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Cultural Anatomies of the Heart in Aristotle, Augustine, Aquinas, Calvin, and Harvey pp 101–133Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Jean Calvin, Heart in Hand

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Abstract

This study investigates Jean Calvin’s reform of the scholastic psychology of the mind by the biblical law of the heart. It interprets his personal seal, the cloven heart in hand, for all hearts as divided between hypocrisy and sincerity. Calvin condemned the philosophical faculties of the soul residing in the heart as disabled toward salvation by original sin. The heart was a stony deformity until the Spirit extracted it and implanted a soft healthy heart imprinted with his own seal. It fleshes out Calvin’s portrait by revealing him on the soulful affects in cardiac physiology and humoral theory. It discloses his basis in Aristotelian physics for the Spirit’s intrinsic movement in recreating the fallen heart to sanctification by recreating its natural intrinsic movement to evil.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    John Calvin, Epistolae, in Opera quae supersunt omnia, ed. Eduard Reuss, Eduard Cunitz, and Johann Wilhelm Baum, 59 vols. in 26 (Brunswick: C. A. Schwetschke, 1863–1900), 11:100. Reference is usually to this edition, by the volume and column numbers. Reference, where available, is to the critical edition of Calvin, Opera omnia (Geneva: Droz, 1992–), cited as Geneva, by the volume and page numbers.

  2. 2.

    Calvin, Institutio christianae religionis 3.7.1, 2:505, citing Rom. 12:1.

  3. 3.

    Ibid. 1.5.3, col. 43; 1.5.2, col. 42. Marjorie O’Rourke Boyle, Senses of Touch: Human Dignity and Conformity from Michelangelo to Calvin (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998), pp. 172–75.

  4. 4.

    Aristotle, De partibus animalium 2.1 647a, 2.10 656a. Marjorie O’Rourke Boyle, “Aristotle’s Cardiac Vessel,” this volume, pp. 1–34.

  5. 5.

    Hans W. Wolff, The Anthropology of the Old Testament, trans. Margaret Kohl (Philadelphia, Pa.: Fortress, 1974), p. 40 counting 858 occurrences.

  6. 6.

    Marjorie O’Rourke Boyle, “‘In the Heart of the Sea’: Fathoming the Exodus,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 63 (2004): 17–27; “The Law of the Heart: The Death of a Fool (1 Samuel 25),” Journal of Biblical Literature 120 (2001): 401–27; “Broken Hearts: The Violation of Biblical Law,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 73 (2005): 731–57.

  7. 7.

    Calvin, Commentarius in harmoniam evangelicam, 45:611; Commentarius in libros psalmorum, 31:382; 32:219; Commentarius in Mosis reliquos quatuor libros (Harmonia in pentateuchem), 24:227; Calvin, Sermons sur le Deutéronome, 26:443.

  8. 8.

    Sermons sur Deutéronome, 26:433.

  9. 9.

    Max Engammare, “Joannes Calvinus trium linguarum peritus?: La question de l’Hébreu,” Bibliothèque d’humanisme et renaissance 58 (1996): 37–60.

  10. 10.

    Calvin, Homiliae in primum librum Samuelis, 30:527–73.

  11. 11.

    Calvin, Commentarius in epistolam Pauli ad Timotheum II, 52: 368–69. See Benoît Textor, De cancri natura et curatione: ex probatissimis quibus[que] autoribus, tum Graecis, tum Latinis (Leiden: J. Tornaesius, 1550). Calvin’s commentary dated 1548 according to Theodore de Bèze and Nicolas Colladon, Au lecteur chrestien, 21:68–69. Calvin dedicated to Textor his commentary on the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians in memory of the doctor’s medical care of Idelette de Bure Calvin, his wife. Epistolae, 13:598.

  12. 12.

    In psalmos, 31:688. For “soul,” see Institutio 1.15.2, col. 135; for its faculties, 1.15.3–4, col. 138.

  13. 13.

    Institutio 1.15.6–7, cols. 140–42; cf. 2.2.3, cols. 186–87; In psalmos, 32:249.

