Abstract
Flipped learning is a teaching approach in which the conventional notion of classroom-based learning is inverted, so that students are introduced to the learning material before class, with classroom time then being used to deepen understanding through discussion with peers and problem-solving activities facilitated by teachers. This approach is characterized by several advantages. There is an increased interaction between students and teachers, with a shift in the teaching strategy towards student-centred learning where the responsibility for learning lies in the students’ hands. The students have the ability to prepare at a suitable time and place which suits them, and as many times as required to meet their needs. The approach also facilitates collaborative working between students, with increase in student engagement and a shift from passive listening to active learning. However, this teaching style requires appropriate investment in time and resources to set up the courses. Proper implementation of technology is vital for this approach too. This chapter will discuss how the flipped learning model can be used to bring medical education into the twenty-first century. It will start with presenting the science of flipped learning, followed by “What should we know before flipping?”, subsequently, flipped learning models will be summarized then the art of flipping. The chapter will conclude with discussing flipped learning in medical education and rheumatology and lastly challenges to flipped learning.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Flipped learning. Higher Education Academy. https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/knowledge-hub/flipped-learning-0. Accessed 6 May 2018.
Bergmann J, Sams A. Flip your classroom: reach every student in every class every day. Washington, DC: International Society for Technology in Education; 2012.
TED. Salman Khan: let’s use video to reinvent education. [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https://www.ted.com/talks/salman_khan_let_s_use_video_to_reinvent_education.
Crouch CH, Mazur E. Peer instruction: ten years of experience and results. Am J Phys. 2001;69:970–7.
Baker JW. The “Classroom Flip”: using web course management tools to become the guide on the side. In: The 11th international conference on college teaching and learning. Jacksonville; 2000.
Lage MJ, Platt GJ, Treglia M. Inverting the classroom: a gateway to creating an inclusive learning environment. J Econ Educ. 2000;31:30–43.
El Miedany Y, El Aroussy N, Youssef S, Almedany S, Palmer D. Teaching the millennials: using youtube for teaching rheumatology in the standard educational setting. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77:1782.
Heiss ED, Obourn ES, Hoffman CW. Modern science teaching. New York: Macmillan; 1950.
Bybee R. An instructional model for science education: developing biological literacy. Colorado Springs: Biological Sciences Curriculum Studies; 1993.
Lawson AE. Science teaching and development of thinking. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning; 2002.
Flipped Learning Network (FLN). The four pillars of F-L-I-P. 2014. https://flippedlearning.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FLIP_handout_FNL_Web.pdf. Accessed 6 May 2018.
Lo CK, Hew KF. A critical review of flipped classroom challenges in K-12 education: possible solutions and recommendations for future research. Res Pract Technol Enhanc Learn. 2017;12:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-016-0044-2.
Mayer RE. The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2014.
Guo PJ, Kim J, Rubin R. How video production affects student engagement: an empirical study of MOOC videos. In: Proceedings of the first ACM conference on learning@ scale conference. New York: ACM; 2014. p. 41–50.
Grypp L, Luebeck J. Rotating solids and flipping instruction. Math Teach. 2015;109(3):186–93.
Schultz D, Duffield S, Rasmussen SC, Wageman J. Effects of the flipped classroom model on student performance for advanced placement high school chemistry students. J Chem Educ. 2014;91(9):1334–9.
Snyder C, Paska LM, Besozzi D. Cast from the past: using screencasting in the social studies classroom. Soc Stud. 2014;105(6):310–4.
King’s Undergraduate Medical Education in the Community (KUMEC). 2016. https://www.kcl.ac.uk/lsm/research/divisions/hscr/study/undergradops/kumec/MBBS-2020.aspx. Accessed 22 Apr 2018.
Kurshan B. What you should know before flipping for flipped learning. Forbes: education /#change the world. https://www.forbes.com/sites/barbarakurshan/2017/04/26/what-you-should-know-before-flipping-for-flipped-learning/#1f97e80f23cc. Accessed 6 May 2018.
Riddle R. In 7 unique flipped classroom models – which is right for you? https://www.panopto.com/blog/7-unique-flipped-classroom-models-right/.
Frydenberg M. The flipped classroom: it’s got to be done right. Huffpost. The blog. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-frydenberg/the-flipped-classroom-its_b_2300988.html.
Honeycutt B, Garrett J. Expanding the definition of a flipped learning environment. Faculty Focus. 2014. https://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/blended-flipped-learning/expanding-definition-flipped-learning-environment/.
Muzyk AJ, Fuller S, Jiroutek MR, Grochowski CO, Butler AC, Byron May D. Implementation of a flipped classroom model to teach psychopharmacotherapy to third-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students. Pharm Educ. 2015;15(1):44–53.
Critz CM, Knight D. Using the flipped classroom in graduate nursing education. Nurse Educ. 2013;38(5):210–3.
Ferreri SP, O’Connor SK. Redesign of a large lecture course into a small-group learning course. Am J Pharm Educ. 2013;77(1):13.
Hawks SJ. The flipped classroom: now or never? AANA J. 2014;82(4):264–9.
McGowan BS, Balmer JT, Chappell K. Flipping the classroom: a data-driven model for nursing education. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2014;45(11):477–8.
McLaughlin JE, Griffin LM, Esserman DA, Davidson CA, Glatt DM, Roth MT, Gharkholonarehe N, Mumper RJ. Pharmacy student engagement, performance, and perception in a flipped satellite classroom. Am J Pharm Educ. 2013;77(9):196.
McLaughlin JE, Roth MT, Glatt DM, Gharkholonarehe N, Davidson CA, Griffin LM, Esserman DA, Mumper RJ. The flipped classroom: a course redesign to foster learning and engagement in a health professions school. Acad Med. 2014;89(2):236–43.
McLaughlin JE, Rhoney DH. Comparison of an interactive e-learning preparatory tool and a conventional downloadable handout used within a flipped neurologic pharmacotherapy lecture. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2015;7(1):12–9.
Simpson V, Richards E. Flipping the classroom to teach population health: increasing the relevance. Nurse Educ Pract. 2015;15(3):162–7.
Pierce R, Fox J. Vodcasts and active-learning exercises in a “flipped classroom” model of a renal pharmacotherapy module. Am J Pharm Educ. 2012;76(10):196.
Singleton JA, Nissen LM. Teaching pharmacy student show to manage effectively in a highly competitive environment. Pharm Educ. 2014;14(1):21–5.
Wong TH, Ip EJ, Lopes I, Rajagopalan V. Pharmacy students’ performance and perceptions in a flipped teaching pilot on cardiac arrhythmias. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014;78(10):185.
O’Flaherty J, Phillips C. The use of flipped classrooms in higher education: a scoping review. Internet High Educ. 2015;25:85–95.
Young TP, Bailey CJ, Guptill M, Thorp AW, Thomas TL. The flipped classroom: a modality for mixed asynchronous and synchronous learning in a residency program. West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(7):938–44.
Prober CG, Khan S. Medical education reimagined: a call to action. Acad Med. 2013;88(10):1407–10.
Kurup V, Hersey D. The changing landscape of anesthesia education: is flipped classroom the answer? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2013;26(6):726–31.
Chen F, Lui A, Martinelli S. A systematic review of the effectiveness of flipped classrooms in medical education. Med Educ. 2017;51:585–97.
Heitz C, Prusakowski M, Willis G, Franck C. Does the concept of the flipped classroom extend to the emergency medicine clinical clerkship? West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(6):851–5.
Belfi LM, Bartolotta RJ, Giambrone AE, Davi C, Min RJ. “Flipping” the introductory clerkship in radiology: impact on medical student performance and perceptions. Acad Radiol. 2015;22(6):794–801.
Tune JD, Sturek M, Basile DP. Flipped classroom model improves graduate student performance in cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal physiology. A J P Adv Physiol Educ. 2013;37(4):316–20.
Morton DA, Colbert-Getz JM. Measuring the impact of the flipped anatomy classroom: the importance of categorizing an assessment by Bloom’s taxonomy. Anat Sci Educ. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1635..
Williams DE. The future of medical education: flipping the classroom and education technology. Ochsner J. 2016;16:14–5.
Freedman K, Bernstein J. Educational deficiencies in musculoskeletal medicine. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84(4):604–8.
Truntzer J, Lynch A, Kruse D, Prislin M. Musculoskeletal education: an assessment of the clinical confidence of medical students. Perspect Med Educ. 2014;3:238–44.
Goh L, Samanta A, Cavendish S, Heaney D. Rheumatology curriculum: passport to the future successful handling of the musculoskeletal burden? Rheumatology. 2004;43:1468–72.
Day C, Yeh A, Franko O, Ramirez M, Krupat E. Musculoskeletal medicine: an assessment of the attitudes and knowledge of medical students at Harvard Medical School. Acad Med. 2007;82(5):452–7.
Jonas B. Rheumatology leads the way in changing medical education. ACR conference 2016 daily news. http://www.acrdailynewslive.org/rheumatology-leads-the-way-in-changing-medical-education/.
El Miedany Y, El Gaafary M, El Aroussy N, Youssef S. Flipped learning: can rheumatology lead the shift in medical education? Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2018. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573397114666180416170156.
de Fátima Wardenski R, de Espíndola MB, Struchiner M, Giannella TR. Blended learning in biochemistry education: analysis of medical students’ perceptions. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 2012;40(4):222–8.
Veeramani R, Madhugiri VS, Chand P. Perception of MBBS students to “flipped class room” approach in neuroanatomy module. Anat Cell Biol. 2015;48(2):138–43.
Pettit RK, McCoy L, Kinney M. What millennial medical students say about flipped learning. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2017;8:487–97.
Johnson L. The sea change before us. Educ Rev. 2006;41:72–3.
Oblinger G, Oblinger J, editors. Educating the net generation. Washington, DC: Educause; 2005.
Admiraal W, Huizenga J, Akkerman S, Dam G. The concept of flow in collaborative game-based learning. Comput Hum Behav. 2011;27(3):1185–94.
Kirvan R, Rakes CR, Zamora R. Flipping an algebra classroom: analyzing, modeling, and solving systems of linear equations. Comput Sch. 2015;32(3–4):201–23.
Clark KR. The effects of the flipped model of instruction on student engagement and performance in the secondary mathematics classroom. J Educ Online. 2015;12(1):91–115.
Chao CY, Chen YT, Chuang KY. Exploring students’ learning attitude and achievement in flipped learning supported computer aided design curriculum: a study in high school engineering education. Comput Appl Eng Educ. 2015;23(4):514–26.
Bhagat V, Haque M, Bin Abu Kakar YI, et al. Emotional maturity of medical students impacting their adult learning skills in a newly established public medical school at the east coast of Malaysian Peninsula. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2016;7:575–84.
Hamari J, Koivisto J, Sarsa H. Does gamification work? A literature review of empirical studies on gamification. In: 2014 47th Hawaii international conference on system sciences. IEEE; 2014. p. 3025–34.
Hew KF, Huang B, Chu KWS, Chiu DK. Engaging Asian students through game mechanics: findings from two experiment studies. Comput Educ. 2016;92:221–36.
DeSantis J, Van Curen R, Putsch J, Metzger J. Do students learn more from a flip? An exploration of the efficacy of flipped and traditional lessons. J Interact Learn Res. 2015;26(1):39–63.
Mazur AD, Brown B, Jacobsen M. Learning designs using flipped classroom instruction. Can J Learn Technol. 2015;41(2):1–26.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
El Miedany, Y. (2019). Flipped Learning. In: Rheumatology Teaching. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98213-7_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98213-7_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98212-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98213-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)