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Phanerozoic Metallogeny in the Colombian Andes: A Tectono-magmatic Analysis in Space and Time

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Geology and Tectonics of Northwestern South America

Part of the book series: Frontiers in Earth Sciences ((FRONTIERS))

Abstract

The Colombian Andes are a highly fertile although little documented metallogenic province. Time-space analysis has identified numerous metallotects containing a wide variety of mineral deposits, framed within five broad metallogenic epochs, defined by important changes in the Phanerozoic tectonic and magmatic evolution of the region. Mineral deposits of both syngenetic and epigenetic origins range from the products of orthomagmatic cumulate segregation and those related to hydrothermal processes associated with oceanic and continental rifting and subduction-related volcanism/magmatism to accumulations related to uplift, basin development, chemical sedimentation and the amagmatic migration of mineral-rich brines. Important secondary and residual deposits are related to the complex weathering and erosion history of the Northern Andean region. Significant deposits and mineral districts were formed in the peri-cratonic or intra-oceanic realm and are allochthonous to the Colombian cordilleras, a result of the complex Meso-Cenozoic accretionary history of the region. Numerous metal deposits and mineral districts are described in detail, and the sympathetic relationship between metal occurrences in the Colombian Andes and the tectonic development of the region as a whole is demonstrated.

Despite the wide range of observed tectonic settings and deposit types, the Colombian Andes are highlighted as a Au-rich province. The close temporal and spatial affinity between hypogene Au mineralization of numerous styles and mantle-derived, metaluminous, tholeiitic and calc-alkaline (magnesian, calcic through alkali-calcic) plutonic and hypabyssal porphyritic granitoids (and their coeval volcanic equivalents), of Carboniferous, Jurassic, mid-late Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, latest Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene and even Recent age, is documented. Beyond tectono-magmatic setting of mineralization sensu lato, the nature, composition and tectonic architecture of the basement complex(es) which host individual granitoid suites and their associated mineral occurrences provided important controls upon the localization of mineral districts.

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  1. Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Robert P. Shaw, Hildebrando Leal-Mejía & Joan Carles Melgarejo i Draper

  2. Mineral Deposit Research Unit (MDRU), The University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Hildebrando Leal-Mejía

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  1. Consulting Geologist, Department of Geology, University EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia

    Fabio Cediel

  2. Consulting Geologist, Kelowna, BC, Canada

    Robert Peter Shaw

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Shaw, R.P., Leal-Mejía, H., Melgarejo i Draper, J.C. (2019). Phanerozoic Metallogeny in the Colombian Andes: A Tectono-magmatic Analysis in Space and Time. In: Cediel, F., Shaw, R.P. (eds) Geology and Tectonics of Northwestern South America. Frontiers in Earth Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76132-9_6

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