Employees and Educators

Rock, David

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97855-0_6

David Rock^5,6

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Abstract

The expansion of the British population during the railway age of the late nineteenth century was accompanied by intermarriage between the old British population of the mercantile era and the new population brought to Argentina by major British companies. The chapter examines their employees who mostly came from the south of England (unlike their predecessors); they were men of middle-class background with a strongly corporate outlook. Intermarriage, commonly with local women of British descent, produced the Anglo-Argentines. The chapter analyses the numerous British schools appearing in this period. Soon after 1900, British society in Argentina, now larger than ever before or since, rose to the height of its prestige.

In this immense, fertile and temperate country with hardly six people to a square mile, what limit can we set to the growth of wealth and population?

James Bryce

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Notes

1.
La Nación 22 June 1897.
2.
Standard 25 Aug. 1898.
3.
St. Andrew’s Gazette 1 Jan. 1899. On the Chile issue, see George v. Rauch. Conflict in the Southern Cone. The Argentine Military and the Boundary Dispute with Chile, 1870–1902. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1999.
4.
Review of the River Plate 30 Dec. 1904.
5.
Photographs of early twentieth-century Argentina appear in Lloyd. Argentina, an encyclopaedic publication providing a testimony to British interest in the country of this period.
6.
Review of the River Plate 1 May, 1905.
7.
George Paish. “Great Britain’s Capital Invested in Other Lands.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 72, No. 3, 1909, 464–495; and “Great Britain’s Capital Investment in Individual Colonies and Other Countries.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 74, No. 2, 1911, 167–200 (Quotation is p. 181). In 1910, The South American Journal estimated investment in Argentina at ₤280,732,026 (quoted in Every, Anglican Church, 154). For other contemporary estimates, Townley to FO, 21 July 1906 FO 368/86; Standard Supplement 1 May, 1910; Alberto B. Martínez and Maurice Lewandowski. The Argentine in the Twentieth Century. London: T. Fisher and Unwin, 1911; Martínez. “Foreign Capital Investments in Argentina,” Review of the River Plate 7 June, 1918.
8.
See “British Capital Investment in Argentina in 1912” quoted in Sir Reginald Tower. “Report for 1912.” FO 371–1573. On the other side, downplaying the British presence, Platt argued in the 1980s to reduce Paish’s figures because he failed to subtract funds from continental Europe and made inadequate allowance for the fluctuating values of capital invested. See D.C.M. Platt. Britain’s Investment Overseas on the eve of the First World War. The Use and Abuse of Numbers. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986. Discussions include Miller, Britain and Latin America, 119–125; Rippy, British Investments; Jones, Who Invested? 1–2; Irving Stone. The Composition and Distribution of British Investment in Latin America. 1865–1913. New York: Garland Pub. 1987.
9.
Michael Edelstein. Overseas Investment in the Age of High Imperialism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982, 3.
10.
The banquet speeches are paraphrased in Standard 12 Aug. 1906.
11.
Bryce, South America, 315, 347.
12.
Wright, British-owned Railways, 83.
13.
On the demise of the Barracas Scottish Church in Standard 17 Feb. 1914.
14.
South American Journal 1 July, 1905.
15.
Tower, Report for 1912. The 1914 census counted 120,243 railway workers, of whom 35,357 were employed by the Central Argentine Railway.
16.
J.F. Ashby. “Railway Building in Argentina.” The Railway Magazine, May 1911, 385–388; also June 1913. Roland C. Hume, owner of an engineering firm, described the construction of a line from Salta to Chile in the 1920s in which labour conditions likely resembled those in Buenos Aires in earlier years. In Huaytiquina, workmen were on “piecework in a free for-all and lawless community, and with no adequate living quarters to shield them from the extreme cold…As there was no police force in the region, the army kept order…Their orders were to keep the peace, but not necessarily the law.” “Looking back at the laying of the Huaytiquina railway line.” Mimeo. Biblioteca Max von Buch, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires.
17.
García Heras, Tranvías, 20–21.
18.
On trade see Miller, Britain and Latin America, 105–116, showing British exports (p. 111). Tables on 150, 156 compare British imports from Argentina and Brazil.
19.
Standard 19 Nov. 1905.
20.
South American Journal 7 Jan., 25 Feb., 1 July 1905.
21.
The firms, with names and addresses in Buenos Aires, are listed in Kelly’s Directory of Merchants, Manufacturers and Shippers of the World, 1903, which contains a comprehensive listing of businesses but no indication of their size. See http://www.argbrit.org/kelly/kelly1903C.htm. My thanks to John Titford for this citation. Changes in the organisation and the functions of salesmen are discussed in Roswell C. McCrea, Thurman W. Van Metre, George Jackson Eder. International Competition in the Trade of Argentina. Worcester, Mass., Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1931, 414–415.
22.
Carmen Sesto. La vanguardia ganadera bonaerense (1865–1900), Buenos Aires: Siglo Veintiuno, 2005, 281–340. Simon G. Hanson. Argentine Meat and the British Market. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1938.
23.
Bruce quoted in Standard 6 Oct. 1917.
24.
Edward Every. Diocesan Magazine 1907, 66.
25.
Edward Every in The Anglican Church in South America. Issued under the Direction of the Bishop of the Falkland Islands, Oct. 1907. See also Monacci, Colectividad británica de Bahía Blanca; and Lloyd, Argentina, 505–510.
26.
South American Journal 7 Oct. 1905.
27.
W. Barbrooke Grubb and H.T. Morrey Jones. A Church in the Wilds. The Remarkable Story of the Establishment of South American Missions among the hitherto Savage and Intractable Natives of the Paraguayan Chaco. London: Seeley, Service, and Co. Ltd., 1914, 201. An outline of the company’s history appears in Review of River Plate 12 Dec. 1924 (Supplement). In later years, the South American Journal published reports of its annual general meetings. Critical studies include Ian Rutledge. Cambio agrario e integración: el desarrollo del capitalismo en Jujuy, 1550–1960. Buenos Aires: Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales, 1987.
28.
See Jobino Pedro Sierra y Iglesias, Un tiempo que se fué. Vida y obra de los hermanos Leach en el Departamento San Pedro, Provincia de Jujuy (Argentina). San Pedro de Jujuy: Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, 1998. This local author expressed great regard for the company’s treatment of permanent workers but expressed no sympathy for the Matacos, calling them “the most ignorant of the savages…expensive, lazy, drinkers” (pp. 54, 67).
29.
Information on the La Forestal strikes remains slim. See Standard 14 May 1920, recording thanks by the company’s local board of directors for the army’s help in putting down recent uprisings. In 1923, the press recorded the departure of manager Vernon Lindip, who “after the war had to raise a private army to deal with Bolshevikii (sic).” Review of the River Plate 16 Feb. 1923.
30.
Standard 3 Aug. 1905.
31.
Standard 1 Nov. 1875. A Spanish version of the speech extolling the British is reprinted in Standard. Eightieth Birthday Number, 1940.
32.
Ferns, Britain and Argentina, 456, 462.
33.
Lengthy discussion of Pellegrini appears in FO 6/464. See also Ezequiel Gallo, Jr. Carlos Pellegrini. Orden y reforma. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Econόmica, 1997. The political context of protectionism is explored by Donna J. Guy. Argentine Sugar Politics: Tucumán and the Generation of ’80. Tempe, Ariz.: Centre of Latin American Studies, Arizona State University, 1980.
34.
He wanted a private school imparting “intellectual and moral education [to create] worthy citizens of a liberal and cultured democracy.” Standard 11 Sept. 1906.
35.
Quoted in Standard 20 Nov. 1897.
36.
The speech is reproduced in English translation in Standard 29 Nov. 1906.
37.
For a fuller account, see David Rock. “Victorian Globalization in Microcosm: The Rise and Fall of Jabez Spencer Balfour.” In Fernando López-Alves and Diane E. Johnson eds. Globalization and Uncertainty in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, 27–46. On the British background to the case, David McKie. Jabez. The Rise and Fall of a Victorian Rogue. London: Atlantic Books, 2004.
38.
Townley to FO 31 Dec. 1909 FO 371/824.
39.
R.E. Robinson in Clarence R. Davies and Kenneth E. Wilburn, Jr., with Ronald E. Robinson. Railway Imperialism. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991, 4.
40.
Tower to FO, 17 Feb. 1918.
41.
Standard 2 Dec. 1902.
42.
Haggard to FO 13 Aug. 1906. FO 371/4. Haggard himself claimed that had British rule prevailed from 1806, a century later Argentina would have become a country of 40 to 50 million people replete with British migrants and their descendants.
43.
On this transaction, see La Vanguardia 11 July 1899.
44.
Quoted in Standard 6 Nov. 1904.
45.
The most extravagant of these legation events is reported in Standard 10 Nov. 1904.
46.
Reproduced in Standard 12 Mar. 1910.
47.
Standard 12 Nov. 1896.
48.
Standard 12 July 1902.
49.
As described in Monacci, Colectividad brítánica; also Laura Llal. Historia de la Asociaciόn Bahiense de Cultura Inglesa, 1942–1992, Bahía Blanca, 1993.
50.
Standard 23 Feb. 1907. Central Argentine Magazine, 1913.
51.
The latter match is reported in Standard 5 Dec. 1869.
52.
Eduardo A. Olivera. Orígenes de los deportes británicos en la República Argentina. Buenos Aires: Rosso, 1932, 31–35.
53.
Central Argentine Magazine, 1913.
54.
Southampton Football Club went to Buenos Aires in 1904, followed by Nottingham Forest in 1905; Everton played Tottenham Hotspur in an exhibition match in 1909.
55.
Lloyd, Argentina, 458.
56.
Interview with Martínez de Hoz in Standard 29 May 1910. The family also kept on good terms with Germany and therefore fell under suspicion in 1914. One of Martínez de Hoz’s sisters married Baron Hilmar von dem Busshe-Haddenhausen, a former German minister in Buenos Aires. (See Tower to FO 10 Feb. 1919 FO 371/3503; South American Journal 9 Dec. 1938 reporting the baron’s death). British authorities placed another relative, Florencio Martínez de Hoz, on the Statutory List during World War I. See Philip Dehne. On the Far Western Front. Britain’s First World War in South America. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 2009, 169.
57.
Presidencia de la Nación. Cuarto censo general de la Nación. Vol. 1: Censo de población. Buenos Aires: Dirección Nacional del Servicio Estadístico, 1947, lvii. Demographers do not consider the figures reliable. They are included only for illustrative purposes.
58.
República Argentina. Segundo Censo de la República Argentina, Mayo 10 de 1895. Vol. II: Poblaciόn. Buenos Aires: Taller Tipográfico de la Penetenciaría Nacional, 1898, 114.
59.
St Andrew’s Gazette 1899.
60.
Parish’s techniques are detailed in Damus, Railways.
61.
Review of River Plate 2 Sept. 1920.
62.
Arturo H. Coleman. Mi vida de ferroviario inglés en la Argentuna, 1887–1948. Bahía Blanca, 1949, 97, 415 (on Justo). An outline of Coleman’s career also appears in Damus, Railways, 80–83.
63.
Railway Times 12 Oct. 1889.
64.
Standard 10 Mar. 1914.
65.
Dodds, Scottish Settlers, 292.
66.
Based on “Planilla de Sueldos” in FCO. Personal Permanente de Dirección, July 1890-Oct. 1909, in Museo Ferroviario, Buenos Aires.
67.
Standard 26 Nov. 1901.
68.
Quoted in Damus, Railways, 80.
69.
“Which is the best public school in England?” asked a correspondent with the Standard. Responses included Bedford Grammar School, and there were “quite a number of Bedford boys in Buenos Aires.” Standard 9 Jan. 1907.
70.
Central Argentine Railway Magazine, 1913. See Sylvester Damus. Materials for the History of the Argentine Railways. http://www.diaagency/railways. The persons mentioned in the text, Baines, Lucas and Woods, appear in Damus’s listings.
71.
Central Argentine Company Magazine, 1914.
72.
Central Argentine Company Magazine June and December 1919, (commemorating Hughes’s death from malaria).
73.
As, for example, in Review of the River Plate 24 Dec. 1920.
74.
Standard 21 May 1910.
75.
Consul Spencer Dickson, Report on Rosario, (1914) FO 118/342. Annual salaries were reported at between £1000 and £3000. Adoption of a railway pension law applying to all employees in 1915 proved detrimental to the privileged British employees and possibly affected recruitment. Old company pensions were assimilated into the state administered system from 1915 and transferred to full government control on railway nationalisation in 1948.
76.
Standard 21 Feb. 1910.
77.
Central Argentine Railway Magazine 1913 (May).
78.
Consul to FO 26 Feb. 1908. FO 369/120.
79.
Archivo del Ferrocarril Oeste.
80.
For data on salaries and company disciplinary practices, see FCO. Personal Permanente de Dirección; FCO. Registro Maquinistas y Foguistas; FCO Fojas de Servicio. Personal de Vías y Obras.
81.
Standard 9 Mar. 1904.
82.
Central Argentine Magazine, May 1914.
83.
For British sport, alongside a discussion of Freemasonry, see Review of the River Plate 28 Feb. 1919; also, 31 Dec. 1920, 30 Sept. 1921; 18 Dec. 1923. Another outline appears in Review of the River Plate 21 May 1965.
84.
See http://www.hurlinghamclub.org.ar/historia.php. A history appears in British Community Council Bulletin April 1964.
85.
Standard 6 Oct. 1914.
86.
The 1914 national census shows a small preponderance of women in two of the twenty parishes of the capital. In Lomas de Zamora, the numbers were 521 men and 382 women. See Tercer Censo. Vol. 2: Poblaciόn, 130–150.
87.
Standard 3 Feb. 1914.
88.
Harford to FO 13 Feb. 1906 FO 368/2.
89.
Standard 18 Jan. 1906.
90.
FO 6/425 and 427 (1892).
91.
Cohen to Macleay 2 Jan. 1920. DO 118/531. The traffic then resumed, with British women among its victims. See Standard 14 Apr. 1927.
92.
Standard 1 Sept. 1939.
93.
Standard 15 Feb. 1906.
94.
Data from FCO (Ferrocarril del Oeste). Fojas de Servicio. Personal de Vías y Obras, Museo Ferroviario. The Register of British Subjects vol. 7, 13 May 1913 to 24 Dec. 1919 shows a few female professions led by governess and telegraphists. The category of “Artist” appeared in the 1920s.
95.
Standard 5 May, 1910.
96.
Quoted in Bea Howe. A Galaxy of Governesses. London: D. Vershoyle, 1954, 156. Ocampo told this story at her appearance at the British women’s club in Buenos Aires founded during World War II. See The Twentieth Century Club. Album, no. 1, 6 Oct. 1944. (The collection is held at the Biblioteca Max von Buch, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires). The life of an English governess in rural Argentina in later times is depicted in the 1986 film Miss Mary.
97.
The building was named after Prince George, son of the then Prince of Wales and later King George V, who visited Argentina with his elder brother in 1881. It was constructed by a joint stock company that issued 7 per cent debentures (like the hospital in the previous decade). See Standard 6 July, 1893 and 3 Dec. 1895. It was destroyed by fire in the early 1950s.
98.
Review of the River Plate 21 Dec. 1895, 59.
99.
Thomas Turner. Argentina and the Argentines: Notes and Impressions of a Five-Year Sojourn in the Argentine Republic, 1885–1890. London: Swan, Sonneschein and Co., 1892.
100.
Quoted in Donald Boyd Easum. “The British-Argentine-United States Triangle. A Case Study in International Relations.” Ph.D. Diss. Princeton University, 1953, 57.
101.
Standard 30 Nov. 1910. The vote was 2625 Unionist, 596 Liberal and 29 Labour in a poll of 3387 men.
102.
Haggard to FO 9 Sept. 1903 FO 6/480.
103.
Standard 18 and 25 May 1900; 7 June 1906.
104.
Standard 3 June 1906.
105.
Standard 3 and 7 June 1906.
106.
Standard 30 Nov. 1910.
107.
Standard 9 Feb. 1910.
108.
Standard 17 July 1910.
109.
Standard 18 Jan. 1903 (Quoting Westminister Gazette).
110.
Review of River Plate 30 Oct. 1908.
111.
Identified by the BABS charity as “English working men and lower grade clerks who find themselves on arrival unable to secure suitable work and are consequently destitute.” Cassels to Tower 19 July 1912. FO 368/314.
112.
Mackie to Tower 3 March 1914 FO 118/342.
113.
The petitions from prisoners appear in FO 118/297, 313, 314, 324 and 328 (1910–1913).
114.
Report by Consul Dickson, 1912. FO 118–342, quoting Crouch.
115.
Discussion of the Welsh appears in Report by F.S. Clarke 22 Feb. 1901 FO 118–252. For opposition to the military draft in Buenos Aires, see Standard 16 June 1906 and 6 April 1907.
116.
See Francis R.G. Duckworth. “The British Schools in Argentina. Report on a Visit of Inspection May 2nd – July 13th 1927,” 2. FO 118/596.
117.
“Native Argentines are often bitter about [the English monolinguals] and complain that Britishers do not assimilate.” Standard 6 Mar. 1914. Obituaries of prominent Anglos of this type grew common in the 1950s. They included Horace Hale (1880–1957), educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford; Robert Carr Drysdale (1887–1958), who attended Wellington School and University College, Oxford; Eric Forest Greene (1903–1954), who was educated at Harrow. Among women, Elizabeth L’Estrange Wallace, Lady McCallum, (d. 1957) was born in Buenos Aires and educated at St. Winifred’s School, Eastbourne. See Review of the River Plate 26 Jan. 1954 (Green); 30 Mar. 1954 (Hale); 28 Apr. 1956 (Drysdale); 20 Aug. 1957 (McCallum).
118.
Lloyd, Argentina, 339 reported on such friction.
119.
For a description of the way marriageable women and their families sized up potential husbands among newly arrived British men, see J.A. Hammerton, The Real Argentine, Notes and Impressions of a Year in the Argentine ad Uruguay. New York: Mead and Co. 1916, 274.
120.
The incident is noted in Archivo de Cecilia Grierson Serie I, 11 May 1895.
121.
Tower, Annual Report for 1911.
122.
Standard 30 Dec. 1934.
123.
Standard 25 May 1915.
124.
Standard 30 June 1918
125.
Discussion of lineage and national identity begins with Fredrik Barth ed. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget, 1969.
126.
On the Sunday School, see Barracas Scotch Church Magazine Sept. 1886, which counted close to two hundred attendees at that time.
127.
Hammerton, Real Argentine, 240.
128.
Lorraine Colvill-Jones. Your Ever Loving Son: The Story of the First Argentine Ace of the First World War. Buenos Aires: Grupo Abierto Libros, 2008, 43. A reported 250 kilos of yerba maté was sent to England in 1918.
129.
Standard 18 June 1872.
130.
The school is noted in Standard 19 Jan. 1881. See also Olivera, Deportes Británicos, 31. The author, an alumnus of the Flores school, reports that it mixed the children of British businessmen with those of the Argentine elite like himself.
131.
Standard 6 Jan. 1878, 19 Jan. 1881.
132.
Hutton was reportedly selected from among one hundred candidates. See Standard 16 July 1882.
133.
Hutton cited “too much clerical influence” as his reason for leaving St. Andrews. Standard 9 Nov. 1895. “He had been treated like a parish school-master. He would be second to no committee.” Monteith Drysdale, St Andrew’s Scotch School, 48–49, 115.
134.
The school offered places tor about 150 day students, girls and boys, and 50 boarders from the “camp.” Standard 19 June 1892. In 1894, the newspaper reported 167 private schools of all backgrounds in Buenos Aires, of which 69 taught boys, 27 girls and 69 were co-educational. The English schools totalled around 30. Standard 27 Dec. 1894.
135.
Standard 20 Dec. 1902 (19th Exhibition of the BAEHS).
136.
Standard 3 June, 1933.
137.
Standard 18 Dec. 1901. A government requirement to teach some classes in Spanish appeared around the turn of the century but at that time irregularly enforced.
138.
Standard 7 Oct. 1908.
139.
See Standard 21 June 1894.
140.
“18th Exhibition of the BAEHS,” Standard 18 Dec. 1901.
141.
Standard 17 May 1893. In 1910, the Illustrated Review of Buenos Aires reported that “to him belonged the credit of having introduced in the Republic, if not indeed into South America, the popular form of football known as ‘Association’. “More historical data on the school is available in http://www.baehs.com.ar. The name Alumni resulted from the efforts of some principals to call their teams by the names of their schools, a practice that that led to squabbling about unfair advertising.
142.
Standard 20 Dec. 1902. School sport made a debut in Rosario soon after 1900 in the school founded by Isaac Newell, another early British educator, whose team became Newell’s Old Boys.
143.
Standard 21 Apr. 1910.
144.
Standard 22 Sept. 1929.
145.
Standard 22 Sept. 1929.
146.
Rev. James William Fleming quoted in Monteith Drysdale, St Andrew’s Scots School, 25.
147.
“Northlands and Antecedent Events, 1881–1961.” Mimeo. (An outline school history obtained from a visit to the school).
148.
Fundraising for St. George’s took place in April 1897. Stevenson’s opponents included people who preferred a non-sectarian to an Anglican school. They called their proposals “imperialist,” by which they meant more representative of a range of groups. See Standard 13, 28 April 1897.
149.
Stevenson quoted in Standard 13 Dec. 1914.
150.
J.T. Stevenson. The History of St. George’s College, Quilmes, Argentina, 1898–1935. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1936.
151.
Edward Every, Twenty-five Years in South America, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1929, 1. Every quoted his diary in the Diocesan Gazette and Chronicle, a periodical held at St. John’s Cathedral Church in Buenos Aires.
152.
Morris’s activities in the Boca are noted in Standard 23 May 1894.
153.
An early report on Morris’s Escuelas appears in Standard 4 July 1901.
154.
Alston to FO 13 Aug. 1925. FO 111/584.
155.
Standard 5 Dec. 1917.
156.
Standard 7 Oct. 1900. The event doubled as an appeal for the support of Irish-Porteños at a time the Irish nationalist William Bulfin sought to stir up anti-British feeling in Buenos Aires.
157.
