Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ways in which assumptions about who “migrants” and “expats” are and how long an individual or a community needs to remain “migrant” are shaped by a series of important institutions and technical practices. The chapter focuses on the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), created in 1993 to coordinate discussion and elaboration of migration categories (as irregular, trafficked, refugee and asylum seeker, and legal, both permanent and temporary) and new spatial imaginaries to guide migration and border management institutions. In addition, ICMPD’s development of its mapping tool—I-Map—has been particularly important in reshaping contemporary geographical spatial imaginaries of the European border and the resulting externalization of the border/migration/asylum apparatus. We focus on I-Map’s effect on the Euro-Mediterranean (primarily the states bordering the Mediterranean Sea and neighboring states to the South) and on the EU initiative called the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EUROMED).
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Notes
- 1.
Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE) “Notas de Prensa: Cifras de Poblacion a 1 de enero de 2014, Estadistica de Migraciones 2013, Datos Provisionales” (2014) www.ine.es/prensa/np854.pdf (accessed October 16, 2015).
- 2.
Martin Geiger and Antoine Pécoud, “International Organisations and the Politics of Migration,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40, no. 6 (2014), 865–887.
- 3.
Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson, Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013), 178–181.
- 4.
Rutvica Andrijasevic and William Walters, “The International Organization for Migration and the International Government of Borders,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 28, no. 6 (2010).
- 5.
European Commission, DG DEVCO Interview, February 2011.
- 6.
Sabine Hess, “‘We Are Facilitating States!’ An Ethnographic Analysis of the ICMPD,” in The Politics of International Migration Management (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 96–119.
- 7.
ICMPD Newsletter 2007, 5.
- 8.
Willibald Pahr, “Migration Patterns-15 years of Change,” in ICMPD Newsletter January (2009): 1.
- 9.
Arbenz 2009, 2.
- 10.
Widgren 2002 quoted in Hess (2010): 101.
- 11.
Pahr 2009, 3.
- 12.
Bridget Anderson, Us and Them? The Dangerous Politics of Immigration Control (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 54–57.
- 13.
Rosemarie Rogers and Emily Copeland, “The Evolution of the International Refugee Regime,” in The Migration Reader: Exploring Politics and Policies, Anthony Messina and Gallya Lahav (Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, n.d.), 202–215, 204.
- 14.
Michel Foucault and Colin Gordon, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, 1st American ed. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), 194.
- 15.
Gregory Feldman, The Migration Apparatus: Security, Labor, and Policymaking in the European Union (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2012), 14.
- 16.
Feldman, 56. See also, Judith Kumin, “The Challenge of Mixed Migration by Sea,” Forced Migration Review, no. 45 (2014): 49.
- 17.
John Pickles, A History of Spaces: Cartographic Reason, Mapping, and the Geo-Coded World (London; New York: Routledge, 2004).
- 18.
The period between 2004 (the year of the Cap Anamur controversy) and 2011 (the year of the “Left-to-Die” boat) is emblematic of the securitarian approach. The Cap Anamur resulted from a German-flagged ship rescuing distressed refugees in the Mediterranean. Upon disembarking in Italy, the refugees were detained and the ship’s crew arrested and tried with “aiding illegal immigration.” The “Left-to-Die” incident referred to a refugee vessel from Libya drifting for various days in the Mediterranean; various warships and coastal guard units are accused of ignoring calls for rescue (http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0101r27).
- 19.
William Walters, “Foucault and Frontiers: Notes on the Birth of the Humanitarian Border,” in Governmentality: Current Issues and Future Challenges (New York: Routledge, 2011), 138–164.
- 20.
Mezzadra and Neilson, Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor, 176.
- 21.
ICMPD interview in Brussels, April 2012.
- 22.
Hess, “‘We Are Facilitating States!’ An Ethnographic Analysis of the ICMPD.”
- 23.
Fabian Georgi, “For the Benefit of Some: The International Organization for Migration and Its Global Migration Management,” in The Politics of International Migration Management (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 45–73.
- 24.
- 25.
Feldman, The Migration Apparatus, 58.
- 26.
ICMPD interview April 2012.
- 27.
ICMPD headquarters, interview in Vienna September 2011, ICMPD interview in Brussels, April 2012.
- 28.
Gottfried Zurcher, The DG’s Corner. ICMPD Newsletter. Issue 2 (2007), 2.
- 29.
Mezzadra and Neilson, Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor, 178.
- 30.
Peter Arbenz, “How it all Started,” ICMPD Newsletter January (2009): 1.
- 31.
ICMPD headquarters, interview in Vienna, September 2011.
- 32.
Ibid.
- 33.
Though there are I-Maps currently being generated for various regions, the only region with complete information is that of the Mediterranean Transit Migration Dialogue, where the original I-Map was developed.
- 34.
- 35.
- 36.
Feldman, The Migration Apparatus, 71.
- 37.
ICMPD headquarters, interview in Vienna September 2011.
- 38.
Nick Vaughan-Williams, “Borderwork beyond Inside/Outside? Frontex, the Citizen-Detective and the War on Terror,” Space and Polity 12, no. 1 (2008): 63–79.
- 39.
Maribel Casas-Cortés, Sebastián Cobarrubias, and John Pickles, “‘Good Neighbours Make Good Fences’: Seahorse Operations, Border Externalization and Extra-Territoriality,” European Urban and Regional Studies 23, no. 3 (2016): 231–251.
- 40.
EuropeAid, interview, February 2011.
- 41.
Anne Sofie Westh Olsen, Reconsidering West African Migration Changing Focus from European Immigration to Intra-Regional Flows (Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, 2011).
- 42.
ECOWAS refers to the Economic Community of West African States formed in 1975 and which includes 15 West African countries. ECOWAS has a long-standing goal and protocol on freedom of movement for citizens of its member countries to other ECOWAS states. Thus there is debate as to whether an EU-influenced approach centering on managing irregular migration may interfere with African intraregional migration. See Federal Ministry of Information, Republic of Nigeria, “ECOWAS heads of immigration meet in Abuja to Harmonize Protocol on free movement,” (2010) Available at: http://fmi.gov.ng/latest/3045/ (accessed October 16, 2015).
- 43.
Franck Düvell, Irina Molodikova, and Michael Collyer, eds., Transit Migration in Europe, IMISCOE Research (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2014).
- 44.
Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 41.
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Casas-Cortés, M., Cobarrubias, S., Pickles, J. (2019). B/ordering Turbulence Beyond Europe: Expert Knowledge in the Management of Human Mobility. In: Linhard, T., Parsons, T.H. (eds) Mapping Migration, Identity, and Space. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77956-0_11
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