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Delegated Legislative Power of the Shenzhen SEZ

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Experimental Legislation in China between Efficiency and Legality

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Abstract

改革开放胆子要大一些,敢于试验,不能像小脚女人一样。

(You [the Shenzhen local government] should be bolder in carrying out reform and opening up, dare to make experiments and should not act as women with bound feet.)

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Comment made by Deng Xiaoping during the 1992 tour of southern China, reprinted and explained in Wang (1993), pp. 13 and 15. An English translation of this comment can be found in China Daily (2010b), http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/cpc2011/2010-09/09/content_12481216_3.htm, accessed 20 December 2017.

  2. 2.

    See Sect. 3.3.1.

  3. 3.

    Ding (2010), p. 23; Wang (1999), p. 81.

  4. 4.

    During the time period from 1980s until mid 1990s, 12 empowerment decisions were enacted. For an overview, see Qian (2015), p. 56.

  5. 5.

    Hu and Mao (2013), http://english.qstheory.cn/magazine/201301/201302/t20130219_211853.htm, accessed 27 December 2017.

  6. 6.

    Hu and Mao (2013), http://english.qstheory.cn/magazine/201301/201302/t20130219_211853.htm, accessed 27 December 2017.

  7. 7.

    Qian (2015), p. 56.

  8. 8.

    Zhang (1998), p. 130.

  9. 9.

    Ahl (2015), pp. 242–243.

  10. 10.

    Cai (2010), p. 66; Xie and Li (1998), p. 98; Guan (2015), p. 237.

  11. 11.

    Zhou (2004), p. 261.

  12. 12.

    Article 22 of the 1954 Constitution.

  13. 13.

    According to Articles 67, 70 of the 1954 Constitution the organs of self-governments of national autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties have the power to draw up statutes and specific regulations suited to the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the nationalities in the areas concerned. However, no reference is made to the legislative power of local governments of provinces or municipalities directly under the central authorities. Moreover, the Organic Law of the Local People’s Congresses and the Local People’s Committees (中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民委员会组织法), adopted on September 21, 1954, further provided that departments of local governments at a lower level were subject to the leadership of the same departments at a higher level, Articles 24, 39, 40, see more closely Chen (2015), p. 140.

  14. 14.

    Chen (2015), p. 140.

  15. 15.

    Sun (2015b), p. 63. The Standing Committee had, among others, the power to interpret law, see Article 31 (3) of the 1954 Constitution.

  16. 16.

    Peerenboom (2012), p. 140.

  17. 17.

    Sun (2015b), p. 63.

  18. 18.

    See above, Sect. 2.2.3.3.1.

  19. 19.

    Zhou (2004), p. 247; Keller (1994), p. 725.

  20. 20.

    Under the 1982 Constitution, the Standing Committee has the power to make laws that are not within the NPC’s legislative power, Article 67 No 2.

  21. 21.

    Sun (2007), p. 87; Sun (2015b), p. 63; Song (2000), p. 126.

  22. 22.

    Liu (2013), p. 36.

  23. 23.

    Keller (1994), pp. 725–726; Li (2000a), p. 125.

  24. 24.

    Deng (2003), p. 61; Huang (2012b), p. 99.

  25. 25.

    Rawski (1995), p. 1155; Teets and Hurst (2015), p. 8.

  26. 26.

    Zhang (2012c), p. 109; Chen (2015), p. 240. There appears to be a general consensus that China is no longer a typical unitary state, see above, Sect. 2.2.1.1.

  27. 27.

    Cai (2010), p. 66. Cai Dingjian stresses that the delegation of legislative authorities pluralized China’s legislative bodies, made the legislative system more flexible and dynamic and helped to resolve complex issues of economic development.

  28. 28.

    Sun (2007), p. 87; Sun (2015b), p. 63; Huang and Zhu (1986), p. 9.

  29. 29.

    Heilmann (2008b), p. 13.

  30. 30.

    See Sect. 3.3.3.2.2.

  31. 31.

    Concerning this principle, see above, Sect. 3.3.3.2.2; Zhang (1995), p. 44.

  32. 32.

    Zhou (2004), p. 249; Huang and Zhu (1986), p. 8.

  33. 33.

    Zhou (2004), p. 248.

  34. 34.

    Bi (2015), p. 155; Xie and Li (1998), pp. 98–99.

  35. 35.

    Zhou (2004), p. 248.

  36. 36.

    According to Qian Hongdao and Du Weichao, ignorance and uncertainty (无知和不确定) are the two reasons for tending towards experimentalist governance, see Qian and Du (2015), p. 10.

  37. 37.

    Deng (2003), p. 61.

  38. 38.

    Huang and Zhu (1986), p. 8.

  39. 39.

    Zhang (1995), p. 44.

  40. 40.

    Zhou (2004), pp. 245–246.

  41. 41.

    Corne (2002), p. 373.

  42. 42.

    The relevant laws would be the Constitution and the Legislation Law. Due to the inadequate allocation of legislative powers by the Constitution, the Legislation Law more intensely draws attention to the questions how to divide legislative powers between different legislative organs, see more closely Li (2000a), p. 125. The Legislation Law may thus have incorporated some informal federalist elements into the Chinese state system. However, in contrast to federal countries, there is no constitutional review on resolving conflicts between the center and the localities.

  43. 43.

    See also Corne (1997), p. 57.

  44. 44.

    Deng (2003), p. 60; Corne (1997), p. 57.

  45. 45.

    Corne (2002), p. 373.

  46. 46.

    Li (2005), p. 116; Wu (2007), p. 2; Guan (2015), p. 237.

  47. 47.

    Sun (2007), p. 88.

  48. 48.

    Zhou (2004), pp. 251–252.

  49. 49.

    Jueyi (决议) means—literally translated—“resolution”. Yet, since it has the same legal effect as the empowerment decision (jueding 决定), it can also be translated as “decision”.

  50. 50.

    Sun (2007), p. 88; Corne (2002), p. 373; Zhou (2004), p. 253. Another method of granting legislative authority in Chinese law refers to the so-called “general delegation of legislative power” (yiban shouquan lifa 一般授权立法). To wit, a law provides in its body for lower organs to formulate implementing rules or measures, see Corne (1997), p. 58; Deng (2003), p. 60. Zhou Wangsheng speaks of fatiao shouquan 法条授权 (enabling law) as distinguished from empowerment decisions, see Zhou (2004), pp. 253–254. For example, Article 17 of the Education Law from 1995 (中华人民共和国教育法) stipulated that the detailed regulations on schooling system shall be prescribed by the State Council or the administrative department of education empowered by the State Council. Sun Xiaodan emphasizes that in the past few years not only the NPC and NPCSC but also the State Council delegated powers to lower organs via entrustment clauses. For example, Article 61 of the Regulations on School Bus Safety Management (校车安全管理条例), adopted by the State Council on March 28, 2012 authorizes the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and the centrally administered cities to formulate measures for implementation according to their actual local conditions, see Sun (2015c), p. 113. Yet, some of these entrustment clauses addressing local governments may be superfluous considering their inherent powers clearly spelled out in the Legislation Law 2000, see Deng (2003), p. 60.

  51. 51.

    Wang (1999), p. 82.

  52. 52.

