Abstract
Emotional intelligence is one of the key parts of human intelligence. Exploring how to endow conversation models with emotional intelligence is a recent research hotspot. Although several emotional conversation approaches have been introduced, none of these methods were able to decide an appropriate emotion category for the response. We propose a new neural conversation model which is able to produce reasonable emotion interaction and generate emotional expressions. Experiments show that our proposed approaches can generate appropriate emotion and yield significant improvements over the baseline methods in emotional conversation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
André, E., Rehm, M., Minker, W., Bühler, D.: Endowing spoken language dialogue systems with emotional intelligence. In: André, E., Dybkjær, L., Minker, W., Heisterkamp, P. (eds.) ADS 2004. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3068, pp. 178–187. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24842-2_17
Bowman, S.R., Vilnis, L., Vinyals, O., Dai, A., Jozefowicz, R., Bengio, S.: Generating sentences from a continuous space. In: Proceedings of The 20th SIGNLL Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, pp. 10–21 (2016)
Ghosh, S., Chollet, M., Laksana, E., Morency, L.P., Scherer, S.: Affect-LM: a neural language model for customizable affective text generation. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), vol. 1, pp. 634–642 (2017)
Hu, Z., Yang, Z., Liang, X., Salakhutdinov, R., Xing, E.P.: Toward controlled generation of text. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 1587–1596 (2017)
Liu, C.W., Lowe, R., Serban, I., Noseworthy, M., Charlin, L., Pineau, J.: How not to evaluate your dialogue system: An empirical study of unsupervised evaluation metrics for dialogue response generation. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 2122–2132 (2016)
Martinovski, B., Traum, D.: Breakdown in human-machine interaction: the error is the clue. In: Proceedings of the ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Error Handling in Dialogue Systems, pp. 11–16 (2003)
Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., Zhu, W.J.: BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 311–318. Association for Computational Linguistics (2002)
Polzin, T.S., Waibel, A.: Emotion-sensitive human-computer interfaces. In: ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop (ITRW) on Speech and Emotion (2000)
Prendinger, H., Mori, J., Ishizuka, M.: Using human physiology to evaluate subtle expressivity of a virtual quizmaster in a mathematical game. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 62(2), 231–245 (2005)
Semeniuta, S., Severyn, A., Barth, E.: A hybrid convolutional variational autoencoder for text generation. In: Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 627–637 (2017)
Shang, L., Lu, Z., Li, H.: Neural responding machine for short-text conversation. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), vol. 1, pp. 1577–1586 (2015)
Shen, X., Su, H., Li, Y., Li, W., Niu, S., Zhao, Y., Aizawa, A., Long, G.: A conditional variational framework for dialog generation. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), vol. 2, pp. 504–509 (2017)
Skowron, M.: Affect listeners: acquisition of affective states by means of conversational systems. In: Esposito, A., Campbell, N., Vogel, C., Hussain, A., Nijholt, A. (eds.) Development of Multimodal Interfaces: Active Listening and Synchrony. LNCS, vol. 5967, pp. 169–181. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12397-9_14
Skowron, M., Rank, S., Theunis, M., Sienkiewicz, J.: The good, the bad and the neutral: affective profile in dialog system-user communication. In: D’Mello, S., Graesser, A., Schuller, B., Martin, J.-C. (eds.) ACII 2011. LNCS, vol. 6974, pp. 337–346. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24600-5_37
Sohn, K., Lee, H., Yan, X.: Learning structured output representation using deep conditional generative models. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 3483–3491 (2015)
Vinyals, O., Le, Q.: A neural conversational model. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.05869 (2015)
Yuan, J., Zhao, H., Zhao, Y., Cong, D., Qin, B., Liu, T.: Babbling - The HIT-SCIR system for emotional conversation generation. In: Huang, X., Jiang, J., Zhao, D., Feng, Y., Hong, Y. (eds.) NLPCC 2017. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10619, pp. 632–641. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73618-1_53
Zhang, R., Wang, Z., Mai, D.: Building emotional conversation systems using multi-task Seq2Seq learning. In: Huang, X., Jiang, J., Zhao, D., Feng, Y., Hong, Y. (eds.) NLPCC 2017. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10619, pp. 612–621. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73618-1_51
Zhao, T., Zhao, R., Eskenazi, M.: Learning discourse-level diversity for neural dialog models using conditional variational autoencoders. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), vol. 1, pp. 654–664 (2017)
Zhou, H., Huang, M., Zhang, T., Zhu, X., Liu, B.: Emotional chatting machine: emotional conversation generation with internal and external memory. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.01074 (2017)
Zhu, Q., Zhang, W., Zhou, L., Liu, T.: Learning to start for sequence to sequence architecture. arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.05554 (2016)
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China(No. 201802010025), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No. 2017BQ024), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No. 2017A030310428) and the University Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Fund Project of Guangzhou(No. 2019PT103). The authors also thank the editors and reviewers for their constructive editing and reviewing, respectively.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Zhang, R., Wang, Z. (2018). Learning to Converse Emotionally Like Humans: A Conditional Variational Approach. In: Zhang, M., Ng, V., Zhao, D., Li, S., Zan, H. (eds) Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing. NLPCC 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11108. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99495-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99495-6_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99494-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99495-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)