Britain and Perón

Rock, David

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97855-0_8

Britain and Perón

David Rock^5,6

Chapter
First Online: 30 November 2018

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Part of the book series: Britain and the World ((BAW))

Abstract

Covering the late 1940s and early 1950s, the chapter examines interactions between the British Labour government under Clement Atlee and the government of Juan Perón. Major tussles occurred over meat. The British required as much cheap meat as possible to support post-war rationing and to assist British economic recovery. The Argentines wanted to sell it at high prices to assist social programmes and industrial development. Other squabbles occurred over post-war British debts for wartime meat supplies. The two sides alone could never resolve the impasse and agreements required the assistance of US ambassadors. Railway nationalisation in 1948 became the other leading issue of the post-war. Britain sold the railways at a high price mainly because domestic pressure pushed Perón into all-out purchase. With the loss of the railways, the British community in Argentina lost its major source of employment. Tension increased following the British devaluation of 1949, as Britain again tried to force down meat prices. Argentina gained important advantages during the Korean war when a commodity boom forced the British to pay higher prices. Disputes with Perón played a part in the fall of Labour in 1951.

The government refuses to be blackmailed into accepting outrageous terms by a quasi-fascist South American State.

Clement Atlee, 1949

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Notes

1.
Bevin in South American Journal 27 July 1949.
2.
The Economist 5 Apr. 1947. During the war, Britain had “lived on imports provided by realising capital assets by £12 billion, by increasing its internal debts by £3 billion, by lend-lease totalling £5 billion, by a Canada grant of almost £1 billion.” Sterling balances totalled £3.5 billion, the largest amounts to India and Egypt where large British military forces were stationed, with Argentina’s share at £150 million.
3.
See The Economist 31 May 1947, 20 Mar. 1948.
4.
The Economist 15 Dec. 1945. On the loan, see Cairncross, Years of Recovery, 92–109.
5.
Quoted in L.S. Pressnell. External Economic Policy Since the War. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1986, 70. This was a very curious statement by Keynes, more appropriate perhaps to 1933 when Britain wielded bargaining power over Argentina but hardly to the conditions of 1945.
6.
On post-war food rationing, see Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska. Austerity in Britain. Rationing, Controls and Consumption, 1939–1955. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
7.
See The Economist 26 Oct. 1946 for US attitudes; also, Charlotte Leubuscher. Bulk Buying from the Colonies. A Study of the Bulk Purchase of Colonial Commodities by the United Kingdom Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956. See The Economist 2, 23 Feb. 1946, 5 July 1947 for other discussions of bulk buying.
8.
Miron Burgin. In Inter-American affairs 1943, edited by Arthur P. Whitaker, 127.
9.
Miller, British Firms, 19.
10.
Critiques of Peronist economic policy appeared contemporaneously in the mid-1940s among foreign periodicals like The Economist. The classical analysis led by Raúl Prebisch is published as United Nations. Comisión Económica para América Latina (CEPAL). El desarrollo económico de la Argentina. 4 vols. Mexico City: United Nations, 1959.
11.
On Braden and Perón, see United States, Department of State. Memorandum of the United States Government among the American Republics with respect to the Argentine Situation. Washington, D.C.: February 1946. An assessment appears in Robert A. Potash, The Army and Politics in Argentina, 1945–1962. From Perón to Frondizi. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980, 35–46. Numerous studies of Perón’s conflicts with the United States in 1943–1946 include C.A. MacDonald. “The Politics of Intervention: The United States and Argentina, 1941–1946.” Journal of Latin American Studies Vol. 12, Pt. 2, 1980:365–96. Braden was US ambassador to Argentina in May–October 1945 and Under-Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs until mid-1947.
12.
Kelly, Annual Report, 1945, 41.
13.
Washington Embassy to FO, March 1946. FO 371/51756. See also Washington Post 4 Mar. 1946.
14.
Kelly speech cited in Standard 1 Dec. 1945. His activities are detailed in Annual Report, 1945, 41. FO 371/51838. For a summary of issues, see Leeper to Bevin 30 Dec. 1946 “The Problem of Anglo-United States-Argentine Relations.” In Paul Preston, Michael Partridge, James Dunkerley eds. British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. Part IV: from 1946 through 1950. Series D: Latin America. Vol. IV, January–December June 1947, Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1999, 10.
15.
South American Journal 9 Mar. 1946; Vestey to Bevin 1947 FO 446/33. The Spanish read “Haz tu deber patriótico. Matá un Inglés.”
16.
South American Journal 22 June 1946.
17.
The IAPI (Instituto Argentino para la Promoción del Intercambio) replaced the Trade Promotion Corporation founded in May 1941. Its origins lay in demands for state control over the meat trade in the mid-1930s. See Drosdoff, Gobierno de las Vacas, 153. The IAPI’s responsibilities extended to the purchase, sale, storage, transport and distribution of goods. See Leeper to Bevin 20 June 1946. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Vol. II: Latin America June 1946–December 1946, 26.
18.
Review of the River Plate 20 July 1945 quoted in García Heras, Frustrated Nationalization, Table 4, 154. See also The Economist 10 Feb. 1945. On conditions on the Central Argentine Railway, see BT 11/3296, “Report on the State Railways,” 20 Apr. 1947.
19.
For the later US report on the nationalised railways, see Review of the River Plate 20 Sept. 1957.
20.
The press debate in Buenos Aires is summarised in Leeper to FO, May 1946. FO 371/51805. British valuations were not all so extravagant. The London Stock Market valued the system at under £100 million, a figure, The Economist conceded, that more adequately reflected the system’s poor condition and the estimated £200 million in profits it had produced during the previous eighty years. See The Economist 22 June 1946. In March 1947, the South American Journal assessed nominal value at £250 million and current market value at £120 million.
21.
Quoted in Fursman, Anglo/Argentine Economic Connection, 145.
22.
Foreign Office to Buenos Aires 13 July 1945. T 236/520.
23.
McCallum at Board of Trade 11 Sept. 1945. T 236/520.
24.
Messrs Fleming and Ferguson to Department of Overseas Trade 7 Jan. 1946, reporting their bid to supply dredger builders and their fears of unfair US competition. In July, the company reported its success in winning a contract worth £2 million. T 236/520.
25.
The Economist 15 Mar. 1947.
26.
As reported by Kelly to FO 26 Mar. 1946. FO 371-51756. See also Bowen, British Hegemony, 14. Comparative UK-US trade figures are listed in Colin Lewis. Anglo-Argentine Trade, 1945–1965, in Rock, Argentina in the Twentieth Century, 120.
27.
On import permits, see The Economist 6 Sept. 18 Oct. 1947. Analyses of protectionism under Perón include James P. Brennan and Marcelo Rougier. The Politics of National Capitalism. Peronism and the Argentine National Bourgeoisie, 1946–1976. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009, 21–51.
28.
Wagstaff to Davies 19 Feb. 1947 BT 11/2724.
29.
See British Chamber of Commerce, Monthly Bulletin, July and August, 1947.
30.
Sir John Lomax. The Diplomatic Smuggler. London: Arthur Barker Ltd., 1965, 260.
31.
For discussion, see The Economist 21 Sept. 1946.
32.
Eady’s background is noted in a commemoration for his brother killed in action in World War II. See http://aagency.ca/railways/casualties2.htm. His role among British post-war planners—often at loggerheads with Keynes—is widely mentioned in Pressnell, External Economic Policy.
33.
South American Journal 20 April 1946.
34.
On the preliminaries to the negotiation in April–June 1946, see T 236/526. “Without collateral” was wrong, since blocked sterling balances were protected against devaluation.
35.
Verbatim report of the Eady and Miranda exchanges 22 July 1946. T 237/527.
36.
Leeper to Bevin 7, 28 Jan., 12 Feb. 1947 BT 11/3292. Miranda retorted with sarcastic public slights on British negotiators, as during a speech to the Chamber of Commerce in April 1947. See British Chamber of Commerce, Monthly Bulletin May 1947.
37.
Leeper to Bevin 2 Aug. 1946. T 236/521.
38.
Leeper to Bevin 18 July 1946. T 236/527.
39.
South American Journal 20 July 1946.
40.
Leeper to Bevin 24 July 1946. T 236/527.
41.
Leeper to Bevin 2 Sept. 1946. T236/328.
42.
The agreement is summarised in The Economist 21 Sept. 1946.
43.
An example is Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co to Duncannon 30 Oct. 1946. T 236/4646.
44.
Eady in Lintolt to Lomax. T 236/4646.
45.
On Nationalist pressure for full nationalisation, see Irazusta, Perón 42–46; also Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz. Los ferrocarriles deben ser del pueblo argentino. Buenos Aires: Unión Revolucionario, 1946. The popular campaign for nationalisation is detailed in Wright, British-owned Railways, 255–265. See also South American Journal 25 Jan., 8 Mar. 1947; The Economist 25 Jan., 15 Feb. 1947.
46.
The final tally is reported in Leeper to Bevin 28 Dec. 1946. FO 371/51806.
47.
Shareholders decided “a bird in the hand is worth ten in the grass of the Pampas.” Financial Times 15 Jan. 1947, quoted in Wright, British-owned Railways, 262. On shareholder votes, see South American Journal 2 Aug. 1947.
48.
South American Journal 14 Feb. 1948.
49.
Propper to Ministry of Food 22 Mar. 1948. MAF 38/378.
50.
Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir Stafford Cripps described details of the sale in Parliament. See Hansard House of Commons Debates 3 Feb. 1948, 1682–1687; also South American Journal 28 Feb. 1948.
51.
Oliver Crosthwaite-Eyre, Hansard vol. 447. House of Commons Debates, 23 Feb. 1948, p. 1719. Winston Churchill accused the Labour government of selling the railways to pay for Britain’s false teeth, a reference to the contemporary debate on the formation of the British National Health Service. See Andrew Graham-Yooll. The Forgotten Colony. A History of the English-Speaking People in Argentina. Buenos Aires: L.O. L. A, 1999, 256.
52.
Lomax to Murray 10 May 1947 BIT 11/3296.
53.
Data on prices tendered by British firms and their competitors appear in BIT 11/3296 (1947).
54.
Balfour to FO 23 Dec. 1948. T 236/538.
55.
South American Journal 21 Jan. 1949 reported a decline in British assets in Argentina to less than £90 million at par values—a sum far higher than their current stock market values. See also J. Fred Rippy. “British Investment in Latin America. A Decade of Rapid Reduction.” Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 32, No. 2, 1952, 283–292, showing a decline from £438 million in 1939 to £69 million in 1949 at par values. Of these totals, the Argentine railway property represented more than £250 million at par value although they realised only £150 million under the agreement of 1948.
56.
Cripps memorandum 9 Sept. 1948. PREM 8/1314.
57.
By one authoritative report, British losses during the forty days of convertibility exceeded the sum received under the 1945 US loan. See Alec Cairncross. The British Economy since 1945. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995, 54.
58.
Argentine efforts to benefit from the brief period of sterling convertibility are noted in Pedro R. Skupch. “Las relaciones económicas anglo-argentinas en lap postguerra: entre la convertibilidad y el bilateralismo.” Ciclos de la historia, la economía y la sociedad, 18, no. 36, Buenos Aires, 2010, 17, quoting The Financial Times 25 Aug. 1947.
59.
On this measure, see The Economist 1 Nov. 1947, reporting a reduction in per capita rations from 2870 to 2700 calories a day—still some distance away from the threat of mass malnutrition.
60.
Cairncross, a Board of Trade official at the time, suggests dollar payments were made to Argentina but kept secret to avoid other countries making similar demands. See Cairncross, Years of Recovery, 138. A 1950 Treasury discussion indicates the Andes treaty of 1948 concluded by Baillieu restored guarantees against devaluation voided by Britain’s suspension of convertibility but not payment of convertible sterling. See T 236/3023.
61.
Baillieu to Miranda 21 Jan. 1948. MOF 38/378.
62.
Day to day events are listed in detail in Propper to Ministry of Food 22 Mar. 1948. MAF 38/378.
63.
Baillieu to Miranda 23 Jan. 1948 MOF 38/378.
64.
See The Economist 20, 29 Sept. 1947. On 27 July 1945, the periodical reported the Central Bank’s figures for Argentine reserves at 4.7 billion pesos or £300 million, of which 1 billion pesos were in sterling and the remainder nearly all in US dollars. On 27 Apr. 1946, reserves of 5 billion pesos were recorded. (The price of the railways was 2.3 billion pesos).
65.
Argentine-US trade figures are noted in Jorge Fodor, “Perón’s Policies for Agricultural Exports, 1946–1948: Dogmatism or Common Sense,” in Rock, Argentina in the Twentieth Century, 146.
66.
For oil issues, see Bruce to Secretary of State Aug–Dec. 1947. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, 273–297.
67.
The Economist 29 Sept. 1947.
68.
Baillieu to Treasury 24 Dec. 1947. T 236/538.
69.
Propper to Ministry of Food, 22 Mar. 1948 MAF 38/378; also Leeper to Bevin 27 Dec. 1947. BOT 11/3794. Bruce enjoyed full access to Perón and other members of his government throughout his ambassadorship in 1947–1949. See James Bruce papers, Special Collections, University of Maryland Library. See also James Bruce. Those Perplexing Argentines. London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1954, a cautious memoir published when Perón remained president.
70.
Hooper to Treasury 26 Dec. 1947. T236/539.
71.
On Bruce’s intervention, see Skupch, Relaciones Económicas, 11 and South American Journal 7 Feb. 1948. Bruce used the Marshall Plan to force concessions from Perón in other areas. With the president facing pressure to expropriate US oil companies, Bruce informed him such action would “present new obstacles to obtaining congress’s authorization for offshore purchases in dollars for the European Relief Program.” Perón then withdrew his support from the expropriation plan. See Acting Secretary of State to Buenos Aires Embassy 5 Dec. 1947. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, 297.
72.
Final terms of the agreement are listed in South American Journal 28 Feb. 1948. The fullest Argentine account appears in Pedro R. Skupch. “Nacionalización, libras bloqueadas y sustitución de importaciones.” Desarrollo Económico, Vol. 12, No. 47, 1972, 477–493.
73.
On Bruce’s intervention, see Skupch, Relaciones Económicas, 11.
74.
United States, Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States: 1948. Vol. 9: The American Republics. Washington D.C. 1971, 285–290. Perón protested unconditional loyalty to the West, declaring his past anti-American statements were meant as a sop to Nationalists.
75.
A summary of US complaints appears in The Economist 25 Sept. 1948.
76.
Miranda’s practice of withholding export licences to force up prices is reported as early as August 1946. See Leeper to Bevin 3 Aug. 1946. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Vol. II, 47.
77.
Memorandum by Mr. Henry Dearborn, Division of River Plate Affairs. Foreign Relations of the United States: 1948. Vol IX. The Western Hemisphere. Washington, D.C. United States Government Printing Office, 1972, 281.
78.
Reginald Leeper, “Annual Report on Argentina, 1946,” 30 Jan. 1947. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. IV, 24.
79.
J. Garnett Lomax, “Report of January 1949,” in Balfour to Bevin 26 Jan. 1949. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. VII, 258.
80.
On shortages of capital goods in 1948, see Fursman, Anglo/Argentine Trade, 226–230.
81.
Quoted in South American Journal 4 Dec. 1948.
82.
The Economist 25 Sept. 1948.
83.
A table of grain acreages along with price comparisons between meat and grain is shown in Diaz Alejandro, Essays, 172. Alternative US-derived figures showing similar trends appear in Daniel Lewis. “Internal and External Convergence. The Collapse of Argentine Grain Farming.” In David Rock ed. Latin America in the 1940s. War and Post-war Transitions. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994, 209.
84.
See A.J. Thornton-Knowsley. Hansard Vol. 475, 1950. House of Commons Debates, 12 May 1950, 475.
