Abstract
Idiopathic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare reproductive disorder that is primarily caused by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency but with significant genetic heterogeneity. Clinically, this disorder is characterized by abnormally low plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in conjunction with very low concentrations of circulating azoospermia and testosterone, and of course azoospermia. In approximately 50% of cases, CHH patients also suffer from a reduced or deficient sense of smell (hyposmia or anosmia, respectively), which is then termed as Kallmann syndrome (KS) [1–3].
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Silber, S. (2018). Kallman’s Syndrome and Hypopituitarism. In: Fundamentals of Male Infertility. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76523-5_16
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76523-5_16
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