Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy pp 665–687Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Need and Opportunity: Addressing Diverse Stakeholders and Power in the Conflict over Toolangi State Forest, Victoria, Australia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: The Politics of Intersectionality ((POLI))

Abstract

Conflicts over the management and use of native forests in Australia have been defined as “acrimonious and intractable” (Dargavel, 1998, 25). The conflict over Toolangi State Forest, Victoria, is iconic of forest conflicts and remains unresolved. The conflict is heightening as the forest ecosystem and species are endangered, the native forestry industry is threatened due to reduced supply, and activism to protect the forest responds to changing situations and contexts. In the background, there are diverse stakeholders who feel unrecognised and excluded from decision-making. Contemporary politics and policy processes have been described as adversarial (Nelson and Pettit 2004) and warrant analysis from new perspectives to provide insight into the conflict and recommendations for improvement in policy processes that would recognise diverse stakeholders (including the environment), engender procedural justice, and achieve just outcomes for all. Environmental justice provides a framework for analysing conflict and associated resolution processes through its principle concerns of distributive, procedural, and recognition justice. However, recognition justice has been described as under-theorised (Schlosberg 2004), and intersectional feminism is used in this analysis to enhance the concept of recognition. With their combined focus on justice, recognition, power, knowledge, and change from the bottom-up, environmental justice and intersectional feminism present strong frameworks for analysing conflict and policy related to native forests and natural resource management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ajani, J. (2007). The Forest Wars. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajani, J. (2011). Australia’s Wood and Wood Products Industry Situation and Outlook, Working Paper. Online. Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University. Retrieved October 12, 2016, from http://tasmaniantimes.com/images/uploads/Ajani_(2011)_Australian_forestry_industry_-_situation_and_outlook.pdf.

  • Ananda, J., & Herath, G. (2003). Incorporating Stakeholder Values into Regional Forest Planning: A Value Function Approach. Ecological Economics, 45(1), 75–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T. (2003). Wombat Community Forest Management. In Proceedings of the Community Forestry Forum, 25–26 October 2003, Creswick, Victoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arcioni, E., & Mitchell, G. (2005). Environmental Justice in Australia: When the RATS Became IRATE. Environmental Politics, 14(3), 363–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkin, D., & Fuente, M. (2013). Community Forest Management: Can the Green Economy Contribute to Environmental Justice? Natural Resources Forum, 37, 200–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, K. (2014). Achieving Environmental Justice: A Cross-National Analysis. Bristol: Policy Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bird Rose, D. (1999). Indigenous Ecologies and an Ethic of Connection. In N. Low (Ed.), Global Ethics & Environment. Routledge: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, H. N., & Pellow, D. N. (2013). Pollution, Poverty, and Marginalized Communities. In Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics (pp. 308–320). Florence: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham, S., & Kulcur, R. (2010). Gendered Geographies of Environmental Justice. In R. Holifield, M. Porter, & G. Walker (Eds.), Spaces of Environmental Justice. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullard, R. D. (2000). Dumping in Dixie. Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Colorado: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, E. L., Lindenmayer, D. B., Stein, J., Blanchard, W., McBurney, L., Blair, D., & Banks, S. C. (2015). Ecosystem Assessment of Mountain Ash Forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria, South-Eastern Australia. Austral Ecology, 40(4), 386–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coakes, S. (1998). Valuing the Social Dimension: Social Assessment in the Regional Forest Agreement Process. Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 5(1), 47–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commonwealth of Australia. (2016). National Recovery Plan for Leadbeater’s possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri), Commonwealth of Australia 2016. Online. Retrieved April 7, 2017, from http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/6e2618ee-b799-4505-ac96-b3b3e0eb99c4/files/draft-national-recovery-plan-leadbeaters-possum.pdf.

  • Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, 140, 139–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 1241–1299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dargavel, J. (1998). Politics, Policy and Process in the Forests. Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 5(1), 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derickson, K. D., & MacKinnon, D. (2015). Toward an Interim Politics of Resourcefulness for the Anthropocene. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 105(2), 304–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Chiro, G. (2008). Living Environmentalisms: Coalition Politics, Social Reproduction, and Environmental Justice. Environmental Politics, 17(2), 276–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dryzek, J. (2005). The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environment Defenders Office. (2012). Environmental Justice Project. Final Report, Environment Defenders Office (Victoria). Online. Retrieved December 20, 2014, from envirojustice.org.au/downloads/files/law_reform/edo_vic_environmental_justice_report.pdf.

  • Feary, S. (2005). Indigenous Australians and Forests. In J. Dargavel (Ed.), Australia and New Zealand Forest Histories (pp. 9–16). Kingston: Australian Forest History Society Inc. Occasional Publications, No. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feary, S., Kanowski, P., Altman, J., & Baker, R. (2010). Managing Forest Country: Aboriginal Australians and the Forest Sector. Australian Forestry, 73(2), 126–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fincher, R., & Iveson, K. (2012). Justice and Injustice in the City. Geographical Research, 50(3), 231–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, J. (2014). State Labor Dumps Great Forests Park Plan Ahead of Victorian Election. The Age. Website [Online]. Retrieved October 13, 2016, from http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/state-labor-dumps-great-forests-park-plan-ahead-of-victorian-election-20141114-11n243.html.

  • Gordon, J. (2016). Is Victoria’s Native Forestry Industry Worth It at $5 Million a Job? The Age. Website [Online]. Retrieved October 12, 2016, from http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/is-victorias-native-forestry-industry-worth-it-at-5-million-a-job-20160623-gpqcui.html.

  • Grace, D. (2013). Intersectional Analysis at the Medico-Legal Borderland: HIV Testing Innovations and the Criminalization of HIV Non-Disclosure. In A. Wilson (Ed.), Situating Intersectionality. Politics, Policy and Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, C. (2007). Community Perspectives of Wind Energy in Australia: The Application of a Justice and Community Fairness Framework to Increase Social Acceptance. Energy Policy, 35, 2727–2736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, C. (2014). Fairness and Justice in Environmental Decision-Making: Water under the Bridge. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hankivsky, O. (2012). An Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis Framework. Vancouver: Institute for Intersectionality Research and Policy, Simon Fraser University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haugen, K. (2016). Contested Lands? Dissonance and Common Ground in Stakeholder Views of Forest Values. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 107(4), 421–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holifield, R., Porter, M., & Walker, G. (2010). Spaces of Environmental Justice. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jessup, B. (2015). Justice, Recognition and Environmental Law: The Weilangta Forest Conflict Tasmania, Australia. University of Tasmania Law Review, 5, 5–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanowski, P. J. (2017). Australia’s Forests: Contested Past, Tenure-Driven Present, Uncertain Future. Forest Policy and Economics, 77, 56–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keith, H., Mackey, B. G., & Lindenmayer, D. (2009). Re-Evaluation of Forest Biomass Carbon Stocks and Lessons from the World’s Most Carbon-Dense Forests. PNAS, 106(28), 11635–11640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawyers for Forests. (2014). New Laws Applying to Forest Activists in Victoria 2014 Fact Sheet. Lawyers for Forests. Website [Online]. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from http://www.lawyersforforests.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014-Legal-Factsheet-for-Forest-Activists-in-Vic.pdf.

  • Lee, J.-A. (2007). Gender, Ethnicity, and Hybrid Forms of Community-Based Urban Activism in Vancouver, 1957–1978: The Strathcona Story Revisited. Gender, Place & Culture, 14(4), 381–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindenmayer, D. B. (1996). Wildlife and Woodchips. Leadbeater’s Possum a Test Case for Sustainable Forestry. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindenmayer, D. B., Cunningham, R. B., Tanton, M. T., & Smith, A. P. (1990). The Conservation of Arboreal Marsupials in the Montane Ash Forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, South East Australia: I. Factors Influencing the Occupancy of Trees with Hollows. Biological Conservation, 54, 111–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindenmayer, D. B., Cunningham, R. B., Donnelly, C. F., & Franklin, J. F. (2000). Structural Features of Old-Growth Australian Montane Ash Forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 134, 189–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindenmayer, D. B., Blanchard, W., McBurney, L., Blair, D., Banks, S. C., Driscoll, D., Smith, A. L., & Gill, A. M. (2013). Fire Severity and Landscape Context Effects on Arboreal Marsupials. Biological Conservation, 167, 137–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, K. (2013). International Adoption as Humanitarian Aid: The Discursive and Material Production of the “Social Orphan” in Haitian Disaster Relief. In A. R. Wilson (Ed.), Situating Intersectionality. Politics, Policy, and Power (pp. 11–42). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane, M., Smith, J., & Lowe, K. (1997). Leadbeater’s Possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) Recovery Plan. Online. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/32bd48e9-293f-4757-bd02-1b174bddc467/files/leadbeaters-possum.pdf.