85.
“Mr. J. L. Heyworth’s Report on His Visit to the Argentine, February 1947.” UNI/RM/DC/2/2/4/22. (Unilever Archive).
86.
The Economist 25 Sept. 1948.
87.
Leeper to Bevin 6 Aug. 1946. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. II, 66.
88.
Young to FO 13 Feb. 1948 BIT 11/3296. Incidents in 1943–1945 involving encroachments by Argentine naval vessels are noted in Kelly to Minister of Foreign Affairs, 11 Sept. 1945. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. I, 14–15.
89.
South American Journal 21, 28 Feb. 1948.
90.
Bruce to Secretary of State 28 Apr. 1948. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, 286.
91.
On the grievances of railway employees, see FO 371/74421 and 74442, including letters of complaint by men formerly under contract.
92.
Bevin to Balfour 5 Nov. 1948. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs Latin America 1948, vol. VI, 39. The changing rules are noted in South American Journal 31 July, 6 Nov. 1948.
93.
South American Journal 31 July 1948.
94.
South American Journal 24 Dec. 1948.
95.
Within two months of the Andes agreement, British textile exporters complained about denial of access to the Argentine market. South American Journal 24 Apr. 1948. For additional commentaries on import permits, see The Economist 29 May, 7 Aug. 1948.
96.
Balfour to Bevin 9 Nov. 1948. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. VI, 44.
97.
John Balfour. Not Too Correct an Aureole. The Recollections of a Diplomat. London: Richard Russell, 1983, 122–126. See also Balfour to Bevin. “Report for 1948.” 24 May 1949. FO 495/3.
98.
Colonel H.O. Lovell, Standard 9 May, 1947.
99.
Standard 2 May, 1946.
100.
John Rennet in FO 371/167883 (1949).
101.
The issue is discussed at length in FO 371/119895 and 131971 (1958).
102.
Balfour, Recollections of a Diplomat, 148.
103.
Standard 7 Sept. 1953. On churches, see also 27 Apr. 1949, 22 Apr. 1950, 7 Sept. 1953.
104.
Andrew Graham-Yooll, personal communication Nov. 2016.
105.
Standard 5, 12, 25 Apr. 1949.
106.
Standard 5 Apr. 1949. Figures in pesos spent on schools in 1948 totalled 252,000, of which 149 children received 185,000, 700 pesos a head, possibly just enough to pay minimum school fees.
107.
Standard 8 June, 1951. “Che” is Porteño Spanish for British “Mate” or American “Buddy.”
108.
Standard of 23 Feb. 1956. The mispronunciations became a reminder of the writer Somerset Maugham’s experience at his first school in England following his early upbringing in France. “He pronounced ‘unstable’ as though it rhymed with ‘constable.’”
109.
The incident is reported in Standard 1, 5, 30 Oct. 1950.
110.
The speech is reported in South American Journal 15 Mar. 1948.
111.
Consul to FO 29 Oct. 1950 FO 118/800. The interventor also terminated corporal punishment at the school, a practice prohibited under provincial law.
112.
Standard 30 Oct. 1950.
113.
Graham-Yooll, personal communication.
114.
Standard 27 Apr., 2 Aug. 1949.
115.
See Leeper to Bevin 11 July 1946. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. II, 42.
116.
Leeper to Bevin 7 Mar. 1947. Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. IV. 33.
117.
Memoranda of 19 June, 18 July 1947. PREM 8/407.
118.
Bevin to Leeper 9 July, 1947. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. IV, 81. Documentation on the projected visit appears in FO 371/61146.
119.
South American Journal 29 Sept. 1946.
120.
Leeper to Bevin 9 May, 1947. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. IV, 44. Leeper also objected to Perón’s interference with the universities and the judiciary as he removed members of the Supreme Court almost at will.
121.
Cripps Memorandum 9 Sept. 1948 PREM 8/1314.
122.
Memorandum Cabinet Office 17 Dec. 1948. T 236/2163.
123.
South American Journal 22 Jan. 1949. Sir David Robertson MP led earlier parliamentary criticism of state trading. See House of Commons Debates 5 Apr. 1949. Vol. 463, 1868–1992.
124.
South American Journal 26 Mar., 30 Apr. 1949.
125.
Cripps Memorandum 8 Mar. 1949 PREM 8/1314; also memorandum from Overseas Negotiating Committee 26 Mar. 1949. PREM 8/1314.
126.
Atlee Memorandum 28 Mar. 1949 PREM 8/1314.
127.
Stokes to Cripps 18 March 1949. PREM 8/1314.
