Abstract
The failure of a way of conceiving and grasping man’s being starting from the question of what that being is exactly (the paradigm of production) calls for an ontology capable of thematizing the guiding idea of man that has shaped the development of psychology and psychotherapy. What is suggested, then, is the outlining of a new perspective on man’s being, which is to say, of an ontology—that is phenomenological in its method of inquiry—capable of conceptualizing the incompleteness of existence. Phenomenological ontology thus presents psychology and psychotherapy with a new positum, ipseity, and, hence a new method to study it, formal indication. The chapter explores the impact of this ontology in creating a paradigm shift in psychology and therapeutic practices.
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- 1.
The young Heidegger wrote: “both the life-content of non-theoretical life and the what-contents of the material consideration always present themselves in a particular way in a ‘how’ and factically an intensifying-concentration (Zugespitztheit) upon the factical self-life of particular, many, whole generations is found in life, just as factically as the what-diversity of the subject-areas. This intensifying-concentration is not a what-content, but rather a how-content, in which each still so varied what- content can stand” (p. 67–68, (84–85) Heidegger GA 58).
- 2.
The phenomenological method—which is a specific method and hence one devoid and independent of any predefined thematic area—has enabled ontology to bring to light the structures of being in general. This method, then—which is not a particular philosophical discipline—allows us to reveal what is concealed and what withdraws itself from manifestation (Sheehan 2014).
- 3.
From this perspective, the various categories can be regarded as modes of being of life. A similar view was adopted by Peirce (Gethmann 1993 p. 272 ff.).
- 4.
In discussing Lask’s influence on the young Heidegger, Kiesel notes “The relation of form to its matter is thus one of ‘environment’ (Umgebung). Matter is encompassed, embraced (umgriffen) surrounded or environed (umgeben), horizoned or bordered (verbrämt) by the form; it is enveloped (humhullt) enclosed (umschlessen) in the form” (2008, p. 53). As evidence of this radical departure from the neo-Kantian tradition to which Lask belonged, Kiesel mentions in the letter in which Lask informed Husserl that his master Rickert was accusing him of a “reactionary regression to antiquity.” Rickert was here referring to the proximity of Lask’s thought to that of Aristotle, who was seen as having abandoned the idealism of Plato in order to situate “forms” in “matter itself.”
- 5.
Greisch notes “It is easy to see how this de-historicization makes accessing the concept of objective history possible” (p. 45, 2000).
- 6.
Heidegger will therefore seek to develop a conceptuality indicative of facticity through impersonal phrases: “It’s worlding, It’s contextualizing, It’s properizing, It’s destining (indicating unique directions of sense and sending us on our way), It’s temporalizing, It’s tensing the stretch and reach of my temporal playing field, It’s propriating my proper being and proper time” (p. 50 Kisiel 2008).
- 7.
“The self, in the present actualization of the experience of life, the self in the experiencing of itself, is the original reality” (GA 59 p. 173).
- 8.
See § 77 Sein und Zeit (GA 2).
- 9.
In dir, mein Geist, messe ich die Zeiten; dich messe ich, so ich die Zeit messe… In dir,sage ich immer wieder, messe ich die Zeit; die vorübergehend begegnenden Dinge bringen dich in eine Befindlichkeit, die bleibt, wahrend jene verschwinden. Die Befindlichkeit messe ich in dem gegenwartigen Dasein, nicht die Dinge, welche vorübergehen, dass sie erst entstünde. Mein Mich-befinden selbst, ich wiederhole es, messe ich, wenn ich die Zeit messe (GA 64, p. 111). In te, anime meus, tempora metior…In te, inquam, tempora metior;affectionem quam res praetereuntes in te faciunt, et cum illae praeterierint manet, ipsam metior presentem,non eas quae praeterierunt ut fieret:ipsam metior, cum tempora metior” (Book 11, ch. 27.36).
- 10.
The latest example of this mode of operating in psychotherapy is Guidano’s techno-constructivism, which translates Natorp’s reflections into a technical instrument, the “moviola” method. In the light of the orienting principles adopted in order to access the past, the “application” of this method to the flowing of memories slows down the sequences of images, making it possible to study them and bring them into focus through individual frames, as though lived experience were present and available to one’s consciousness.
- 11.
In mathematical analysis, the integral is an operator which, in the case of a single-variable function, associates the function with the area bounded by its graph within a given interval (a, b) in the domain.
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Arciero, G., Bondolfi, G., Mazzola, V. (2018). The Accesses to Oneself. In: The Foundations of Phenomenological Psychotherapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78087-0_4
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