  • Mansfield, B., Biermann, C., McSweeney, K., Law, J., Gallemore, C., Horner, L., & Munroe, D. K. (2015). Environmental Politics after Nature: Conflicting Socioecological Futures. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 105(2), 284–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Alier, J., Anguelovski, I., Bond, P., Del Bene, D., Demaria, F., Gerber, J.-F., Greyl, L., Haas, W., Healy, H., Marín-Burgos, V., Ojo, G., Porto, M., Rijnhout, L., Rodríguez-Labajos, B., Spangenberg, J., Temper, L., Warlenius, R., & Yánez, I. (2014). Between Activism and Science: Grassroots Concepts for Sustainability Coined by Environmental Justice Organizations. Journal of Political Ecology, 21, 19–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millner, F. (2011). Access to Environmental Justice [Online]. Deakin Law Review, 16(1), 189–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau, R. L. (2006). A Green Thumb on the Invisible Hand. Environmental Economics and Ecological Economics. In The Environmental Endgame: Mainstream Economics, Ecological Disaster, and Human Survival. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press New.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, A., & Pettit, C. (2004). Effective Community Engagement for Sustainability: Wombat Community Forest Management Case Study. Australian Geographer, 35(3), 301–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, N. (2015). Intersectionality and Kyriarchy: A Framework for Approaching Power and Social Justice in Planning and Climate Change Adaptation. Planning Theory, 14(May), 130–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, S. (2014). A New National Park. Interaction, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 8–12. Online. ISSN: 0310-7949. Retrieved March 17, 2015, from http://search.informit.com.au.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/documentSummary;dn=776222132814300;res=IELHSS.

  • Schlosberg, D. (2004). Reconceiving Environmental Justice: Global Movements and Political Theories. Environmental Politics, 13(3), 517–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlosberg, D. (2007). Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Smooth, W. (2013). Intersectionality from Theoretical Framework to Policy Intervention. In A. R. Wilson (Ed.), Intersectionality. Politics, Policy, and Power (pp. 11–42). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spelman, E. V. (1988). Inessential Woman. Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought. London: The Women’s Press Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steele, W., Maccallum, D., Byrne, J., & Houston, D. (2012). Planning the Climate-Just City. International Planning Studies, 17(1), 67–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, O. (2016). Regional Forest Agreements: Nice Idea, Total Failure. Park Watch, 265, 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syme, G. J., Nancarrow, B. E., & McCreddin, J. A. (1999). Defining the Components of Fairness in the Allocation of Water to Environmental and Human Uses. Journal of Environmental Management, 57(1), 51–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taungurung Clans Aboriginal Corporation. (2017). Culture. Taungurung Clans. Website [Online]. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from http://taungurung.com.au/culture/.

  • Taylor, D. E. (1997). Women of Color, Environmental Justice, and Ecofeminism. In K. Warren & N. Erkal (Eds.), Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature (pp. 38–81). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C., McCarthy, M. A., & Lindenmayer, D. B. (2014). Nonlinear Effects of Stand Age on Fire Severity. Conservation Letters, 7, 355–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend-Bell, E. E. (2013). Intersectional Advances? Inclusionary and Intersectional State Action in Uruguay. In A. R. Wilson (Ed.), Intersectionality. Politics, Policy, and Power (pp. 43–62). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verloo, M. (2009). Multiple Inequalities, Intersectionality and the European Union. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(3), 211–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vertessy, R. A., Watson, F. G. R., & O’Sullivan, S. K. (2001). Factors Determining Relations between Stand Age and Catchment Water Balance in Mountain Ash Forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 143, 13–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VicForests. (2017). Tree Species Profiles. VicForests. Website [Online]. Retrieved March 1, 2017, from http://www.vicforests.com.au/supplying-our-industry-1/plantations-and-native-forest/introduction.

  • Viggers, J. I., Weaver, H. J., & Lindenmayer, D. B. (2013). Melbourne’s Water Catchments. Perspectives on a World Class Water Supply. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, G. (2012). Environmental Justice: Concepts, Evidence and Politics. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, K. (1999). Care-Sensitive Ethics and Situated Universalism. In N. Low (Ed.), Global Ethics & Environment. Routledge: London.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Thank you to Associate Professor Anitra Nelson, Associate Professor Wendy Steele, and Professor Jean Hillier for reviewing drafts of this chapter. This work has been supported by a Victorian Environmental Assessment Council Student Scholarship 2016 and an Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP150100299), led by RMIT University, Centre for Urban Research in partnership with Griffith University, Macquarie University, and Curtin University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Lisa de Kleyn

Authors
  1. Lisa de Kleyn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lisa de Kleyn .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Policy, Institute for Intersectionality Research and Policy, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Olena Hankivsky

  2. Providence College, Providence, RI, USA

    Julia S. Jordan-Zachery

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

de Kleyn, L. (2019). Need and Opportunity: Addressing Diverse Stakeholders and Power in the Conflict over Toolangi State Forest, Victoria, Australia. In: Hankivsky, O., Jordan-Zachery, J.S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy. The Politics of Intersectionality. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_31

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation