek, D. G., & Velie, J. T. (2013, January). Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2012. In Proceedings of the Beltwide cotton conference, San Antonio, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, A. F., Inserra, R. N., Caswell-Chen, E. P., Vovlas, N., & Troccoli, A. (1997). Rotylenchulus species: Identification, distribution, host ranges, and crop plant resistance. Nematropica, 27, 127–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge, A. D., Wills, J. B., & Bost, S. (1999). Commercial tomato production. University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service Publication PB 737, 32 pp. https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/pb737.pdf. Accessed July 2017.

  • Schmitt, D. P., Wrather, J. A., & Riggs, R. D. (Eds.). (2004). Biology and management of soybean cyst nematode (2nd ed.p. 262). Marceline: Schmitt and Associates of Marceline.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scribner, F. L. (1889). Diseases of the Irish potato. Bulletin of the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 2, 27–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seebold, K. W. (2010). Root-knot nematode in commercial and residential crops. University of Kentucky Plant Pathology Fact Sheet PPFS-GEN-10. https://plantpathology.ca.uky.edu/files/ppfs-gen-10.pdf. Accessed July 2017.

  • Seebold, K. W., Pearce, R. C., Bailey, W. A., Bush, L. P., Green, J. D., Miller, R. D., Powers, L. A., Snell, W. M., Townsend, L. H., Purschwitz, M., Wells, L. G., Wilhoit, J. H., Velandia, M., Bost, S., Burgess, G., Hale, F., Hensley, D., Denton, P., & Rhodes, N. (2013). 2013–2014 Kentucky and Tennessee tobacco production guide. University of Kentucky Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 74, 71 pp. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/anr_reports/74. Accessed July 2017.

  • Shannon, J. G., Arelli, P. R., & Young, L. D. (2004). Breeding for resistance and tolerance. In D. P. Schmitt, J. A. Wrather, & R. D. Riggs (Eds.)., 2004 Biology and management of soybean cyst nematode (2nd ed., pp. 155–180). Marceline: Schmitt and Associates of Marceline.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherbakoff, C. D. (1939). Root knot nematodes on cotton and tomatoes in Tennessee. Phytopathology, 29, 751–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. A. (1995). Richard A. Chapman, 1918 to 1994. Phytopathology, 85, 1052.

    Google Scholar 

  • Society of Nematologists. (1984). Distribution of plant parasitic nematode species in North America (p. 205). Gainesville: Society of Nematologists.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southards, C. J. (1967). The pseudo-root knot nematode of Bermuda grass in Tennessee. Plant Disease Reporter, 51, 455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southards, C. J. (1971). Effect of fall tillage and selected hosts on the population density of Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus zeae. Plant Disease Reporter, 55, 41–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southards, C. J. (1973). A field evaluation of nematode-resistant tomato varieties for vine-ripe tomato production. Tennessee Farm and Home Science, 85, 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, T. C., Newman, M. A., & Cook, D. L. (1998). Incidence of the reniform nematode in West Tennessee cotton fields. Phytopathology, 88(9 Suppl), S85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, G. (1943). In C. D. Sherbakoff, & W. W. Stanley (Eds.), The more important diseases and insect pests of crops in Tennessee. University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 186, 142 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stetina, S. R., Smith, J. R., & Ray, J. D. (2014). Identification of Rotylenchulus reniformis-resistant Glycine lines. Journal of Nematology, 46, 1–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stockdale, W. R. (1985). Relationship of sampling date and soil type to southern root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) populations in selected fields in Cocke County, Tennessee. M.S. thesis, University of Tennessee, 29 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuckey, R. E., & Chapman, R. A. (1979). The influence of nematicides and varieties on soybean cyst nematode populations and soybean yield in Kentucky. Ninth International Congress of Plant Protection, IX International Congress of Plant Protection, Washington, D.C., Abstract 867.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuckey, R. E., Clinton, W., Hershman, D. E., Bachi, P. R., & Henson, G. (1985). Effectiveness of nematicides and application method on the soybean cyst nematode and soybean yield, 1984. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 40, 110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thames, W.H. (1982). The genus Pratylenchus. In R. D. Riggs (Ed.), Nematology in the Southern Region of the United States (pp. 108–126). Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 276, 206 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triantaphyllou, A. C. (1976). Genetic structure of races of Heterodera glycines and inheritance of ability to reproduce on resistant soybeans. Journal of Nematology, 7, 356–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, D. R., & Chapman, R. A. (1972). Infection of seedlings of alfalfa and red clover by concomitant populations of Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus penetrans. Journal of Nematology, 4, 280–286.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, D. D., Overton, J. R., & Chambers, A. Y. (1983). Tillage effects on soil properties, diseases, cyst nematodes, and yields. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 38, 374–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, D. D., Chambers, A. Y., & Young, L. D. (1987). No-tillage effects on population dynamics of soybean cyst nematode. Agronomy Journal, 79, 799–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tylka, G. L. (2016). Understanding soybean cyst nematode HG types and races. Plant Health Progress, 17, 149–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tylka, G. L., & Marett, C. C. (2014). Distribution of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, in the United States and Canada: 1954 to 2014. Plant Health Progress, 15, 13. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-BR-14-0006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • University of Tennessee. (2017). Soybean diseases and nematodes. http://utcrops.com/soybean/diseases.htm. Accessed 9 Mar 2018.

  • USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2003). Ecoregions of Kentucky. ftp://newftp.epa.gov/EPADataCommons/ORD/Ecoregions/ky/ky_eco_pg.pdf. Accessed July 2017.

  • USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program). (2009). Global climate change impacts in the United States. https://nca2009.globalchange.gov/index.html. Accessed July 2017.

  • USGS (U.S. Geological Survey). (2001). Geologic provinces of the United States: Interior Plain Province. https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/province/intplain.html. Accessed July 2017.

  • USGS (U.S. Geological Survey). (2002). Ecoregions of Tennessee. https://store.usgs.gov/assets/MOD/StoreFiles/Ecoregion/21632_tn_front.pdf. Accessed July 2017.

  • Valleau, W. D., & Johnson, E. M. (1947). The relation of meadow nematodes to brown root rot of tobacco. Phytopathology, 37, 838–841.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, N., Hershman, D., & Dunwell, W. (2011). Soybean cyst nematode: A potential problem for nurseries. Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service, ID-110, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wartman, F. S., & Bernard, E. C. (1985). Reproduction of Pratylenchus alleni (Nematoda) on soybean and other field and vegetable crops. Tennessee Farm and Home Science, 135, 3–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C. T. (1982). Development of an expanded program of teaching and research in nematology in the Southern Region. In R. D. Riggs (Ed.). Nematology in the Southern Region of the United States (pp. 1–7). Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 276, 206 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winstead, N. N., Skotland, S. B., & Sasser, J. N. (1955). Soybean-cyst nematode in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 39, 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrather, J. A., & Koenning, S. R. (2006). Estimates of disease effects on soybean yields in the United States 2003 to 2005. Journal of Nematology, 38, 173–180.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D. (1982a). Reproduction of differentially selected soybean cyst nematode populations on soybean. Crop Science, 22, 385–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D. (1982b). Reproduction of Tennessee soybean cyst nematode population on cultivars resistant to Race 4. Plant Disease, 66, 251–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D. (1984a). Effects of continuous culture of resistant soybean cultivars on soybean cyst nematode reproduction. Plant Disease, 68, 237–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D. (1984b). Changes in the reproduction of Heterodera glycines on different lines of Glycine max. Journal of Nematology, 16, 304–309.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D. (1990). Survey of soybean cyst nematode races in Tennessee. Journal of Nematology, 22(4S), 672–675.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D. (1992). Problems and strategies associated with long-term use of nematode resistant cultivars. Journal of Nematology, 24, 228–233.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D. (1994). Changes in the Heterodera glycines female index as affected by ten-year cropping sequences. Journal of Nematology, 26, 505–510.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D. (1996a). Yield loss in soybean caused by Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology, 28(4S), 604–607.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D. (1996b). Advising growers in selection of Heterodera glycines-resistant soybean cultivars. Journal of Nematology, 28(4S), 608–611.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D. (1998). Influence of soybean cropping sequences on seed yield and female index of the soybean cyst nematode. Plant Disease, 82, 615–619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D., & Hartwig, E. E. (1992). Cropping sequence effects on soybean and Heterodera glycines. Plant Disease, 76, 78–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. D., & Kilen, T. C. (1994). Genetic relationships among plant introductions for resistance to soybean cyst nematode Race 5. Crop Science, 34, 936–939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

    Ernest C. Bernard

Authors
  1. Ernest C. Bernard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ernest C. Bernard .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, Sacramento, CA, USA

    Sergei A. Subbotin

  2. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, Sacramento, CA, USA

    John J. Chitambar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bernard, E.C. (2018). Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Tennessee and Kentucky. In: Subbotin, S., Chitambar, J. (eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America . Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99588-5_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation