Keywords

  1. 1.

    Liver size, morphology , and blood flow do not change

  2. 2.

    Bilirubin , ALT , AST , and lactic dehydrogenase are upper limits of normal during pregnancy

  3. 3.

    ALP increases 2–4× due to production from placenta

  4. 4.

    Increased risk of gallbladder disease during pregnancy due to the inhibitory effects of progesterone on GI smooth muscles, leading to gallbladder hypomotility and subsequent biliary stasis