  14. 14.

    Calvin, In evangelium secundum Joannem commentarius, ed. Helmut Feld, 2 vols. (Geneva), 11–1:106; Commentarius in Pauli epistolas: ad Galatas, ad Ephesios, ad Philippenses, ad Colossenses, ed. Helmut Feld (Geneva), in Philippenses, 16:375.

  15. 15.

    In psalmos 31:15.

  16. 16.

    For the tradition, see Dieter Groh, Schöpfung in Wiederspruch: Deutung der Natur und des Menschen von der Genesis bis zur Reformation (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2003).

  17. 17.

    Institutio 2.1.18, cols. 182–83.

  18. 18.

    Ibid. 2.2.12, col. 195.

  19. 19.

    Ibid. 2.1.8, col. 183.

  20. 20.

    Ibid. 2.1.9, cols. 183–84.

  21. 21.

    Ibid. 3.3.12, col. 442. See also 1.15.8, cols. 142–43; 2.2.1, cols. 185–86; 2.2.12, cols. 195–96; 2.2.16, col. 207.

  22. 22.

    Calvin, Praelectiones in librum prophetiarum Ieremiae, ed. Nicole Gueunier with Max Engammare, 2 vols. (Geneva), 6–1:658–59.

  23. 23.

    Harmonia in pentateuchem, 24:234, and see cols. 279, 280; In psalmos, 31:135–36, 483; Calvin, Praelectiones in XII prophetas minores, 44:21, cf. Calvin, Sermons sur l’harmonie évangélique, 46:301–02.

  24. 24.

    In psalmos, 31:61, 713.

  25. 25.

    Re: Deut. 6:4–5//Matt. 22:37 see, Calvin, In evangelium secundum Johannem commentarius, ed. Helmut Feld (Geneva), 2 vols., 11–2:106; Harmonia in pentateuchem, 25:61; Calvin, Sermons sur le livre de Job, 34:46; Calvin, In Jeremiam, 6–1:904; Calvin, Commentarius in harmoniam evangelicam, 45:442, 611; Calvin, Commentarius in Acta Apostolorum, ed. Helmut Feld (Geneva), 2 vols., 12–2:76.

  26. 26.

    Sermons sur Deutéronome, 26:434.

  27. 27.

    Institutio 2.2.26, col. 207.

  28. 28.

    Émile Doumergue, Jean Calvin, les hommes, et les choses de son temps, 7 vols. (Lausanne: Georges Bridel, 1899–1927), 1:569.

  29. 29.

    Émile Doumergue, Iconographie calvinienne (Lausanne: Georges Bridel, 1909), pls. XIV, XV, XVa, and see pp. 55, 64.

  30. 30.

    Ps. 24:4. Calvin, Homiliae in primum librum Samuelis, 30:167. See also In harmoniam evangelicam, 45:163.

  31. 31.

    Boyle, Senses of Touch, pp. 206–27.

  32. 32.

    Pierre Vinker, The Shape of the Heart, rev. ed. (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2000), pp. 34–43. See also Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, “‘Ave charitate plena’: Charity in the Arena Chapel,” Speculum 76 (2001): 599–637. See the frontispiece of this volume.

  33. 33.

    Vinker, Shape of the Heart, pp. 44–62, 80–88.

  34. 34.

    Boyle, Senses of Touch, pp. 22–23, 72–76, 109–12. Genesis 3:6.

  35. 35.

    Institutio 3.2.18, col. 413.

  36. 36.

    Ibid. 3.3.6, col. 438; 3.6.5, col. 505; Calvin, In Isaiam 36:648.

  37. 37.

    Institutio 2.8.5, col. 304; 3.20.7, col. 631; 3.20.31, col. 658; 3.24.8, col. 719; 4.12.19, col. 917; Sermons sur Deutéronome, 26:434–35; 28:570; In harmoniam pentateuchem, 28:570; In psalmos, 31:207, 282, 557, 560, 733, 796; 32:217, 249; Calvin, Commentarius in librum Isaiae, 37:313, 641; Calvin, Praelectionum in Ieremiam prophetam, 37:641; Calvin, Praelectiones in Ezechielis viginti capita priora, 40:308; In harmoniam evangelicam, 45:131, 227; In evangelium Ioannis (Geneva), 11–1:182–83; Calvin, Commentarius in epistolam Pauli ad Thessalonicenses 2, 52:204; Calvin, Commentarius in Iohannis apostoli epistola, 55:342; Calvin, In Ephesianos, in Commentarii in Pauli epistolas (Geneva), 16:264. In psalmos, 31:207; 32:167; 31:675. Calvin, Commentarius in epistolam Pauli ad Colossenses, in Commentarii in Pauli epistolas, p. 453.

  38. 38.

    In psalmos, 31:421.

  39. 39.

    Institutio 3.14.7, col. 568.

  40. 40.

    Ibid. 3.2.10, col. 406.

  41. 41.

    Sermons sur Job, 33:544.

  42. 42.

    In harmoniam evangelicam, 45:163.

  43. 43.

    In Isaiam 36:648.

  44. 44.

    Institutio 3.14.8, col. 570; 3.20.5, cols. 301–2.

  45. 45.

    In psalmos 33:331.

  46. 46.

    In Thessalonicenses 1, 52:159.

  47. 47.

    In psalmos, 32:372; and see 32:349.

  48. 48.

    Harmonia in pentateuchem, 24:224.

  49. 49.

    In psalmos, 32:280; Institutio 2.8.51, col. 303.

  50. 50.

    Sermons sur Iob, 33:545.

  51. 51.

    Institutio 2.8.6, col. 270; In psalmos, 32:229.

  52. 52.

    Institutio 2.8.6, cols. 270–71; Homiliae in librum 1 Samuelis, 30:167; In psalmos, 32:216, 263; Calvin, Praelectiones in lamentationes Ieremiae, 39:592.

  53. 53.

    Institutio 4.12.19, col. 917.

  54. 54.

    In psalmos 32:167, 281. Institutio 2.8.5, col. 304; In harmoniam pentateuchem 28:570; In psalmos 32:249; In Isaiam, 37:313:641; In Ieremiam, 40:308; In harmoniam evangelicam, 45:131; In Ioannem, 11–2:182–83; In Thessalonicenses 2, 52:204; Calvin, Commentarius in Ioannis epistola, 55:342.

  55. 55.

    Calvin, In psalmos, 31:282, 557, 560, 733, 796; 32:217; Institutio 3.2.10, col. 405, 3.24.8, col. 719; In harmoniam evangelicam, 45:227, 343–44; Calvin, Commentarius in epistolam Pauli ad Romanos, ed. T. H. L. Parker and D. C. Parker (Geneva), 13:221; Commentarius in epistolam Pauli ad Ephesianos, in Commentairii in Pauli epistolas (Geneva), 16:264.

  56. 56.

    In psalmos 31:127.

  57. 57.

    Ibid. col. 207.

  58. 58.

    In psalmos, 32:167.

  59. 59.

    In psalmos 31:675.

  60. 60.

    Institutio 3.20.7, col. 631; 3.20.31, col. 658; Commentarius in epistolam Pauli ad Colossenses, in Commentarii in Pauli epistolas (Geneva), 16:453.

  61. 61.

    Institutio 3.3.16, col. 446–47.

  62. 62.

    In Johanem, 11–1:19–20.

  63. 63.

    Institutio 3.3.12, col. 442.

  64. 64.

    Ibid. 3.14.1, col. 564. Genesis 6:5. Calvin, In Genesin, 23:117–18; cf. col. 139.

  65. 65.

    Institutio 2.3.2, cols. 210–11.

  66. 66.

    Ibid. 2.2.12, cols. 195–96; 2.2.26, col. 207; 2.5.19, col. 247; 3.2.41, col. 432; 3.4.9, col. 523; 2.1.1, cols. 185–86.

  67. 67.

    Boyle, Senses of Touch, pp. 184–87.

  68. 68.

    Sermons sur Deutéronome, 28:528.

  69. 69.

    Sermons sur Deutéronome, 26:284.

  70. 70.

    In psalmos, 32:393.

  71. 71.

    See “Aristotle’s Cardiac Vessel.”

  72. 72.

    Hippocratic corpus, De corde 5, 8, in Hippocrates, Vol. 9, ed. Paul Potter (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010). For this work, see I. M. Lonie, “The Paradoxical Text ‘On the Heart,’” Medical History 17 (1973): 1–15, 136–53; and relative to the Hippocratic collection, Elizabeth M. Craik, The ‘Hippocratic’ Corpus: Content and Context (Abingdon, Oxon.: Routledge, 2015), pp. 53–56.

  73. 73.

    Marjorie O’Rourke Boyle, “Harvey in the Sluice: From Hydraulic Engineering to Human Physiology,” History and Technology 24 (2008): 1–2. See also “Aristole’s Cardiac Vessel,” p. 9.

  74. 74.

    Augustine, Confessionum libri tredecim 8.8.19,10.31.46, 12.16.23, ed. Lucas Verheijen (Turnout: Brepols, 1981); Augustine, Sermones 352.3.9, 179.7.7, in Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina, ed. Jean-Paul Migne (Paris, 1800–75), vols. 38–39. Marjorie O’Rourke Boyle, “Augustine’s Heartbeat: From Time to Eternity,” Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies 38 (2007): 40–41.

  75. 75.

    Institutio 3.14.1, col. 564.

  76. 76.

    In Genesin, 23: cols. 117–18; cf. col. 139.

  77. 77.

    Sermons sur Iob, 33:546; Sermons sur Deutéronome, 28:285, 562. For engraving on hearts, see also Harmonia in pentateuchem, 25:54; Sermons sur Deutéronome, 29:87; In psalmos, 31:823; Commentarii in Secundam Pauli Epistolam ad Corinthios, ed. Helmut Feld (Geneva), pp. 50–51.

  78. 78.

    T. H. L. Parker, John Calvin: A Biography (London: Dent, 1975), p. 86, citing La Manyere de faire prières.

  79. 79.

    See notes 28 and 29.

  80. 80.

    Sermons sur Iob, 33:546.

  81. 81.

    C. R. S. Harris, The Heart and the Vascular System in Ancient Greek Medicine: From Alcmaeon to Galen (Oxford: Clarendon, 1973), pp. viii, 75, 76, 173–175, 271, 432–455.

  82. 82.

    In psalmos, 32:32–33.

  83. 83.

    Calvin, Commentarius in epistolam ad Hebraeos, ed. T. H. L. Parker (Geneva), 19:53, 30. See also Institutio 2.3.8, cols. 217–18; 2.3.8, col. 218; 2.3.9, cols. 218–19; 2.5.4, cols. 232–33; 2.5.12, cols. 240–41; 3.24.14, cols. 724–25; 3.24.16, cols. 725–27; 4.1.6, cols. 751–52; In Acta Apostolorum, 12–1:219; In Ieremiam, 6–1:162–63; cf. In Romanos, pp. 54, 86–87; Harmonia in pentateuchem, 24:253; In psalmos, 32:230. For God’s hardening of the heart and its hardness, see Institutio 2.4.3, cols. 225–26; Harmonia in pentateuchem, 24:86–87, 222; In psalmos 31:764; 32:109. Sermons sur Deutéronome, 26:375.

  84. 84.

    In Hebraeos, p. 30.

  85. 85.

    Sermons sur Deutéronome, 26:375.

  86. 86.

    Institutio 2.5.5, col. 233.

  87. 87.

    Ibid. 2.4 title, col. 224.

  88. 88.

    Ibid. 2.4.3, col. 266.

  89. 89.

    Harmonia in pentateuchem, 24:86–87.

  90. 90.

    Institutio 1.18.2, col. 155; 2.5.6, cols. 227–28; 3.24.13, col. 723.