128.
Powell 11 Feb. 1950. OV 102/28. (My thanks to Rory M. Miller for this reference.)
129.
John Strachey. “Meat: Sources of Supply other than Argentina.” July 1949. CAB 129/35/34.
130.
Hansard Vol. 463, 1949. House of Commons Debates 5 Apr. 1949, 1868–1992. (For Strachey, p. 1899.)
131.
Balfour produced a daily report of contacts between himself and Bramuglia. See Balfour to Bevin June 1949. In Preston, Partridge, Dunkerley, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. VII, 283–298.
132.
Analysis appears in The Economist 4, 18 June; 2, 16 July; 1 Oct. 1949. In October, The Economist reported “Argentina has been rapidly running down its sterling holdings, and can now hold little more than negligible balances in London.” If Argentina had no sterling, there would be nothing to revalue and the revaluation pledge would therefore cost nothing.
133.
South American Journal 2 July, 1949 for details of the agreement.
134.
South American Journal 15 Oct. 1949. Months later, The Economist reported that Argentina’s sterling balances eligible for revaluation totalled £15 million while Argentine debts for coal amounted to £20 million. See The Economist 18 Nov. 1950.
135.
Details in The Economist 8 Oct. 1949.
136.
“Food—the Next Twelve Months,” 2 June 1949. CAB 134/322.
137.
South American Journal 4 and 25 Mar. 1950; Meat Trades Journal quoted in South American Journal 31 Mar. 1950 arguing for termination of the 1949 agreement with Argentina.
138.
Review of the River Plate 5 Jan. 1951. Fursman provides a balanced commentary. “By late 1949 the Anglo-Argentine relationship was adrift. Both sides believed they had a strong case, and that the situation was being unfairly manipulated by the other. A common framework for discussion was missing. Furthermore, they both felt themselves to be in a strong bargaining position. Far from seeking a constructive and mutually acceptable compromise, they were moving rapidly towards a trial of strength in 1950.” See, Anglo/Argentine Economic Connection, 332.
139.
South American Journal 1 April, 1950.
140.
South American Journal 1, 28 Aug., 5 Aug. 1950.
141.
Memorandum of Robert Hall, PREM 8/1314.
142.
Jones to Ricketts, 24 Nov. 1950, quoting Bevin. PREM 8/1314.
143.
Record of a conversation between the Foreign Secretary and the Argentine Ambassador on 28 Dec. 1950. PREM 8/1314.
144.
Speeches of Captain Harry Crookshank and Maurice Webb. Hansard, House of Commons Debate 8 February 1951, 1946, 1977.
145.
The Economist 25 Apr. 1951.
146.
South American Journal 28 April 1951. Chancellor of the Exchequer Hugh Gaitskell supervised the payment of £10.5 million to settle the exchange guarantees. This sum was then credited to Britain as payment of remittances. See Gaitskell in PREM 8/1314.
147.
Crookshank in Hansard, House of Commons Debate, 5 July, 1951, 2504–2560.
148.
South American Journal 28 April 1951; The Economist 25 April 1951.
149.
On rationing and the 1951 election, see Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Austerity in Britain, 231, 255.
150.
Conditions are reported in The Economist 26 Jan. and 29 Mar. 1952, Argentina’s “black year” in which agrarian output sank to its lowest levels since the early twentieth century.
151.
See Ministry of Food Memorandum T 236/3326 (1952).
152.
British Chamber of Commerce in the Argentine Republic. Report for the Year ended 30 June, 1953.
153.
Standard 19 May 1954.
154.
Review of the River Plate 18 Feb. 1955, 4 Oct. 1957.
155.
By 1953 Argentina ranked fortieth as a British overseas market. For commentary, see Review of the River Plate 19 Mar. 1954; Fursman, Anglo/Argentina Trade, 4. Later commerce is discussed in Colin Lewis. “Anglo-Argentine Trade, 1945–1965,” in Rock, Argentina in the Twentieth Century, 41–65.

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Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
David Rock
Centre of Latin American Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
David Rock

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Rock, D. (2019). Britain and Perón. In: The British in Argentina. Britain and the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97855-0_8

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