    The concept of separation of power in German law tends to be more rigid than its antitypes in France and in the United Kingdom. This is due to historical reasons: A clear separation of power is directed at preventing the establishment of another terror regime, see Blasek (2015), pp. 6–7.

  53. 53.

    See Article 80 (1) clause 1 and 2 of the German Constitution.

  54. 54.

    Umbach (1984), pp. 123–124.

  55. 55.

    Lee (2000), p. 279.

  56. 56.

    Wang (1999), p. 83.

  57. 57.

    Keller (1994), p. 714.

  58. 58.

    Keller (1994), p. 714.

  59. 59.

    Gittings (2013), p. 78; Chen (2011), pp. 143–144.

  60. 60.

    See Interpretation to the Legislation Law 2000 (中华人民共和国立法法释义) from August 1, 2001, issued by the Legislative Affairs Commission of the NPCSC (全国人大常委会法制工作委员会编), Article 10, http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/flsyywd/xianfa/2001-08/01/content_140407.htm, accessed 22 December 2017.

  61. 61.

    Sun (2007), p. 88; Corne (2002), p. 378.

  62. 62.

    Zhang (2012b), p. 182; Sun (2007), p. 88; Wang (1999), p. 86.

  63. 63.

    Keller (1994), p. 735. Zhou Wangsheng states that some progress has been achieved in the specificity of empowerment decisions when comparing the ones from 1950s to those of the 1990s. For example, in 1955 the NPC delegated partial legislative powers to the NPCSC without further restrictions: Resolution adopted at the 2nd meeting of the First NPC authorizing the NPCSC to develop separate regulations (中华人民共和国第一届全国人民代表大会第二次会议关于授权常务委员会制定单行法规的决议). According to Zhou Wangsheng, the empowerment decisions of the 1980s directed to the State Council and those concerning municipal people’s congresses of cities hosting SEZs in the 1990s have gained in concreteness, see more closely Zhou (2004), p. 254. Yet, even though the contents of the empowerment decisions may have slightly improved, the shadowy notion of legislative delegation has not yet been abandoned.

  64. 64.

    Wang (1999), p. 83; Keller (1994), p. 735.

  65. 65.

    Lee (2000), p. 279.

  66. 66.

    Chen (2015), p. 57.

  67. 67.

    See above, Sect. 3.3.3.2.1.

  68. 68.

    Lee (2000), p. 279.

  69. 69.

    Wang (1999), p. 81; Zhou (2004), p. 248; Pang (2015), pp. 74–75.

  70. 70.

    See Wang (1999), p. 83; Zhang (2014), http://epaper.legaldaily.com.cn/fzrb/content/20140510/Articel03003GN.htm, accessed 20 December 2017. This hints at the phenomenon of the so-called “benign violation”, see more closely Sect. 6.3.1.2.

  71. 71.

    See in detail Wang (1999), p. 82; Sun (2007), p. 88. The question of whether the NPC and its Standing Committee had the constitutional right to delegate legislative power to the State Council and to the organs governing SEZs shall be elaborated upon in Sect. 6.2.1.

  72. 72.

    See more detailed Zhou (2004), p. 256.

  73. 73.

    See Chap. 2, supra note 182.

  74. 74.

    Resolution of the NPC on the Establishment of the Hainan Special Economic Zone (全国人民代表大会关于建立海南经济特区的决议), adopted on April 13, 1988.

  75. 75.

    Decision of the NPC on Authorizing the People’s Congress of Xiamen City and the Standing Committee and the People’s Government of Xiamen City to Formulate Regulations and Rules Respectively of Implementation in the Xiamen Special Economic Zone (全国人民代表大会关于授权厦门市人民代表大会及其常务委员会和厦门市人民政府分别制定法规和规章在厦门经济特区实施的决定), adopted on March 22, 1994.

  76. 76.

    Decision of the NPC on Authorizing the People’s Congresses of Shantou City and Zhuhai City and their Standing Committees and the People’s Governments of Shantou City and Zhuhai City to Formulate Regulations and Rules Respectively for Implementation in the Shantou and Zhuhai Special Economic Zones (全国人民代表大会关于授权汕头市和珠海市人民代表大会及其常务委员会、人民政府分别制定法规和规章在各自的经济特区实施的决定), adopted on March 17, 1996.

  77. 77.

    Decision of the Standing Committee of NPC authorizing the State Council to reform the system of industrial and commercial taxes and issue relevant draft tax regulations for trial application (全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于授权国务院改革工商税制发布有关税收条例草案试行的决定), issued on September 18, 1984.

  78. 78.

    See above, Chap. 3, supra note 159.

  79. 79.

    See above, Chap. 3, supra note 160.

  80. 80.

    Zhang Genda states that the recipients of delegated legislative power (被授权者) refer to “relevant state organs” (有关国家机关) which also include local state organs, such as local legislative authorities and local governments, see more closely Zhang (1993), p. 12.

  81. 81.

    Keller (2000), p. 77.

  82. 82.

    Li (2000a), p. 120; Peerenboom (2006), p. 204.

  83. 83.

    Articles 9, 56 (3) of the Legislation Law 2000.

  84. 84.

    Articles 65, 81 (2) of the Legislation Law 2000.

  85. 85.

    See above, Sect. 3.3.5.2.

  86. 86.

    Article 4 clause 2 of the Ordinance concerning the Procedures for the Formulation of Administrative Regulations, see Chap. 3, supra note 400.

  87. 87.

    Article 10 of the Legislation Law 2000.

  88. 88.

    The State Council is not allowed to further transfer the legislative power to other entities such as the ministries and departments, local people’s congresses and governments in order to prevent legal fragmentation, see more closely Interpretation to the Legislation Law 2000 (中华人民共和国立法法释义) from August 1, 2001, issued by the Legislative Affairs Commission of the NPCSC (全国人大常委会法制工作委员会编), Article 10, http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/flsyywd/xianfa/2001-08/01/content_140407.htm, accessed 23 December 2017.

  89. 89.

    Chen (2015), p. 252. Peerenboom, however, casts doubt on the effectiveness of imposing such specificity requirements in a country where broad delegations of authority to administrative agencies have become the norm, see Peerenboom (2006), p. 205.

  90. 90.

    Liu (2013), p. 36.

  91. 91.

    The concept of imperative of determinacy (明确性原则) has become a growing focus of interest among Chinese legal scholars, see Liu and Liu (2004), pp. 43–46; Wu (2007), p. 2.

  92. 92.

    Balme (2013), p. 179; Guan (2015), p. 237.

  93. 93.

    Zhang (2015), p. 68; Zheng (2017), p. 56. With regard to the insufficient legal review, see Sect. 6.1.2.

  94. 94.

    Corne (1997), p. 95.

  95. 95.

    The lack of time limits has been subject to criticism among Chinese scholars, see Zhang (2014), http://epaper.legaldaily.com.cn/fzrb/content/20140510/Articel03003GN.htm, accessed 20 December 2017; Sun (2007), p. 88; Chen (2015), p. 252.

  96. 96.

    The revised Article 10 now resembles—with regard to the three terms content, purpose and scope—the requirements of legal certainty expressed in Article 80 (1) clause 2 of the German Constitution (so-called triad of determinacy—Bestimmtheitstrias), see also Ahl (2015), p. 250.

  97. 97.