  91. 91.

    Ibid. 2.5.11, col. 239; In psalmos, 31:764.

  92. 92.

    In psalmos, 32:109; and see Institutio 2.5.11, col. 239.

  93. 93.

    Institutio 3.14.17, cols. 575–76.

  94. 94.

    Ps. 17:10, 119:70; Is. 6:10.

  95. 95.

    Institutio 3.21.2, cols. 681–82.

  96. 96.

    For Servet, see Bruce Gordon, Calvin (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 217–33.

  97. 97.

    Calvin, Refutatio errorum, 8:535.

  98. 98.

    Sermons sur Iob, 34:72; 35:197.

  99. 99.

    In psalmos, 32:245. For piggish objectors to divine predestination, see also Institutio 3.23.12, col. 708; cf. Aquinas at 22.9, col. 695.

  100. 100.

    Aristotle, De partibus animalium 3.4 667a.

  101. 101.

    Institutio 4.13.15, col. 936. See also “pigpen” Epicureans, 1.5.4–1.5.5, cols. 43–44.

  102. 102.

    In psalmos, 31:588–89, 61.

  103. 103.

    In psalmos, 32:227–28.

  104. 104.

    In Corinthios 2 (Geneva), pp. 153, 113.

  105. 105.

    In psalmos, 31:127.

  106. 106.

    Sermons sur Iob, 33:546.

  107. 107.

    Institutio 2.4.5, cols. 233–34.

  108. 108.

    Ibid. 3.20.46, col. 673.

  109. 109.

    In psalmos, 31:725.

  110. 110.

    Institutio 2.3.13, col. 223.

  111. 111.

    In psalmos, 31:323.

  112. 112.

    Institutio 4.14.8, col. 947; 1.9.3, col. 71; 2.5.6, col. 235.

  113. 113.

    Ibid. 4.14.9, col. 947; 4.14.17, col. 954.

  114. 114.

    Ibid. 4.14.9, cols. 947–48; 4.14.19, col. 956.

  115. 115.

    Ibid. 4.14.8, cols. 946–47; 4.17.5, col. 1006.

  116. 116.

    In Ephesianos (Geneva), pp. 214, 215.

  117. 117.

    Calvin, Sermons sur l’Epitre aux Ephesiens, 51:489.

  118. 118.

    Institutio 4.14.4, col. 943; 4.14.24, col. 959; Harmonia in pentateuchem, 25:54.

  119. 119.

    In Galatas (Geneva), 16:94–95.

  120. 120.

    Institutio 2.3.10, col. 220–21; 3.20.43, cols. 667–68; In Iohannis epistola, 55:336.

  121. 121.

    Institutio 3.24.14, col. 724, 3.24.16, col. 726; In harmoniam pentateuchem 24:253; In psalmos 32:33.

  122. 122.

    In Isaiam, 36:139.

  123. 123.

    Institutio 2.3.13, col. 223; In psalmos, 31:323.

  124. 124.

    Institutio 2.3.8, cols. 217–18.

  125. 125.

    Ibid. 2.5.4, col. 233.

  126. 126.

    Ibid. 2.5.12, cols. 240–41.

  127. 127.

    Harmonia in pentateuchem, 24:222; In Acta Apostolorum (Geneva), 12–1:219; In Ieremiam, 37:587; cf. In Romanos (Geneva), pp. 54, 86–87.

  128. 128.

    Institutio 2.3.9, col. 218.

  129. 129.

    In psalmos, 31:518. Calvin typically cites that text to refute papist liberum arbitrium, or a moral freedom of choice toward grace.

  130. 130.

    Institutio 4.1.6, col. 752.

  131. 131.

    In psalmos, 31:21.

  132. 132.

    Harmonia in pentateuchem, 24:253; Sermons sur Iob, 33:546; In psalmos, 32:230.

  133. 133.

    Institutio 3.3.16, col. 446.

  134. 134.

    Ibid.1.7.4, col. 59.

  135. 135.