Standard 21 May 1910 on commemorating the death of the king. On fundraising for the Clock Tower, see Tower. Annual Report for 1912. FO 371/1573. FO 118/411 summarises expenses on the project totalling £46,400, of which the railways contributed only £12,600 and other large British firms £5000. A sizable proportion of the funds thus came from individual donations.
158.
Tower, Annual Report for 1913. FO 371/1897. On the wartime Statutory List, see Dehne, On the Far Western Front, 103–120.
159.
Arthur L. Holder. Activities of the British Community in Argentina during the Great War 1914–1919. Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires Herald, 1920, 117, 207. Tower, Annual Report for 1914 counted 2850 volunteers.
160.
Holder, British Community, 26.
161.
Letters from men seeking commissions in British forces appear in FO 118/344. Public school men, from institutions including Malvern College, Marlborough, Wellington and Rossall, gave their ages as between 23 and 29 to indicate they were born in 1885–1891.
162.
Holder, Activities, 119, reported the railway contingent at 1062, of whom 116 were killed in action.
163.
Central Argentine Railway Magazine, June 1921.
164.
O’Conor’s reports appear in FO 118/361.
165.
O’Conor to Tower, 27 Jan. 1915. FO 118/366.
166.
Holder, Activities, 45.
167.
Report on Riley 3 Mar. 1920. FO 118/531. 231 troops from Argentina received the Military Cross.
168.
On war casualties, see Holder, Activities, 26, 250.
169.
On concerns about the military tribunals, see Report 9 June, 1916, FO 118/409; on the solution of the issue, see Review of the River Plate 3 Nov. 1922.
170.
Holder, Activities, 249; also The British Magazine, 4, no. 1, 1919, 470.
171.
Philip Dehne. “From ‘Business as Usual’ to a more Global War: The British Decision to attack Germans in South America during the First World War.” Journal of British Studies, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2005, 516–535.
172.
General Report No. 48 CAB 24/147/23. Several other authors reiterate the point. “The Argentine grain trade in wartime was subject to the most draconian foreign manipulation.” Roger Gravil. The Anglo-Argentine Connection 1900–1939. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985, 126. According to Dehne, “If interfering in the flow of trade in another country is imperialism, then this was an imperialist moment for Britain, with imperialist intentions.” Dehne, Britain’s First World War in South America, 157. On the wartime wheat conventions see Dehne, Britain’s First World War in South America, 152; also Bill Albert. South America and the First World War. The Impact of the War on Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Chile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, 55–68, 252.
173.
Central Argentine Railway Magazine, May 1918.
174.
Francisco Barroeteveña (pseud. “Almafuerte”). Alemania contra el mundo. Buenos Aires: Otero, 1916. Segments are quoted in Standard 19 Sept. 1917.
175.
Events are reported in Standard 13 Sept. 1917.
176.
Standard 28 Nov. 1915.
177.
Standard 7 Dec. 1917, (listing origins of wartime contributions).
178.
“Our Day” results are summarised in The British Magazine, 4, no. 1, 1919.
179.
The Returned Volunteers Employment Bureau purportedly “helped hundreds.” Discussion of the uses of the funds appears in Standard 20 May 1921 and FO 118/543 (28 May, 1921).
180.
Review of the River Plate 24 Feb. 1922. Leng is recalled with affection by a former British ambassador. See Sir David Kelly. The Ruling Few, or, The Human Background to Diplomacy. London: Hollis and Carter, 1953, 129. His large company represented bankers including Barings and J.P. Morgan in Buenos Aires, plus several major insurance companies like the Union Assurance Company found in Britain in 1714. Its activities are described in R. Monte Domecq ed. Argentina. Publicación ilustrada con informaciones generales, edición 1929–1930. Buenos Aires: Monte Domecq, 1930, 182.
181.
Review of the River Plate 3 Nov. 1922.
182.
Review of the River Plate 24 Jan 1920, quoting Sir Woodman Burbridge, chairman of the company.

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Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
David Rock
Centre of Latin American Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
David Rock

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Rock, D. (2019). Employees and Educators. In: The British in Argentina. Britain and the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97855-0_6

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