    Sun (2015c), p. 114; Zhang (2015), p. 65.

  98. 98.

    Sun (2015c), p. 114.

  99. 99.

    Zhang Weijing advocates the abolishment of the criterion “ripeness of conditions” as contained in Article 11 of the Legislation Law, see Zhang (2015), p. 68.

  100. 100.

    Since the Decision of the NPCSC on Authorizing the State Council to Temporarily Adjust the Relevant Administrative Approval Items in the Shanghai FTZ was enacted before the revised version of the Legislation Law introducing Article 13, the legal basis of the empowerment decision is unclear: Article 9 of the Legislation Law 2000 is not sufficiently flexible to also allow for regulations of an adaptive nature, see Zhang (2014), http://epaper.legaldaily.com.cn/fzrb/content/20140510/Articel03003GN.htm, accessed 20 December 2017. Furthermore, the Constitution does not contain any precise provision enabling the NPC and its Standing Committee to delegate the power for temporary adjustment or suspension of laws. Yet, Article 13 of the Legislation Law 2015 provides the legal basis for the Decision and may be regarded as a constitutional interpretation. For a discussion, see Liu (2015b), pp. 61–63.

  101. 101.

    See more closely Chap. 3, supra note 409.

  102. 102.

    Qian (2015), pp. 62–63.

  103. 103.

    Cf. Decision of the CCP Central Committee on Major Issues Pertaining to Comprehensively Promoting the Rule of Law, see Creemers (2014), https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/ccp-central-committee-decision-concerning-some-major-questions-in-comprehensively-moving-governing-the-country-according-to-the-law-forward/, accessed 22 December 2017.

  104. 104.

    Zhong (2001a), p. 6; Guan (2015), p. 237.

  105. 105.

    Qin (2009), http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/zt/qt/dfrd30year/2009-04/14/content_1497664.htm, accessed 20 December 2017; Li (2011), p. 161.

  106. 106.

    Li and Li (2005), p. 54; Peng and Yan (2011), p. 72.

  107. 107.

    See above, Sect. 4.1.3.

  108. 108.

    Li and Li (2005), p. 54; Peng and Yan (2011), p. 72.

  109. 109.

    These empowerment decisions are mentioned above in this chapter under Sect. 4.1.3.

  110. 110.

    According to Article 73 (1) of the Legislation Law 2000, the people’s governments of cities hosting an SEZ now only enjoy inherent local legislative power. They have lost their status as recipient of delegated legislative power. It has been argued that this new arrangement in the Legislation Law aims at preventing legislative overlaps, see more closely Li and Li (2005), pp. 54–55. This, however, is incompatible with the empowerment decision, see below, Sect. 6.2.1.2.

  111. 111.

    Song (2000), p. 128.

  112. 112.

    Article 81 (2) of the Legislation Law 2000.

  113. 113.

    Zhou (2004), p. 261; Pang (2015), pp. 75–78; Huang (2012b), p. 100.

  114. 114.

    Article 63 (1), (2), (4) of the Legislation Law 2000; see above, Sect. 2.2.3.3.2.

  115. 115.

    Article 73 (1) of the Legislation Law 2000.

  116. 116.

    Song (2000), p. 127; Guan (2015), p. 238.

  117. 117.

    Song (2000), p. 127.

  118. 118.

    Guan (2015), p. 238.

  119. 119.

    See above, Sect. 2.2.3.3.2.

  120. 120.

    See more closely Sun (2015a), http://fzj.shantou.gov.cn/Item/2166.aspx, accessed 23 December 2017. The delegated legislative power of SEZs is manifest in Article 74 of the Legislation Law 2015; the general local legislative power is to be found in Article 72 of the Legislation Law 2015.

  121. 121.

    See Sect. 6.2.2.2.

  122. 122.

    Foster and Sule (2010), p. 164.

  123. 123.

    Foster and Sule (2010), p. 164; Gröpl (2015), p. 309.

  124. 124.

    Article 80 (1) clause 2 of the German Constitution.

  125. 125.

    Article 80 (1) clause 1 of the German Constitution.

  126. 126.

    Gröpl (2015), p. 310.

  127. 127.

    Peerenboom (2002), p. 239.

  128. 128.

    Pan Zhangliang speaks of a chaotic situation of the current practice of delegated legislation (目前授权立法实践较为混乱的局面), see Pan (2008), p. 362.

  129. 129.

    Zeng (2016), http://www.fzb.sz.gov.cn/ztzl/yfxz/fzyj/201605/t20160518_3632797.htm, accessed 23 December 2017.

  130. 130.

    Zhou (2004), p. 245.

  131. 131.

    Articles 9, 10 of the Legislation Law 2000.

  132. 132.

    See Article 88 of the Legislation Law 2015.

  133. 133.

    Article 10 (2) of the Legislation Law 2015.

  134. 134.

    See above, Sect. 3.3.5.2.

  135. 135.

    Zhou (2004), p. 243. Zhou Wangsheng describes delegated legislation as a form of secondary legislation (一种派生性的立法) in contrast to primary legislation (原生性的立法).

  136. 136.

    Fenwick (1984), p. 387.

  137. 137.

    Fenwick (1984), p. 387.

  138. 138.

    Chien (2010), p. 133.

  139. 139.

    Wu et al. (2006), p. 125; Chien (2010), p. 133.

  140. 140.

    Concerning the variety of cities at different levels of the Chinese political hierarchy, see more closely Wu et al. (2006), p. 124; McElwee (2011), p. 110.

  141. 141.

    Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing.

  142. 142.

    Article 30 (1) of the Constitution; see also above, Sect. 2.2.1.

  143. 143.

    Guo (2013a), p. 74; Wu et al. (2006), p. 125.

  144. 144.

    Wu et al. (2006), p. 125.

  145. 145.

    Guo (2013a), p. 74.

  146. 146.

    Guo (2013a), p. 74. However, it has to be noted that the criteria for being upgraded to a city at prefecture-level differed during the last few decades: The central government has been influential in city designation via various regulations, see more closely Shen (2005), p. 51.

  147. 147.

    Wu et al. (2006), p. 125; McElwee (2011), p. 110.

  148. 148.

    Wu et al. (2006), p. 125; McElwee (2011), p. 110.

  149. 149.

    Chien (2010), p. 133; Wu et al. (2006), p. 125.

  150. 150.

    O’Donnell (2001), p. 420.

  151. 151.

    Chien (2010), p. 134.

  152. 152.

    Chien (2010), p. 134.

  153. 153.

    Wei (1999), p. 68.

  154. 154.

    McCreery (2012), http://anthrojournal.com/issue/may/article/but-at-what-cost-shenzhen-china-and-the-social-implications-of-urban-success1, accessed 27 December 2017.

  155. 155.

    Concerning the different administrative positions ensuing a certain degree of economic and legislative autonomy, see Zeng (2010), p. 17; McCreery (2012), http://anthrojournal.com/issue/may/article/but-at-what-cost-shenzhen-china-and-the-social-implications-of-urban-success1, accessed 27 December 2017.

  156. 156.

    Chen (2010), p. 45; Zhong (2001a), p. 3.

  157. 157.

    Tan and Huang (2013), p. 51.

  158. 158.

    Chan (2010), p. 20; Wuttke (2012), p. 105.