    Ibid. 1.8.11, col. 67.

  136. 136.

    Ibid. 1.7.4 col. 59.

  137. 137.

    Ibid. 1.7.5, col. 60.

  138. 138.

    See Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae II-I, q. 94 ad 2.

  139. 139.

    E.g., Marjorie O’Rourke Boyle, “The Wonder of the Heart: Albert the Great on the Origin of Philosophy,” Viator: Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 45 (2014): 266–90; idem, “Aquinas’s Natural Heart,” Early Science and Medicine 18 (2013): 266–90.

  140. 140.

    Boyle, “Aquinas’s Natural Heart.”

  141. 141.

    Institutio 1.5.5, col. 44.

  142. 142.

    In Romanos (Geneva), pp. 46–47.

  143. 143.

    Institutio 1.15.6, col. 140. For “domicile,” see, e.g., Alfred of Shareshill, De motu cordis, in Des Alfred von Sareshel (Alfredus Anglicus) Schrift “De motu cordis,” ed. Clemens Baeumker (Münster: Aschendorff, 1923), pp. 9–12.

  144. 144.

    In Romanos (Geneva), p. 221.

  145. 145.

    Institutio 3.2.33, cols. 425–46.

  146. 146.

    Ibid. 1.13.13, col. 101.

  147. 147.

    In Ephesios (Geneva), p. 214.

  148. 148.

    Institutio 1.5.9, cols. 47–48; 3.2.34, col. 637. For scholastic Aristotelian wonder, see Boyle, “Wonder of the Heart.”

  149. 149.

    Institutio 1.2.2, cols. 34–35; 1.12.1, col. 86.

  150. 150.

    Ibid. 3.6.4, col. 504.

  151. 151.

    In harmoniam evangelicam, 45:809–10.

  152. 152.

    In Romanos (Geneva), p. 55.

  153. 153.

    Aristotle, De partibus animalium 2.7 652a–653a; De generatione animalium 5 743b; Historia animalium 1.13.2 945a.

  154. 154.

    Institutio 1.12.1, cols. 86–87; 1.5.9, col. 47; 1.10.3, cols. 73–74; 1.5.9, col. 48; 3.2.34, cols. 426–27; 1.5.4, cols. 43–44.

  155. 155.

    Ibid. 1.3.1–2, cols. 36–37.

  156. 156.

    Ibid. 1.4.2, col. 39.

  157. 157.

    Ibid. 1.3.1–3, cols. 36–38, 1.10.3, col. 74; In Samuelem 1, 30:36; Institutio 1.3.2, cols. 36–37; 1.4.1, cols. 38–39; 1.4.2, col. 39; 1.4.4, cols. 40–41. For another interpretation of sensus divinitatis, see Paul Helm, John Calvin’s Ideas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 218–45. See also David C. Steinmetz, “Calvin and the Natural Knowledge of God,” in his Calvin in Context (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 23–39; Susan E. Schreiner, The Theater of His Glory: Nature and the Natural Order in the Thought of John Calvin (Durham, N.C.: Labyrinth, 1991), pp. 73–95.

  158. 158.

    Institutio 2.2.1, col. 186; 1.13.14, col. 102.

  159. 159.

    See Marjorie O’Rourke Boyle, “Aquinas’s Law of the Heart: Natural Reason,” this volume, pp. 67–100.

  160. 160.

    Institutio 2.1.11, col. 184.

  161. 161.

    Ibid. 3.14.3, col. 565.

  162. 162.

    In Romanos (Geneva), p. 35.

  163. 163.

    Institutio 3.14.3, col. 565.

  164. 164.

    Ibid. 3.14.7, cols. 568–69.

  165. 165.

    Calvin, In Romanos (Geneva), 13:46–47.

  166. 166.

    Harmonia in pentateuchem, 25:61; Sermons sur Job, 34:46; In Ieremiam, 38:462; In harmoniam evangelicam, 45:442, 611; In Johannem (Geneva), 11–2:106; In Acta Apostolorum (Geneva), 12–2:76.

