Skip to main content

Researching Diaspora Citizenship: Reflections on Issues of Positionality and Access from a Zimbabwean Researching Zimbabweans in South Africa

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

In this chapter, Langton Miriyoga discusses the complexities and challenges he faced as a Zimbabwean returning to South Africa—the place where he lived for a number of years before moving to the UK to begin his doctoral research—to conduct field research. Far from the ease of access he anticipated as a Zimbabwean migrant researching Zimbabwean migrants, Miriyoga describes how his own memories of crime in the townships of Cape Town, together with the outbreaks of xenophobic violence at the time of his fieldwork, colored his research and compounded the already difficult situation of conducting research on marginalized populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abu-Lughod, J. L. (1988). Fieldwork of a Dutiful Daughter. In C. Altorki & C. F. El-Solh (Eds.), Arab Women in the Field: Studying Your Own Society (pp. 139–161). New York: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acker, S. (2001). In/Out/Side: Positioning the Researcher in Feminist Qualitative Research (1). Resources for Feminist Research, 28(1–2), 189–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babbie, E. (2013). The Practice of Social Research (14th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, K. (2008). Methods of Social Research (4th ed.). New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benoit, C., Jansson, M., Millar, A., & Phillips, R. (2005). Community-Academic Research on Hard-To-Reach Populations: Benefits and Challenges. Qualitative Health Research, 15(2), 263–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beoku-Betts, J. (1994). When Black is Not Enough: Doing Fieldwork Amongst Gullah Women. The National Women’s Studies Association Journal, 6(3), 413–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhavnani, K. (1988). Empowerment and Social Research: Some Comments. Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 8(1–2), 41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billo, E., & Hiemstra, N. (2013). Mediating Messiness: Expanding Ideas of Flexibility, Reflexivity, and Embodiment in Fieldwork. Gender, Place and Culture, 20(3), 313–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, A. (2007). Methodological Challenges for National and Multi-sited Comparative Survey Research. Journal of Refugee Studies, 20(2), 230–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerwonka, A., & Malkki, L. H. (2007). Improvising Theory: Process and Temporality in Ethnographic Fieldwork. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Crush, J. (2008). South Africa: Policy in the Face of Xenophobia, Migration Policy Institute. Available at https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/south-africa-policy-face-xenophobia. Accessed January 15, 2018.

  • Davies, S. (2001). Philosophical Perspectives on Music’s Expressiveness. In P. A. Juslin & J. A. Slobada (Eds.), Music and Emotion: Theory and Research (pp. 23–44). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denscombe, M. (2010). Ground Rules for Social Research: Guidelines for Good Practice. Berkshire: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denscombe, M. (2014). The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects (5th ed.). Maindenhead: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, C., & Limb, M. (Eds.). (2001). Qualitative Methodologies for Geographers: Issues and Debates. London: Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichler, M. (1988). Non-Sexist Research Methods: A Practical Guide. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, C., & Flaherty, M. (1992). An Agenda for the Interpretation of Lived Experience. In C. Ellis & M. Flaherty (Eds.), Investigating Subjectivity: Research on Lived Experience (pp. 1–16). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanow, M. M., & Cook, J. A. (1991). Back to the Future: A Look at the Second Wave of Feminist Epistemology and Methodology. In M. M. Fanow & J. A. Cook (Eds.), Beyond Methodology: Feminist Scholarship As Lived Research (pp. 1–15). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finley, S. (2008). Arts-based Research. In G. Knowles & A. Cole (Eds.), Handbook of the Arts in Qualitative Research: Perspectives, Methodologies, Examples and Issues. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, I. (2003). Ethics in Research. London: Continuum Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. (2008). Applied Social Research: Planning, Designing and Conducting Real-World Research. South Yarra: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, S. (1987). Whose Science, Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women’s Lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, S. (2015). Objectivity and Diversity: Another Logic of Scientific Research. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hill-Collins, P. (1990). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Boston: Unwin Hyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ite, U. (1997). Home, Abroad, Home: The Challenges of Postgraduate Fieldwork “at home”. In E. Robson & K. Willis (Eds.), Postgraduate Fieldwork in Developing Areas: A Rough Guide (pp. 75–84). London: RGS-IBS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, K., & Landau, L. B. (2003). Dual Imperative in Refugee Research: Some Methodological and Ethical Considerations in Social Science Research on Forced Migration. Disasters, 27(3), 185–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kara, H. (2015). Creative Research Methods in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide. Bristol: Policy Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kilgore, J. (2011). We Are All Zimbabweans Now: A Novel. Athens: Ohio University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, N., & Horrocks, C. (2010). Interviews in Qualitative Research. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, J. (1996). Situating Locations: The Politics of Self, Identity, and “Other” in Loving and Writing the Text. In D. Wolf (Ed.), Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork (pp. 185–214). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letherby, G., Scott, J., & Williams, M. (2013). Objectivity and Subjectivity in Social Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Liamputtong, P. (2007). Researching the Vulnerable: A Guide to Sensitive Research Methods. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton, M. (1977). Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development. London: Temple Smith.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melrose, M. (2002). Labour Pains. International Journal Social Research Methodology, 5(4), 333–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merriam, S. B., Johnson-Bailey, J., Lee, M.-Y., Kee, Y., Ntseane, G., & Muhamad, M. (2001). Power and Positionality: Negotiating Insider/Outsider Status Within and Across Cultures. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 20(5), 405–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mertens, D. M. (2009). Transformative Research and Evaluation. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mertens, D. M., & Ginsberg, P. E. (2009). Frontiers in Social Research Ethics: Fertile Ground for Evoluton. In P. E. Ginsberg & D. M. Mertens (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Research Ethics (pp. 580–613). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J., & Glassner, B. (1997). The ‘Inside’ and the ‘Outside’: Finding Realities in Interviews. In D. Silverman (Ed.), Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice (pp. 99–112). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minh-ha, T. (1989). Woman, Native, Other: Writing Post-coloniality and Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandiyanike, D. (2009). The Dilemma of Conducting Research Back in Your Own Country as a Returning Student—Reflections of Research Fieldwork in Zimbabwe. Area, 41(1), 64–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullings, B. (1999). Insider or Outsider, Both or Neither: Some Dilemmas of Interviewing in a Cross-Cultural Setting. Geoforum, 30, 337–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parrado, E., Flippen, C. A., & Metzger McQuiston, C. (2005). Migration and Relationship Power Among Mexican Women. Demography, 42, 347–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pasura, D. (2014). African Transnational Diasporas: Fractured Communities and Plural Identities of Zimbabweans in Britain. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patai, D. (1991). US Academic and Third World Women: Is Ethical Research Possible? In S. Gluck Berger & D. Patai (Eds.), Women’s Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History (pp. 137–153). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polzer, T. (2012). Together Apart: Migration, Integration and Spatialized Identities in South African Border Villages. Geoforum, 43(3), 561–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz, V., & Weseen, S. (2001). Power, Politics, and the Qualitative/Quantitative Debates in Psychology. In D. L. Tolman & M. Brydon-Miller (Eds.), Qualitative Studies in Psychology: From Subjects to Subjectivities: A Handbook of Interpretive and Participatory Methods (pp. 12–28). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raftopolous, B., & Savage, T. (Eds.). (2004). Zimbabwe: Injustice and Political Reconciliation. Cape Town: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, G., Parsonage, M., & Scharf, T. (2010). Social Inclusion: Research and Evidence-Based Practice. In J. Boardman, A. Currie, H. Killaspy, & G. Mezey (Eds.), Social Inclusion and Mental Health (pp. 279–294). London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidaway, J. (1992). In Other Worlds: On the Politics of Research by “First World” Geographers in the “Third World”. Area, 24(4), 403–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonising Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. (2015). Johannesburg’s Foreign Shop Owners Close Up Early Amid Threats of Violence, The Guardian. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/15/johannesburg-threats-violence-foreign-shop-owners-close-early. Accessed January 10, 2018.

  • Tevera, D. (1999). Do They Need Ivy in Africa? Ruminations of an African Geographer Trained Abroad. In D. Simon & A. Narman (Eds.), Development as Theory and Practice (pp. 134–145). Harlow: Addison Wesley and Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser, G. (2000). In Other Worlds: On the Politics of Research in a Transforming South Africa. Area, 32, 231–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, B. (1996). Skinfolk, Not Kinfolk: Comparative Reflections of the Identity of Participant Observation in Two Field Situations. In D. Wolf (Ed.), Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, A. (1991). Doing Political Science: An Introduction to Political Analysis. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Miriyoga, L. (2019). Researching Diaspora Citizenship: Reflections on Issues of Positionality and Access from a Zimbabwean Researching Zimbabweans in South Africa. In: Johnstone, L. (eds) The Politics of Conducting Research in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95531-5_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics