Abstract
The timed automata model, introduced by Alur and Dill, provides a powerful formalism for describing real-time systems. Over the last two decades, several dense-time model checking tools have been developed based on that model. This paper considers the verification of a set of interesting real-time distributed protocols using dense-time model checking technology. More precisely, we model and verify the distributed timed two phase commit protocol, and two well-known benchmarks, the Token-Ring-FDDI protocol, and the CSMA/CD protocol, in three different state-of-the-art real-time model checkers: UPPAAL, RED, and Rabbit. We illustrate the use of these tools using one of the case studies. Finally, several interesting conclusions have been drawn about the performance, usability, and the capability of each tool.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Al-Bataineh, O.I., Reynolds, M., French, T.: Finding minimum and maximum termination time of timed automata models with cyclic behaviour. Theor. Comput. Sci. 665, 87–104 (2017)
Alur, R., Courcoubetis, C., Dill, D.: Model-checking in dense real-time. Inf. Comput. 104, 2–34 (1993)
Alur, R., Courcoubetis, C., Dill, D.L.: Model-checking for real-time systems. In: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, pp. 414–425 (1990)
Alur, R., Dill, D.: A theory of timed automata. TCS 126, 183–235 (1994)
Alur, R., Madhusudan, P.: Decision problems for timed automata: a survey. In: International School on Formal Methods for the Design of Computer, Communication and Software Systems, SFM-RT 2004, pp. 200–236 (2004)
Atif, M.: Analysis and verification of two-phase commit and three-phase commit protocols. In: Emerging Technologies ICET 2009, pp. 326–331 (2009)
Behrmann, G., David, A., Larsen, K.G.: A tutorial on Uppaal. In: Bernardo, M., Corradini, F. (eds.) SFM-RT 2004. LNCS, vol. 3185, pp. 200–236. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30080-9_7
Behrmann, G., Bouyer, P., Larsen, K.G., Radek, P.: Lower and upper bounds in zone-based abstractions of timed automata. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 8, 204–215 (2006)
Behrmann, G., Larsen, K.G., Pearson, J., Weise, C., Yi, W.: Efficient timed reachability analysis using clock difference diagrams. In: Halbwachs, N., Peled, D. (eds.) CAV 1999. LNCS, vol. 1633, pp. 341–353. Springer, Heidelberg (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48683-6_30
Bengtsson, J., Yi, W.: Timed automata: semantics, algorithms and tools. In: Desel, J., Reisig, W., Rozenberg, G. (eds.) ACPN 2003. LNCS, vol. 3098, pp. 87–124. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27755-2_3
Bernstein, P.A., Hadzilacos, V., Goodman, N.: Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1987)
Beyer, D., Lewerentz, C., Noack, A.: Rabbit: a tool for BDD-based verification of real-time systems. In: Hunt, W.A., Somenzi, F. (eds.) CAV 2003. LNCS, vol. 2725, pp. 122–125. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45069-6_13
Beyer, D., Noack, A.: Can decision diagrams overcome state space explosion in real-time verification? In: König, H., Heiner, M., Wolisz, A. (eds.) FORTE 2003. LNCS, vol. 2767, pp. 193–208. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39979-7_13
Bouyer, P.: Forward analysis of updatable timed automata. Formal Meth. Syst. Des. 24, 281–320 (2004)
Bryant, R.E.: Graph-based algorithms for Boolean function manipulation. IEEE Trans. Comput. 35, 677–691 (1986)
Davidson, S., Lee, I., Wolfe, V.: A protocol for times atomic commitment. In: Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Distributed Computing System (1989)
Dill, D.L.: Timing assumptions and verification of finite-state concurrent systems. In: Sifakis, J. (ed.) CAV 1989. LNCS, vol. 407, pp. 197–212. Springer, Heidelberg (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-52148-8_17
Henzinger, T.A., Nicollin, X., Sifakis, J., Yovine, S.: Symbolic model checking for real-time systems. Inf. Comput. 111, 394–406 (1992)
Jain, R.: FDDI Handbook: High-Speed Networking Using Fiber and Other Media. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co. Inc., Boston (1994)
Kaynar, D., Lynch, N., Segala, R., Vaandrager, F.: Timed I/O automata: a mathematical framework for modelling and analyzing real-time systems. In: Proceedings of 24th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS 2003), pp. 166–177 (2003)
Larsen, K., Larsson, F., Pettersson, P., Yi, W.: Efficient verification of real-time systems: compact data structures and state-space reduction. In: Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, pp. 14–24 (1997)
Magee, J.: Analyzing synchronous distributed algorithms (2003)
Ober, I., Graf, S., Ober, I.: Validation of UML models via a mapping to communicating extended timed automata. In: Graf, S., Mounier, L. (eds.) SPIN 2004. LNCS, vol. 2989, pp. 127–145. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24732-6_9
Ölveczky, P.C.: Formal modeling and analysis of a distributed database protocol in Maude. In: Proceedings of the 2008 11th IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering - Workshops, pp. 37–44 (2008)
Tripakis, S.: The analysis of timed systems in practice. Ph.D. thesis, Universite Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France (1998)
Wang, F.: Symbolic verification of complex real-time systems with clock-restriction diagram. In: Proceedings of the IFIP TC6/WG6.1, pp. 235–250. Kluwer, B.V. (2001)
Yovine, S.: Kronos: a verification tool for real-time systems. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transfer 1, 123–133 (1997)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this paper
Cite this paper
Al-Bataineh, O., Reynolds, M., Rosenblum, D. (2018). A Comparative Study of Decision Diagrams for Real-Time Model Checking. In: Gallardo, M., Merino, P. (eds) Model Checking Software. SPIN 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10869. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94111-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94111-0_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94110-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94111-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)