  167. 167.

    Harmonia in Pentateuchem, 24:723. Calvin’s clausal subjunctives are all mistranslated as indicatives in Calvin, Commentaries on the Four Last Books of Moses Arranged in the Form of a Harmony, trans. Charles W. Bingham, 4 vols. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1950), 3:193.

  168. 168.

    Harmonia in Pentateuchem, 24:723.

  169. 169.

    In Johannem (Geneva), 11–1:19–20.

  170. 170.

    Institutio 1.7.5, col. 60.

  171. 171.

    Ibid. 3.2.36, col. 428; Calvin, Le catechisme de l’Eglise de Genève/Catechismus ecclesiae genevensis, 6:45–46.

  172. 172.

    Institutio 3.24.1, col. 712.

  173. 173.

    “obsigno,” A Latin Dictionary, ed. Charleton T. Lewis and Charles Short (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969), s.v.

  174. 174.

    See Aristotle, De anima 2.12 424b.

  175. 175.

    Institutio 3.2.42, col. 432.

  176. 176.

    Ibid. 1.7.5, col. 60.

  177. 177.

    Catechisme/Catechismus, 6:45–46.

  178. 178.

    Institutio 1.8.1, cols. 61–62.

  179. 179.

    Ibid.

  180. 180.

    “affectus,” Latin Dictionary, s.v.

  181. 181.

    For an introduction, see Simo Knuuttila, Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy (Oxford: Clarendon, 2004). See also Boyle, “Wonder of the Heart” and “Aquinas’s Natural Heart.”

  182. 182.

    “affectus,” “passio,” Latin Dictionary, s.v. See Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 6.2.8. For Calvin on Aristotle’s pathos, with evil affectus as perturbatio, see ibid. 2.2.2, col. 204.

  183. 183.

    Harmonia in pentateuchem, 24:58.

  184. 184.

    In Genesin, 23:557.

  185. 185.

    In Isaiam, 36:322.

  186. 186.

    In Johannem (Geneva), 11–2:135–36.

  187. 187.

    In psalmos, 31:795.

  188. 188.

    In psalmos, 32:249.

  189. 189.

    Aristotle, De partibus animalium 3.4 665b–666a; 3.7 670a; De iuventute et senectute 8 474a–b. See Boyle, “Aristotle’s Cardiac Vessel.”

  190. 190.

    In psalmos, 32:175.

  191. 191.

    Harmonia in pentateuchem, 27:597–99.

  192. 192.

    Boyle, Senses of Touch, pp. 250–55.

  193. 193.

    See “Aristotle’s Cardiac Vessel.”

  194. 194.

    Sermons sur le Deutéronome, 29:190. For Calvin’s descriptive diagnosis of “the species of melancholy” in Saul’s behavior, see Homiliae in primum librum Samuelis, 30:181.

  195. 195.

    Harmonia in pentateuchem, 24:58.

  196. 196.

    In psalmos, 31:156.

  197. 197.

    Théodore de Bèze, Au lecteur chrestien I (Vie de Calvin), 21:33.

  198. 198.

    Calvin, Praelectionum in Danielem prophetam, 40:561.

  199. 199.

    Sermons sur le livre de Job, 33:266; In psalmos, 31:75, 230; In prophetas minores, 42:337, 358, 504, 505; 43:142; Commentarius in harmoniam evangelicam, 45:156, 444; In Romanos (Geneva), p. 116.

  200. 200.

    Institutio 3.4.9, col. 464; Calvin, Responsio contra Pighium, 6:367; Calvin, Articuli a facultate s. theologiae Parisiensi, 7:11; In psalmos, 32:155. For the Eucharistic medicine, see Calvin, De la cene, 5:445; Calvin, La forme des prieres et changz ecclsiastiques, 6:199.

  201. 201.

    Homiliae in primum librum Samuelis, 29:395. Commentariorum in quinque libros Mosis, 24:164; In Isaiam, 37:258.

  202. 202.

