Skip to main content

Bone Marrow Structure and Marrow Aspiration, Biopsy, and Collection for Therapeutic Intent Procedures

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Analysis of the bone marrow remains a basic tool in the evaluation of patients affected by hematopoietic disorders. This chapter reviews the normal morphologic features of the marrow as well as outlining practical aspects in the evaluation of the marrow aspirate smear and core biopsy. We further review the bone marrow aspirate, biopsy, and collection for therapeutic intent procedures. We present guidelines for submitting marrow samples for research. Ancillary diagnostic tests such as flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and cytogenetic and molecular studies important for defining the nature of marrow disorders briefly are mentioned. The chapter will give the reader a fundamental understanding of the bone marrow as an organ involved in hematopoiesis and disease processes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bain BJ, Clark DM, Lampert IA, Wilkins BS. Bone marrow pathology. 3rd ed. Malden: Blackwell Science; 2001.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Farhi D. Pathology of bone marrow and blood cells. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bain BJ. Bone marrow aspiration. J Clin Pathol. 2001a;54:657–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bain BJ. Bone marrow trephine biopsy. J Clin Pathol. 2001b;54:737–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lee S-H, Erber WH, Porwit A, Tomonaga M, Peterson LC. ISCH guidelines for the standardization of bone marrow specimens and reports. Int J Lab Hematol. 2008;30:349–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hasserjian RP. Reactive versus neoplastic bone marrow problems and pitfalls. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132:587–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Riley RS, Williams D, Ross M, Zhao S. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: a pathologist’s perspective. II. Interpretation of the bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. J Clin Lab Anal. 2009;23:259–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Boyce BF, Xing L. Biology of RANK, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9(Suppl 1):S1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Malempati S, et al. Videos in clinical medicine. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(15):e28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bain BJ. Bone marrow biopsy morbidity and mortality. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:949–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bain BJ. Morbidity associated with bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy – a review of UK data for 2004 (letter). Haematologica. 2006;91:1293–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Arellano-Rodrigo E, Real MI, Muntañola A, Burrel M, Rozman M, Fraire GV, Cervantes F. Successful treatment by selective arterial embolization of severe retroperitoneal hemorrhage secondary to bone marrow biopsy in post-polycythemic myelofibrosis. Ann Hematol. 2004;83:67–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wahid SF, Md-Anshar F, Mukari SA, Rahmat R. Massive retroperitoneal hematoma with secondary hemothorax complicating bone marrow trephine biopsy in polycythemia vera (letter). Am J Hematol. 2007;82:943–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ofran Y, Rowe JM. Introducing minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia. Curr Opin Hematol. 2015;22(2):139–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Brüggemann M, Schrauder A, Raff T, Pfeifer H, Dworzak M, Ottmann OG, Asnafi V, Baruchel A, Bassan R, Benoit Y, Biondi A, Cavé H, Dombret H, Fielding AK, Foà R, Gökbuget N, Goldstone AH, Goulden N, Henze G, Hoelzer D, Janka-Schaub GE, Macintyre EA, Pieters R, Rambaldi A, Ribera JM, Schmiegelow K, Spinelli O, Stary J, von Stackelberg A, Kneba M, Schrappe M, van Dongen JJ, European Working Group for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (EWALL), International Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster Study Group (I-BFM-SG). Standardized MRD quantification in European ALL trials: proceedings of the second international symposium on MRD assessment in Kiel, Germany, 18–20 September 2008. Leukemia. 2010;24(3):521–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Campana D. Role of minimal residual disease monitoring in adult and pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am. 2009;23(5):1083–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Helgestad J, Rosthøj S, Johansen P, Varming K, Østergaard E. Bone marrow aspiration technique may have an impact on therapy stratification in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;57(2):224–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Halter JP, van Walraven SM, Worel N, Bengtsson M, Hägglund H, Nicoloso de Faveri G, Shaw BE, Schmidt AH, Fechter M, Madrigal A, Szer J, Aljurf MD, Weisdorf D, Horowitz MM, Greinix H, Niederwieser D, Gratwohl A, Kodera Y, Confer D. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell donation-standardized assessment of donor outcome data: a consensus statement from the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (WBMT). Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48(2):220–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Anthias C, Ethell ME, Potter MN, Madrigal A, Shaw BE. The impact of improved JACIE standards on the care of related BM and PBSC donors. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50(2):244–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Shaw BE, Logan BR, Kiefer DM, Chitphakdithai P, Pedersen TL, Abdel-Azim H, Abidi MH, Akpek G, Diaz MA, Artz AS, Dandoy C, Gajewski JL, Hematti P, Kamble RT, Kasow KA, Lazarus HM, Liesveld JL, Majhail NS, O’Donnell PV, Olsson RF, Savani BN, Schears RM, Stroncek DF, Switzer GE, Williams EP, Wingard JR, Wirk BM, Confer DL, Pulsipher MA. Analysis of the effect of race, socioeconomic status, and center size on unrelated national marrow donor program donor outcomes: donor toxicities are more common at low-volume bone marrow collection centers. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21(10):1830–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Remberger M, Ringdén O, Mattsson J. Bone marrow aspiration technique has deteriorated in recent years. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50(7):1007–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bacigalupo A, Tong J, Podesta M, Piaggio G, Figari O, Colombo P, Sogno G, Tedone E, Moro F, Van Lint MT, et al. Bone marrow harvest for marrow transplantation: effect of multiple small (2 ml) or large (20 ml) aspirates. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1992;9(6):467–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Thomas ED, Storb R. Technique for human marrow grafting. Blood. 1970;36(4):507–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hillard M. Lazarus .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Meyerson, H., Sundaram, S., Lazarus, H.M. (2019). Bone Marrow Structure and Marrow Aspiration, Biopsy, and Collection for Therapeutic Intent Procedures. In: Lazarus, H., Schmaier, A. (eds) Concise Guide to Hematology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97873-4_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97873-4_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97872-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97873-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics