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Emerging Materials for Energy Harvesting

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Introduction to Materials for Advanced Energy Systems

Abstract

Energy harvesting is emerging as a viable method for electronic devices to pull ambient energy from their surrounding environment (e.g., solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, salinity gradients, and kinetic energy, also known as ambient energy) and convert it into electrical energy for stored power. This coveted technology has the potential to serve as an alternative power supply for batteries that are ubiquitous in small, mobile, and autonomous wireless electronic devices, like those used in wearable electronics and wireless sensor networks. The discipline of energy harvesting is a broad topic that includes established methods and materials such as photovoltaics, and thermoelectrics, as well as emerging technologies that convert mechanical energy, magnetic energy, and waste heat to electricity. Innovative materials are vital to the development of all these energy-harvesting technologies. There are several promising micro- and nano-scale energy-harvesting materials (including ceramics, single crystals, polymers, and composites) and technologies currently being developed, such as thermoelectric materials, piezoelectric materials, pyroelectric materials, and magnetic materials. This chapter will review various state-of-the-art materials and enabled devices for direct energy harvesting and conversion, and also highlight the nanostructured materials underlying energy-harvesting principles and devices, in addition to traditional bulk processes and devices as appropriate and synergistic; innovative device-design and fabrication that leads to higher efficiency energy-harvesting or conversion technologies ranging from the cm/mm scale down to MEMS/NEMS (micro- and nano-electromechanical systems) devices; new developments in experimental methods, and device performance measurement techniques.

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    Colin Tong

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Exercises

Exercises

11.1.1 Part I: General Questions

  1. 11.1.

    Define the energy-harvesting (also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging or ambient power) concept and take an example to explain a generic energy system.

  2. 11.2.

    Address thermoelectric materials characterizations, types, and main applications.

  3. 11.3.

    How to distinguish oxide and ceramic thermoelectric materials? Address their structure characterization and application differences.

  4. 11.4.

    Explain piezoelectric effect, and list piezoelectric materials types and their applications for energy harvesting.

  5. 11.5.

    Explain pyroelectric effect, and list pyroelectric materials types and their applications for energy harvesting.

  6. 11.6.

    List magnetostrictive and multiferroic magnetoelectric materials, and explain their differences and applications for energy harvesting.

  7. 11.7.

    Explain triboelectric effect, and list triboelectric materials types and their applications for energy harvesting.

  8. 11.8.

    Address principle of triboelectric nanogenerators, and list their types and applications.

11.1.2 Part II: Through-Provoking Questions

  1. 11.9.

    List types of hybrid energy harvesters, and their status and future trends.

  2. 11.10.

    Explain piezotronic and piezophototronic effects and their differences, and address their applications for energy harvesting.

  3. 11.11.

    Describe the scope of piezotronics and piezophototronics, and explain their differences. How do they inspire novel device applications?

  4. 11.12.

    Give examples to explain integration of energy harvesting and storage devices.

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Tong, C. (2019). Emerging Materials for Energy Harvesting. In: Introduction to Materials for Advanced Energy Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98002-7_11

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