    In Isaiam, 37:6; Calvin, Praelectiones in duodecim prophetas minores, 42:337; Sermons sur la premiere epitre a Timothee, 53:207. Cf. bad physicians who neglect the causes, In psalmos 31:253–54.

  203. 203.

    In Corinthios 2 (Geneva), p. 215.

  204. 204.

    Sermons sur la premiere epitre a Timothee, 53:207.

  205. 205.

    Calvin, In “De clementia” 1.17; Calvin’s Commentary on Seneca’s “De clementia,” ed. Ford Lewis Battles and André Malan Hugo (Leiden: E. J. Brill for the Renaissance Society of American, 1969), p. 266.

  206. 206.

    Institutio 3.8.5, col. 518. In Ieremiam (Geneva), 6–1:251–53; In prophetas minores, 42:318; 44:496; Commentarius in epistolam Pauli ad Timotheum I, 52:305.

  207. 207.

    Richard J. Sorabji, Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 194–210, 66, 67, 69. However, for eupathic responses, see Margaret R. Graver, Stoicism and Emotion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007). In general see also Knuuttila, Emotions.

  208. 208.

    Institutio 3.8.9, cols. 520–21.

  209. 209.

    In psalmos, 31:261, 387, 389–90, 398; 536. Ibid. cols. 272, 415. Ibid. cols. 580–81.

  210. 210.

    In Corinthios 2 (Geneva), p. 37.

  211. 211.

    In Isaiam, 36:306–307.

  212. 212.

    In psalmos, 31:344; 32:339.

  213. 213.

    In Acta Apostolorum (Geneva), 12–1:71–72.

  214. 214.

    In Romanos (Geneva), p. 104.

  215. 215.

    In psalmos, 31:652.

  216. 216.

    In psalmos, 32:63.

  217. 217.

    In psalmos, 31:313; Institutio 3.2.7, col. 412.

  218. 218.

    Institutio 3.20.46, col. 673; In Isaiam, 36:139.

  219. 219.

    Institutio 3.24.7, col. 718.

  220. 220.

    Aristotle, Physica 2.1 192b; and see 1.18 19b.

  221. 221.

    See Marcel Godet, La congrégation de Montaigu (1490–1580) (Paris: H. Champion, 1912); Augustin Renaudet, Préréforme et humanisme à Paris pendant les premières guerres d’Italie (1498–1517), 2nd rev. ed. (Paris: Librairie d’Argences, 1953), pp. 267–72; Hubert Elie, “Quelques maîtres de l’Université de Paris vers l’an 1500,” Archives d’historie doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Age, 18–19 (1950–51): 222–24; Olivier Millet, Calvin et la dynamique de la parole: Étude de rhétorique réformée (Geneva: Slatkine, 1992), pp. 30–34. See also Christopher B. Kaiser, “Calvin’s Understanding of Aristotelian Natural Philosophy: Its Extent and Possible Origins,” in Calviniana: Ideas and Influence of Jean Calvin, ed. Robert V. Schnucker (Kirksville, Mo.: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1988), pp. 77–92.

  222. 222.

    Institutio 2.1.10–11, cols. 184–85.

  223. 223.

    In psalmos, 31:725.

  224. 224.

    Institutio 1.13.14, col. 102. Against the identification of God as nature, see col. 45.

  225. 225.

    Genesis 1:2. In Genesin, 23:11, 16.

  226. 226.

    In Ezechielem, 40:456.

  227. 227.

    Institutio 4.1.3, cols. 747–48.

  228. 228.

    Ibid. 3.2.18, col. 413; 3.3.6, col. 438; 3.6.5, cols. 504–5; cf. 3.19.4, cols. 615–16. In psalmos 32:229, 372; In Iob 33:544.

  229. 229.

    Institutio 3.25.2, cols. 729–30.

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    Marjorie O’Rourke Boyle

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Boyle, M.O. (2018). Jean Calvin, Heart in Hand. In: Cultural Anatomies of the Heart in Aristotle, Augustine, Aquinas, Calvin, and Harvey. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93653-6_4

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