  159. 159.

    China Daily (2010a), http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-06/02/content_9925392.htm, accessed 20 December 2017.

  160. 160.

    See Zhang (1998), pp. 129–130; Mei (2013), p. 63; Zhong (2001a), pp. 8–9.

  161. 161.

    See above in this chapter under Sect. 4.1.4.2.

  162. 162.

    Zeng (2016), http://www.fzb.sz.gov.cn/ztzl/yfxz/fzyj/201605/t20160518_3632797.htm, accessed 23 December 2017. As explained above under Sect. 4.1.2, “special delegation” means that legislative power is conferred to a state organ by virtue of a special resolution or decision of the NPC or NPCSC.

  163. 163.

    In China, the recourse to civil law ideas in discussing public law matters seems plausible since the concept of delegated legislation was rather immature and not yet fully developed. It is to be noted that the concept of agency in civil law used here as point of reference must not be confused with the “principal-agent theory”, an analytical tool in political science and economics which is also often associated with delegation of power but focuses on the so-called “agency problem”, that is, the agent finds himself in a situation of conflict of interest, see more closely Lupia and McCubbins (1994), pp. 363–365.

  164. 164.

    Article 63 of the General Principles of Civil Law from 1986, revised in 2009/Articles 19–23 of the General Provisions of Civil Law from 2017; Article 9 of the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China, adopted and promulgated on March 15, 1999.

  165. 165.

    See more closely Chen (1999), p. 51; Deng (2000), p. 11; Wang (2006), p. 50.

  166. 166.

    Chen (1999), p. 51; Yuan (2003), p. 75; Wang (2006), p. 50.

  167. 167.

    The deviation power (biantong quan 变通权) can be inferred from the broad wording of the 1992 empowerment decision and has been incorporated into Article 81 of the Legislation Law 2000 (Article 90 of the Legislation Law 2015), see more closely below in this chapter under Sect. 4.2.5.

  168. 168.

    See in detail Pan (2008), pp. 361–362; Yuan (2003), p. 76.

  169. 169.

    Principal and agents have—in general—the same legal status. Yet, it has to be noted that due to the underlying legal relationship between principal and agent—the Auftrag (the order)—the agent is subject to the ordering party, the principal.

  170. 170.

    Yuan (2003), p. 76; Hao (2001), p. 51.

  171. 171.

    Article 98 No 5 of the Legislation Law 2015; Pan (2008), p. 362.

  172. 172.

    Pan (2008), p. 362.

  173. 173.

    Chen (1999), p. 52; Pan (2008), p. 362.

  174. 174.

    Yuan (2003), p. 76; Zeng (2004), p. 35.

  175. 175.

    Chen (1999), p. 51.

  176. 176.

    Chen (1999), p. 51.

  177. 177.

    Chen (1999), p. 51; Pan (2008), p. 362.

  178. 178.

    Pan (2008), p. 361; Yuan (2003), p. 75.

  179. 179.

    See more closely Deng (2000), p. 12; Pan (2008), pp. 361–362.

  180. 180.

    Chen (1999), p. 51; Deng (2000), p. 12; Pan (2008), p. 362.

  181. 181.

    See also Chau (1999), p. 39.

  182. 182.

    Qin (2009), http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/zt/qt/dfrd30year/2009-04/14/content_1497664.htm, accessed 20 December 2017.

  183. 183.

    Zeng (2016), http://www.fzb.sz.gov.cn/ztzl/yfxz/fzyj/201605/t20160518_3632797.htm, accessed 23 December 2017.

  184. 184.

    See also Guan (2015), p. 237.

  185. 185.

    Ghai (2000), p. 86.

  186. 186.

    See more closely Chap. 5.

  187. 187.

    Hao (2001), p. 52; Mei (2013), p. 63; Zhong (2001a), p. 10.

  188. 188.

    See more closely Guan (2015), p. 237; Zhang (2011), p. 51; Zhong (2001a), pp. 8–9.

  189. 189.

    Concerning the “local features” (difang tese 地方特色) in general, cf. Wang (2005), p. 28.

  190. 190.

    See above, Sect. 2.2.3.3.4.

  191. 191.

    Article 63 (1), (3), (4) of the Legislation Law 2000.

  192. 192.

    Article 72 (2) of the Legislation Law 2015.

  193. 193.

    See Wang (2006), p. 50; Zhong (2001a), p. 8; Guan (2015), p. 237.

  194. 194.

    Song (2000), p. 127; Guan (2015), p. 238; Zeng (2016), http://www.fzb.sz.gov.cn/ztzl/yfxz/fzyj/201605/t20160518_3632797.htm, accessed 23 December 2017.

  195. 195.

    Huang (2012b), p. 99; Tan and Huang (2013), p. 54.

  196. 196.

    Pang (2015), p. 74.

  197. 197.

    Heuser (2000), p. 938.

  198. 198.

    Zhang (2011), p. 51; Pang (2015), p. 74; Tan and Huang (2013), p. 54.

  199. 199.

    Legislative Affairs Office of Shenzhen Municipal Government (Mai 29, 2015), http://www.fzb.sz.gov.cn/zdyw/ywzsk/zflf/201505/t20150529_2886453.htm, accessed 20 December 2017. The approval requirement for local legislation enacted by comparatively large cities/districted city is found in Article 63 (2) of the Legislation Law 2000, Article 72 (2) of the Legislation Law 2015.

  200. 200.

    Guan (2015), p. 237; Huang (2012a), p. 6. The empowerment decisions from 1981 and 1992 require that SEZ regulations be reported to the NPCSC for the record (bei’an 备案). As to the regulations that are reported for the record, the NPCSC usually adopts a passive way in examination, that is, no trial without complaint, see Li (2000b), p. 69.

  201. 201.

    Mei (2013), p. 63; Song (2004b), p. 55; Zhong (2001a), p. 9; Hao (2001), p. 52.

  202. 202.

    See Sect. 2.2.3.3.2.

  203. 203.

    Article 63 (2), (4) of the Legislation Law 2000.

  204. 204.

    Article 73 of the Legislation Law 2000.

  205. 205.

    See above, Sect. 4.2.1.2.

  206. 206.

    Mei (2013), p. 64.

  207. 207.

    He (2010), http://www.scmp.com/article/715866/shenzhen-allowed-turn-entire-city-special-zone, accessed 17 December 2017; Zhong (2012), pp. 3–4.

  208. 208.

    Wuttke (2012), pp. 114–115; Zhong (2012), p. 4.

  209. 209.

    Article 81 of the Legislation Law 2000.

  210. 210.

    Zhong (2012), p. 3.

  211. 211.

    He (2010), http://www.scmp.com/article/715866/shenzhen-allowed-turn-entire-city-special-zone, accessed 17 December 2017.

  212. 212.

    Zhong (2012), pp. 5–6. Tan Bo and Huang Yan point out that the “automatic” (zidong 自动) extension of SEZ delegated legislation to the whole city causes difficulties since the circumstances within the former SEZ and the former districts outside the SEZ (Bao’an and Longgang) still differ. Therefore, the extension of delegated legislative power to these districts should be dependent on certain conditions (有条件地适用), see Tan and Huang (2013), p. 54.

  213. 213.

    Zheng (2015), p. 63. Zheng Yi contends that the difference between general local legislative power and delegated legislative power is of a purely formal nature: The legislative body as well as the geographical scope of application in both cases is the same. Only, if the regulations enacted have the status of general local legislation, they cannot break the existing law; if they are conceived as SEZ-legislation based on delegated legislative power, they enjoy deviation power. Zheng Yi further explains that the legislative power may, in practice, easily be based on Article 72 or Article 74 of the Legislation Law 2015.

  214. 214.

    Zheng (2014), http://www.criminallaw.com.cn/article/default.asp?id=12290, accessed 20 December 2017; Pang (2015), p. 77; Wu (2007), pp. 4–5.

  215. 215.

    Guan (2015), p. 238; Wu and Li (2015), pp. 272–273.

  216. 216.

    深圳市制定法规条例.

  217. 217.

    Article 4 No 3 of the 2012 Regulations on the Enactment of Statutes.

  218. 218.

    Article 5 No 2 of the 2012 Regulations on the Enactment of Statutes.

  219. 219.

    Article 8 No 1 of the 2012 Regulations on the Enactment of Statutes.

  220. 220.

    See also Tan and Huang (2013), p. 54.

  221. 221.

    Huang (2012b), p. 100.

  222. 222.

    Li (2015b), http://sz.people.com.cn/n/2015/1028/c202846-26945501.html, accessed 20 December 2017.

  223. 223.

    Li (2015a), http://city.shenchuang.com/szyw/20150923/245528.shtml, accessed 20 December 2017.

  224. 224.

    The revised version of the Regulations of Shenzhen Municipality on the Enactment of Statutes from 2016 can be found online at http://www.szwrb.gov.cn/xxgk_73214/zfxxgkml/zcfg/zcfgqt/201611/t20161107_5234516.htm, accessed 20 December 2017 (Chinese version only).

  225. 225.

    For example, the new Article 7 simply repeats the vague boundary set by the empowerment decision of 1992, namely the need to abide to the “basic principles” of laws and administrative regulations without any concretization. At the same time, this provision highlights the important role of the pilot character and the deviation power of Shenzhen SEZ regulations.

  226. 226.

    See Article 6 of the 2016 Regulations on the Enactment of Statutes; see also Liu (2015c), http://www.fzgd.org/fzcj/sz/201510/t20151028_696619.htm, accessed 20 December 2017.

  227. 227.

    This interpretation can also be derived from the explanations on the former Article 37 of the Revision Draft of the Regulations on the Enactment of Statutes for soliciting public opinion (深圳市制定法规条例(修订草案征求意见稿对照注释稿)).

  228. 228.

    Zhou (2017), p. 51.

  229. 229.

    See Sect. 6.2.2.2.

  230. 230.

    Huang (2012b), p. 100; Guan (2015), pp. 237–238.

  231. 231.

    With regard to ultra vires actions caused by general local legislative power, see Zou (2006), p. 95. Perry Keller also poses the question if it is acceptable for regional authorities to modify national law to suit local conditions, see Keller (1994), p. 737.

  232. 232.

    Xie and Huang (2012), http://jb.sznews.com/html/2012-07/11/content_2118724.htm, accessed 20 December 2017.

  233. 233.

    Cf. Article 4 No 3 of the 2012 Shenzhen Regulations on the Enactment of Statutes.

  234. 234.

    See more closely Chap. 5.

  235. 235.

    Zhong (2001a), p. 2.

  236. 236.

    Chinese Communist Party News (2008), http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/68742/69118/69658/7433454.html, accessed 20 December 2017.

  237. 237.

    Chinese Communist Party News (2008), http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/68742/69118/69658/7433454.html, accessed 20 December 2017.

  238. 238.

    Resolution of Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Authorizing the People’s Congresses of Guangdong and Fujian Provinces and Their Standing Committees to Formulate Separate Economic Regulations for their Respective Economic Zones (全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于授权广东省、福建省人民代表大会及其常务委员会制定所属经济特区的各项单行经济法规的决议).

  239. 239.

    See above, Sect. 4.1.2.

  240. 240.

    Cf. Decision of the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Guangdong Province on Abolishing part of the Local Regulations Promulgated before October 1995, enacted on November 21, 1995 (广东省人民代表大会常务委员会关于废止 1995 年 10 月以前我省颁布的部分地性法规的决定). The Provisions of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone for Foreign Economic Contracts, enacted in 1984 were part of the regulations repealed by the decision of 1995, see also Sect. 5.1.3.

  241. 241.

    For instance, the Regulations on the Import of Technology to the Xiamen Special Economic Zone (厦门经济特区技术引进决定) issued by the Standing Committee of the Fujian provincial People’s Congress in 1984, are still effective (since 1985).

  242. 242.

    Zheng and Mei (2015), pp. 67–68; Hainan Daily (2015), http://www.hainanpc.net/hainanrenda/1040/63782.html, accessed 20 December 2017.

  243. 243.

    Sun (2007), p. 87.

  244. 244.

    Luo and Yin (2012), p. 74.

  245. 245.

    See above, introduction into Chap. 3.

  246. 246.

    Wang (2008), p. 505.

  247. 247.

    Wang (2008), p. 503.

  248. 248.

    An (2015), p. 115.

  249. 249.

    Qian and Du (2015), p. 10.

  250. 250.

    With regard to the dual legal order as the underlying idea of economic zones, see above, Sect. 3.2.1.2.

  251. 251.

    Likosky (2005), p. 81.

  252. 252.

    Pow and Moser (1987), pp. 211–212.

  253. 253.

    See Sect. 5.1.

  254. 254.

    See above, Sect. 3.2.2.3.

  255. 255.

    In 2010, the domain of Shenzhen SEZ, Xiamen SEZ and Zhuhai SEZ were extended to the entire city; since 2011 Shantou SEZ encompasses the whole city, see more closely Wu and Li (2015), p. 274.

  256. 256.

    As Sofia Ranchordás emphasizes, the requirement of an ab initio limited duration of experimental dispositions does not appear to be contested in the Netherlands, Germany and in the United states, see also above, Sect. 3.3.1. The duration should be defined according to the underlying objective of the experimental law, see Ranchordás (2014), p. 37.

  257. 257.

    See above, Sect. 3.3.4.

  258. 258.

    Cf. the ideological line “seeking the truth from facts” (shishi qiu shi 实事求是), see above, Sect. 3.3.3.2.2.

  259. 259.

    As explained in Sect. 2.1.1, neither a clear goal nor a blueprint of reforms had been formulated in the 1980s.

  260. 260.

    Lu and Li (1997), p. 107.

  261. 261.

    广东省经济特区企业劳动工资管理暂行规定, passed by the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Guangdong province on December 24, 1981.

  262. 262.

    广东省经济特区劳动条例.

  263. 263.

    Lu and Li (1997), p. 107. They state that the temporary character of SEZ legislation stands in contrast to the “stable” (wending 稳定) effect of local legislation. Besides, the authorization can also be cancelled via a resolution (jueyi 决议) enacted by the NPCSC (which, however, has not yet happened).

  264. 264.

    Xinhua (2015), http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/19/c_134639988.htm, accessed 20 December 2017.

  265. 265.

    For the comparison between delegated legislative power and general local legislative power, see Sect. 4.2.2.3.1; for the general concept of local legislation, see Sect. 2.2.3.3.

  266. 266.

    Article 6 of the 1979 Local Organic Law.

  267. 267.

    Lu and Li (1997), p. 106.

  268. 268.

    Li (2000a), p. 129.

  269. 269.

    Finder (1998), p. 387; Tan and Huang (2013), p. 50.

  270. 270.

    Zhang (1998), p. 114; Zhong (2001a), pp. 4–5. For more details, see Chap. 5.

  271. 271.

    This signifies a tension between innovation and legality, see in general Wang (2008), p. 504; Wang (2015), pp. 7–8.

  272. 272.

    Finder (1998), pp. 386–387; Zhong (2000), p. 38.

  273. 273.

    The 1978 Constitution, the third since 1949, adopted after the end of the Cultural Revolution intended to provide a basis for a new development and a socialist legality that would prevent a return of power to the radicals. However, this Constitution was still of a strong Soviet character, see more closely Cohen (1979), p. 109.

  274. 274.

    See Sect. 2.2.3.3.5.

  275. 275.

    Li and Otto (2002), p. 22. At the beginning of the 1980s, local regulations thus performed an auxiliary function which only gradually developed into a valuable source of policy entrepreneuring, see Heilmann (2008a), p. 29; Qian and Du (2015), p. 3.

  276. 276.

    Zeng Douglas Zhihua speaks of “unusual discretion”, see Zeng (2015), p. 5.

  277. 277.

    Huang (2012a), p. 6. See Sect. 5.1.

  278. 278.

    Lu and Li (1997), p. 107.

  279. 279.

    The Foreign Economic Contract Regulations of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (深圳经济特区涉外经济合同规定) were adopted by the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Guangdong Province on January 11, 1984 and promulgated on February 7, 1984.

  280. 280.

    See more closely Sect. 5.1.3.

  281. 281.

    Lu and Li (1997), p. 107.

  282. 282.

    Article 62 of the 1982 Constitution attributes to the NPC the power to enact and amend “basic laws concerning criminal offenses, civil affairs, the state organs and other matters”. In line with Article 8 of the Legislation Law 2000/Legislation Law 2015, the “other matters” relate to categories, such as basic economic system or foreign affairs.

  283. 283.

    See also Lu and Li (1997), p. 107.

  284. 284.

    See Sect. 4.2.2.3.1.

  285. 285.

    In his Master thesis, Chau Pak-kwan states that SEZ regulations which are allowed to deviate from existing provisions in laws and decrees contradict the “spirit” of Article 6 of the Local Organic Law, see Chau (1999), p. 28.

  286. 286.

    Cai (2010), p. 72.

  287. 287.

    It is striking that most Chinese scholars, when engaging in the debate of delegated legislation of Shenzhen SEZ, concentrate on the 1992 empowerment decision. Consequently some questions may be left open, such as the deviatory competence of delegated legislation of SEZs. However, this will be discussed within the framework of the 1992 empowerment decision.

  288. 288.

    Lu and Li (1997), p. 108.

  289. 289.

    Zhang (2012c), p. 60.

  290. 290.

    Yeung et al. (2009), p. 225.

  291. 291.

    Zhong (2001a), p. 2.

  292. 292.

    Zhong (2001a), p. 2.

  293. 293.

    Zhong (2001a), p. 2.

  294. 294.

    Zhong (2001a), p. 2. According to Article 89 No 2 of the 1982 Constitution, the State Council has the right to submit proposals to the National People’s Congress or its Standing Committee.

  295. 295.

    Decision of the NPC Regarding the Proposal Submitted for Deliberation by the State Council on Authorizing Municipality of Shenzhen to Formulate Regulations and Rules for Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, adopted at the Second Session of the Seventh National People’s Congress on April 4, 1989 (全国人民代表大会关于国务院提请审议授权深圳市制定深圳经济特区法规和规章的议案的决定); Wang (1999), p. 85; Zhong (2001a), p. 2.

  296. 296.

    Zhong (2001a), p. 2.

  297. 297.

    Concerning the administrative background, see above, Sect. 4.2.1.2.

  298. 298.

    From January 8 to February 21, 1992, Deng Xiaoping made his famous tour through South China and delivered important speeches that fostered economic reform.

  299. 299.

    Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Authorizing the People’s Congress of Shenzhen City and its Standing Committee and the People’s Government of Shenzhen City to Formulate Regulations and Rules Respectively for Implementation in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于授权深圳市人民代表大会及其常务委员会和深圳市人民政府分别制定法规和规章在深圳经济特区实施的决定), issued in the 26th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People’s Congress on July 1, 1992.

  300. 300.

    See above, Sect. 4.2.3.

  301. 301.

    Zhang (1998), p. 115.

  302. 302.

    The legislative power of provincial capitals and relatively large cities approved by the State Council is incorporated in Article 7 (2) of the 1986 Local Organic Law.

  303. 303.

    See above, Sect. 4.2.2.3.2.

  304. 304.

    Yuan et al. (2010), p. 73.

  305. 305.

    Article 7 (2) of the 1986 Local Organic Law empowered the people’s congresses of provincial capitals and of comparatively large cities approved by the State Council to directly enact local regulations without having to submit the drafts to the legislative authorities at provincial level for enactment. Article 100 of the 1982 Constitution stipulated that only the people’s congresses of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government and their standing committees may adopt local regulations. See more closely Sect. 2.2.3.3.2.

  306. 306.

    Article 35 (1) of the 1982 Local Organic Law as well as Article 51 (1) of the 1986 Local Organic Law grant legislative power to, among others, “comparatively large cities approved by the State Council” (see above, Sect. 2.2.3.3.2) excluding cities hosting an SEZ which only obtained legislative power in 2000 with the enactment of the Legislation Law, see also Zou (2006), p. 90. Zou Keyuan assumes that the legislative power of Shenzhen Municipal People’s Government could be based on internal directives of the CCP, so-called red headed documents (hongtou wenjian 红头文件), see Email from Zou Keyuan to the author, August 30, 2016 (quoted with the authorization of the questionee).

  307. 307.

    See for example the Detailed Implementing Rules of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone on Land Registration and the Issue of Certificates from 1988 (深圳经济特区土地登记发证实施细则); Provisional Rules of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone on School Protection from 1987 (深圳经济特区学校保护暂行规定). The first-mentioned rules were repealed in 1994 by the Shenzhen Municipal People’s Government Notice on abolishing certain normative documents issued by municipal governments (深圳市人民政府关于废止市人民政府部分规范性文件的通知). The latter was revised in 2011 by the Decision of Shenzhen Municipal Government on revising the Provisional Rules of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone on School Protection and seven other rules (深圳市人民政府关于修改 《深圳经济特区学校保护暂行规定》 等 7 项规章的决定). The constant stream of modifications and abolishment of norms, which often only occur decades after the enactment of the legislative acts, has produced a massive body of normative documents.

  308. 308.

    40% of the NPC deputies opposed the idea to decentralize legislative power to the municipal level, see O’Brien (1990), p. 143.

  309. 309.

    Zhong (2001a), p. 2.

  310. 310.

    Wu and Li (2015), p. 273.

  311. 311.

    See in detail Wu and Li (2015), pp. 273–274.

  312. 312.

    Wu and Li (2015), p. 273.

  313. 313.

    Tan and Huang (2013), p. 51; Wu and Li (2015), p. 273.

  314. 314.

    Tan and Huang (2013), p. 51.

  315. 315.

    Hameed (1996), p. 47.

  316. 316.

    Chen (2012), http://sztqb.sznews.com/html/2012-07/12/content_2120327.htm, accessed 20 December 2017.

  317. 317.

    深圳经济特区企业工资管理暂行规定, adopted on July 16, 1992.

  318. 318.

    Tsui (2005), p. 296.

  319. 319.

    The Regulations of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone on Living Wage (深圳经济特区最低工资条例), adopted on November 2, 1994 were repealed through the Decision of the Standing Committee of the Municipal People’s Congress of Shenzhen City on Repealing the Regulations of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone on Living Wage (深圳市人民代表大会常务委员会关于废止 《深圳经济特区最低工资条例》 的决定), adopted on October 29, 2004.

  320. 320.

    See Tsui (2005), pp. 299–300. In 1930, China has ratified the Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Convention, an ILO Convention, adopted on June 16, 1928.

  321. 321.

    By virtue of a Decision of the Standing Committee of the Municipal People’s Congress, announced on May 4, 2012 three pioneering Regulations have been repealed: the Regulation on Enterprise Bankruptcy in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (深圳经济特区企业破产条例), adopted in 1993, the Regulation on Partnerships in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (深圳经济特区合伙条例), adopted in 1994 and the Interim Provisions of Regulations on Property Auctions in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (深圳经济特区财产拍卖条例 (实施细则)), adopted in 1999, see Decision of the Standing Committee of the Municipal People’s Congress of Shenzhen on Repealing Three Special Zone Regulations including the Regulation on Enterprise Bankruptcy in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (深圳市人大常委会关于废止 《深圳经济特区企业破产条例》 等 3 项特区规定的决定). The Regulations on Partnerships in Shenzhen SEZ, for example, served as a model for the revised version of the national Partnership Enterprise Law, adopted in 2006, see more closely Sect. 5.2.1. Only recently, the Regulations of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone on Commodity Market (深圳经济特区商品市场条例), adopted in 1999, were repealed via the Decision of the Standing Committee of the Municipal People’s Congress of Shenzhen on Repealing the Regulations of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone on Commodity Market (深圳市人大常委会关于废止 《深圳经济特区商品市场条例》 的决定), announced on April 27, 2016. Here, it was argued that the 17 year old ordinance no longer fits into today’s market environment: Article 9 of the Regulations stipulated that enterprises and organizations entering the market had to apply to the competent department for market registration. This practice ceased to exist a few years ago. Furthermore, the provisions on quality supervision and inspection contained in the national Product Quality Law and the Anti-Unfair Competition Law already take account of the Regulations of Shenzhen SEZ on Commodity Market, see Li (2016), http://sztqb.sznews.com/html/2016-04/28/content_3513401.htm, accessed 20 December 2017.

  322. 322.

    Ranchordás (2014), p. 87; Lindner (2007), p. 1007.

  323. 323.

    Pang (2015), p. 76; Guan (2015), p. 237; Peng and Yan (2011), p. 72.

  324. 324.

    Concerning the “non-contravention “principle”, see above, Sect. 2.2.3.3.5 and in this chapter under Sect. 4.2.3.4.

  325. 325.

    Outside the Shenzhen SEZ, the general local legislation has priority over the deviating SEZ regulations. This is buttressed by an Explanation of the General Office of the NPCSC concerning questions on the regional scope of application of SEZ regulations (全国人大常委会办公厅关于经济特区法规适用区域问题的解释) issued on December 27, 1995. The Explanation states that in the districts outside the zone, in Bao’an and Longgang, local regulations enacted by the People’s Congress of Guangdong Province enjoy priority over deviating SEZ regulations, Chinese version available at http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Db=chl&Gid=65717&keyword=&EncodingName=&Search_Mode=accurate, accessed 20 December 2017; see also Hao (2001), p. 52. With the extension of the Shenzhen SEZ to the whole city, the Explanation from 1995 is no longer of relevance.

  326. 326.

    According to Article 112 of the Constitution, ethnic autonomous areas are classified into autonomous regions (provincial level), autonomous prefectures (between provinces and counties) and autonomous counties (at county level). Currently, there are at least 152 national autonomous areas, including five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 117 autonomous counties, see Guo (2013b), p. 140.

  327. 327.

    Article 2 clause 1 of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy (中华人民共和国民族区域自治法), adopted in 1984, amended in 2001.

  328. 328.

    Zhang (2011), p. 49.

  329. 329.

    See, for example, Article 151 of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC, adopted in 1986; Article 90 of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国刑法), adopted in 1979; for more details, see Song (2004a), p. 68.

  330. 330.

    See Article 66 (2) of the Legislation Law 2000.

  331. 331.

    Yet, it has to be noted that although China established the ethnic minority system and granted extensive autonomous powers to ethnic minority areas by law, the exercise of these broad regulated autonomous powers is neither legally nor politically well protected, see more closely Zhang (2012a), p. 264.

  332. 332.

    Song (2004a), p. 66.

  333. 333.

    Song (2004a), p. 66.

  334. 334.

    In this context, Björn Ahl uses the German term Abweichungsgesetzgebung which corresponds to the English term “deviation power”, see Ahl (2015), p. 245.

  335. 335.

    Zhong (2001b), p. 19.

  336. 336.

    Wang (2006), p. 48.

  337. 337.

    Song (2004a), p. 67; Zhang (2011), p. 52.

  338. 338.

    Sun (2015c), p. 114; Qian (2015), pp. 62–63.

  339. 339.

    With regard to the unclear extent of SEZ delegated legislation, see Song (2000), p. 128; Wu and Li (2015), p. 274; Guan (2015), pp. 237–238; Mei (2013), p. 64.

  340. 340.

    Hand (2011), p. 60.

  341. 341.

    Song (2004b), p. 56.

  342. 342.

    See above, Sect. 3.3.3.2.

  343. 343.

    Song (2004a), p. 66.

  344. 344.

    Zhong (2001b), p. 25.

  345. 345.

    Song (2004b), p. 56; Zhong (2001b), p. 25.

  346. 346.

    Zhong (2001b), p. 25.

  347. 347.

    Zhong (2001b), p. 25; Song (2004a), p. 67.

  348. 348.

    Zhong (2001b), p. 26.

  349. 349.

    See Sect. 4.2.2.1.

  350. 350.

    Zhang (1998), p. 130; Wang (2006), p. 50.

  351. 351.

    See also Hao (2001), p. 55.

  352. 352.

    Peng and Yan (2011), pp. 72–73.

  353. 353.

    深圳经济特区股份有限公司条例, adopted on April 26, 1993.

  354. 354.

    深圳经济特区有限责任公司条例, adopted on April 26, 1993.

  355. 355.

    Yang (2004), pp. 5–6; Huang (2012a), p. 6.

  356. 356.

    Wang (2011), pp. 98–99.

  357. 357.

    See more closely Warner and Zhu (2010), p. 287.

  358. 358.

    Chen (2008), p. 13. See in detail Chap. 5.

  359. 359.

    Wang (2015), p. 5; Liu and Zhang (2017), p. 158.

  360. 360.

    See above in this chapter under Sect. 4.2.2.3.

  361. 361.

    In this context, Song Fangqing emphasizes that provisions of national laws regulating some issues concerning SEZs may not be varied from, for example, the provisions of the Legislation Law dealing with the delegated legislative power of SEZs or the empowerment decision itself. If SEZ legislation broke these provisions, it would deny its own foundation, see Song (2004a), p. 67.

  362. 362.

    See above, Sects. 3.3.5.1.1 and 4.2.2.3.1.

  363. 363.

    Liu and Zhang (2017), p. 158; Ma (2013), p. 95. Ma Jingren states that Shenzhen is still the test site for the adjustment and reform of the Chinese Government’s relationship with the market.

  364. 364.

    深圳经济特区商事登记若干规定, adopted by the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Shenzhen, see http://www.fzb.sz.gov.cn/fggzsjk/201703/t20170324_6090310.htm (Chinese version), accessed 26 December 2017. For the English version, see http://www.fzb.sz.gov.cn/ywfg/201602/t20160224_3481025.htm, accessed 17 December 2017.

  365. 365.

    For detailed information, see Chen et al. (2013); China Briefing – Business Intelligence from Dezan Shira & Associates (2013), http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/03/01/shenzhen-initiates-commercial-registration-reform.html, accessed 20 December 2017; Liu (2014), http://www.mondaq.com/x/316046/Corporate+Governance/A+Legal+Review+On+The+Reform+Of+The+Company+Capital+Registration, accessed 20 December 2017.

  366. 366.

    中华人民共和国公司法.

  367. 367.

    中华人民共和国公司登记管理条例, promulgated by the State Council on June 24, 1994, revised in 2005, 2014 and 2016.

  368. 368.

    Xiamen Municipal Bureau of Legislative Affairs (2015), http://www.fzj.xm.gov.cn/ztzl/yfxz/zffz/2014/201403/201501/t20150106_1030386.htm, accessed 20 December 2017.

  369. 369.

    Southern Daily (2012), http://epaper.southcn.com/nfdaily/html/2012-08/29/content_7120009.htm, accessed 20 December 2017; Fu (2014), pp. 54–56.

  370. 370.

    Southern Daily (2012), http://epaper.southcn.com/nfdaily/html/2012-08/29/content_7120009.htm, accessed 20 December 2017.

  371. 371.

    The tenor of Article 17 of the Shenzhen Provisions on Commercial Registration corresponds to Article 28 of the Company Law 2005.

  372. 372.

    Southern Daily (2012), http://epaper.southcn.com/nfdaily/html/2012-08/29/content_7120009.htm, accessed 20 December 2017; Ma (2013), p. 96.

  373. 373.

    Ma (2013), p. 98.

  374. 374.

    Jin and Ren (2013), p. 60.

  375. 375.

    The Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国公司法) was enacted on December 29, 1993 and amended in 1999, 2004 and 2013.

  376. 376.

    Liu (2014), http://www.mondaq.com/x/316046/Corporate+Governance/A+Legal+Review+On+The+Reform+Of+The+Company+Capital+Registration, accessed 20 December 2017.

  377. 377.

    Chen et al. (2013), p. 2; Xiamen Municipal Bureau of Legislative Affairs (2015), http://www.fzj.xm.gov.cn/ztzl/yfxz/zffz/2014/201403/201501/t20150106_1030386.htm, accessed 20 December 2017. It is agreed that the Provisions on Commercial Registration in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone are based on delegated legislative power. Yet, no information is provided as to the demarcation between delegated legislative power and general local legislative power when analyzing the legislative competence of the Provisions.

  378. 378.

    Article 64 (2) of the Legislation Law 2000.

  379. 379.

    Cf. Article 1 of the Company Law 2013.

  380. 380.

    Xiamen Municipal Bureau of Legislative Affairs (2015), http://www.fzj.xm.gov.cn/ztzl/yfxz/zffz/2014/201403/201501/t20150106_1030386.htm, accessed 20 December 2017; Huang (2012a), p. 7; Guan (2015), p. 238. Guan Wenshi emphasizes that delegated legislation in SEZs may not enjoy full autonomy but has to be exercised within certain limits that still have to be clearly defined.

  381. 381.

    Cai (2010), p. 68.

  382. 382.

    Ma (2016), p. 273.

  383. 383.

    深圳经济特区道路交通安全违法行为处罚条例, adopted by the Standing Committee of Shenzhen Municipal People’s Congress on October 30, 2014, in force since January 1, 2015.

  384. 384.

    Chen (2009), http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2009-10/14/content_8789310.htm, accessed 20 December 2017; Tan and Huang (2013), p. 52.

  385. 385.

    Wang (2006), p. 50; Zhu and Xu (1999), pp. 6–7. See also Feng (2017), p. 611. In 2009, four lawyers presented a petition to the Standing Committee of the NPC requesting that the Shenzhen SEZ Regulations on Penalties for Violations of Traffic Safety (深圳经济特区道路交通安全处罚条例) be examined for illegality, see Liu (2015a), p. 43.

  386. 386.

    Han (2015), http://szdaily.sznews.com/html/2015-10/14/content_3357459.htm, accessed 20 December 2017.

  387. 387.

    中华人民共和国道路交通安全法, adopted by the Standing Committee of the NPC, revised for the second time on April 22, 2011.

  388. 388.

    According to Article 82 No 4 of the Regulation on the Implementation of the Road Traffic Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国道路交通安全实施条例), adopted by the State Council on April 28, 2004, driving or parking a motor vehicle in an emergency lane under no emergency are prohibited.

  389. 389.

    中华人民共和国行政处罚法, adopted in 1996, amended by the Standing Committee of the NPC on August 27, 2009 and 2017.

  390. 390.

    Xiamen Municipal Bureau of Legislative Affairs (2015), http://www.fzj.xm.gov.cn/ztzl/yfxz/zffz/2014/201403/201501/t20150106_1030386.htm, accessed 20 December 2017. Here, the discussion concerned the Regulations of Xiamen Special Economic Zone on managing vehicle parking (厦门经济特区机动车停车场管理条例), adopted on December 27, 2013.

  391. 391.

    Cf. Zhong (2001b), p. 19. Zhong Xiaoyu mentions the Regulations of Shenzhen SEZ on Punishments in Roads and Traffic Control (深圳经济特区道路交通管理处罚条例), adopted in 1996 and revised in 2000, as a prominent example for the exercise of biantong quan.

  392. 392.

    In the case of the Penalty Regulations, for example, one could take the view that the dramatic increase of fines may bring the drivers to financial ruin.

  393. 393.

    See more closely Sect. 6.3.2.2.

  394. 394.

    Huang (2012b), p. 101; Bi (2015), p. 152; Tan and Huang (2013), p. 52.

  395. 395.

    Tan and Huang (2013), p. 51.

  396. 396.

    E.g., the Provisions on Commercial Registration in Shenzhen SEZ, more extensively explained in Sect. 4.2.5.3.1. Other examples can be found in Chap. 5.

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    Madeleine Martinek

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Martinek, M. (2018). Delegated Legislative Power of the Shenzhen SEZ. In: Experimental Legislation in China between Efficiency and Legality. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77616-3_4

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