Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Singapore’s Totalitarian Mass Society

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Why Democracies Flounder and Fail

Abstract

Although Singapore has elections and political parties and procedurally appears to be democratic, the government gradually undermined civil society and became totalitarian, leading to a gradual exit from the country by the educated population seeking to live under true democracy. The chapter describes in detail how one-party rule has been established, pressure groups have been outlawed, the media is controlled by the government with considerable censorship, efforts at thought control have been undertaken, the educational system and the military are tightly controlled, courts are politicized, and the government has even sought to control marriage practices. The result has been corporatist government, corruption, criminal injustice, deviant behavior, brainwashing, inequality and poverty, insultocratic behavior, racism, sexism, and out-migration. Even housing is under the thumb of the government. Danger lies in the fact that the Singapore case is being used as a model for China and that many of Singapore’s methods for undermining democracy describe how Donald Trump has operated as president of the United States.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ash, Timothy Garton (2017). “Is Europe Disintegrating?,” New York Review of Books, 64 (1): 24–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asia Watch (1989). Silencing All Critics: Human Rights Violations in Singapore. Washington, DC: Asia Watch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asia Yearbook (1987). “Singapore.” In Asia Yearbook 1986. Hong Kong: Far Eastern Economic Review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, W. Timothy (1989). “Crime and Control.” In The Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore, ed. Kernial S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, pp. 913–927. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baratham, Gopal (1994). The Caning of Michael Fay. Singapore: KRP Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, Daniel A. (2015). The China Model and the Limits of Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bello, Walden, and Stephanie Rosenfeld (1990). Dragons in Distress: Asia’s Miracle Economies in Crisis. San Francisco: Food First.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellows, T. J. (1970). The People’s Action Party of Singapore: The Building of New States. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, Dennis, and Leslie Kean (1997). “Singapore’s Blood Money,” The Nation, October 20: 11ff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betts, Russell (1975). Multiracialism, Meritocracy, and the Malays of Singapore. Cambridge, MA: Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskaran, Manu, Ho Seng Chee, Donald Low, Tan Kim Song, Sudhir Vadaketh, and Yeoh Lam Keong (2012). “Inequality and the Need for a New Social Compact,” Singapore Perspectives 2012. lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads . Accessed January 3, 2017.

  • Brown, David (1993). “The Corporatist Management of Ethnicity in Contemporary Singapore.” In Singapore Changes Guard: Social, Political and Economic Directions in the 1990s, ed. Garry Rodan, Chap. 2. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning, Christopher (2017). “Lessons for Hitler’s Rise,” New York Review of Books, 64 (7): 10, 12, 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buendia, Hernando Gomez, ed. (1989). Urban Crime: Global Trends and Policies. Tokyo: United Nations University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buruma, Ian (1995). “The Singapore Way,” New York Review of Books, 52 (October 19): 70ff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busch, Peter A. (1974). Legitimacy and Ethnicity: A Case Study of Singapore. Lexington, MA: Heath.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Heng Chee (1989). “The PAP and the Structuring of the Political System.” In The Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore, ed. Kernial S. Sandu and Paul Wheatley, Chap. 3. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Heng Wing (1994). “There Are Limits to Openness,” Straits Times (Weekly Edition), December 31: 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Robin (2014). “Income + Wealth Inequality = More Trouble for Society,” Straits Times, February 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng Tun-Jen (1990). “Is the Dog Barking? The Middle Class and Democratic Movements in East Asian NIC’s,” International Studies Notes, 15 (1): 10–16, 40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chew, Macdougal Sock Foon (1982). Ethnicity and Nationality in Singapore. Ann Arbor: Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chua, Beng-Huan (1995). Communitarian Ideology and Democracy in Singapore. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chua, Beng Huat (2007). “Singapore in 2006: An Irritating and Irritated ASEAN Neighbor,” Asian Survey, 47 (1): 206–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chua, Beng Huat (2008). “Singapore in 2007: High Wage Ministers and the Management of Gays and the Elderly,” Asian Survey, 48 (1): 55–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chua, Mui Hoong (1994). “PM: No Erosion of My Authority Is Allowed; Respect for Office Must be Upheld,” Straits Times (Weekly Edition), December 10: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clammer, John (1992). “Deconstructing Values: The Establishment of a National Ideology.” In Social, Political and Economic Directions in the 1990s, ed. Garry Rodan, pp. 34–51. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, Derek (2014). “The Press.” In The Singapore Puzzle, 2nd edn., ed. Michael Haas, Chap. 5. Los Angeles: Publishinghouse for Scholars.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deck, Richard A. (2014). “Foreign Policy.” In The Singapore Puzzle, 2nd edn., ed. Michael Haas, Chap. 7. Los Angeles: Publishinghouse for Scholars.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, Émile (1893). The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, Émile (1897). Suicide: A Study in Sociology. New York: Free Press, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (2010). International Statistics on Crime and Justice. Helsinki: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Far Eastern Economic Review (1988a). “An Interview with the Young Mr Lee,” Far Eastern Economic Review, June 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Far Eastern Economic Review (1988b). “Regional Performance Figures,” Asia Yearbook, 1988: 6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Far Eastern Economic Review (1989a). “Cut and Thrust,” Far Eastern Economic Review, October 12: 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Far Eastern Economic Review (1989b). “Lee States His Case,” Far Eastern Economic Review, October 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fetzer, Joel S., and Brandon Alexander Millan (2015). “The Causes of Emigration from Singapore: How Much Is Still Political?,” Critical Asian Studies, 47 (3): 462–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, Beatrice S., Joseph C. Markowitz, Robert B. McKay, and Kenneth Roth (1990). The Decline in the Rule of Law in Singapore and Malaysia. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabowitsch, Mischa (2017). Protest in Putin’s Russia. Cambridge, MA: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamer, Robert E. (1972). The Politics of Urban Development in Singapore. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, T. S. C. (1973). Lee Kuan Yew’s Singapore. London: Deutsch.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, T. S. C. (1984). Lee Kuan Yew’s Singapore, 2nd edn. London: Deutsch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, Michael, ed. (1999). The Singapore Puzzle, 1st edn. Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, Michael, ed. (2014d). The Singapore Puzzle, 2nd edn. Los Angeles: Publishinghouse for Scholars. Citations May Refer to Several Chapters Written by the Editor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, Michael (2016). How to Abolish Racism: Lessons from the State of Hawai’i. Lanham, MD: Lexington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, Michael (2017a). International Relations Theory: Competing Empirical Paradigms. Lanham, MD: Lexington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, Michael (2017b). Political Science Revitalized: Filling the Jigsaw Puzzle with Metatheory. Lanham, MD: Lexington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, Riaz, ed. (1976). Singapore: Society in Transition. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, Riaz (1977). Families in Flats: A Study of Low Income Families in Public Housing. Singapore: Singapore University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, Riaz (1983). A Way of Dying: Suicide in Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiebert, Murray (1997). “Ring in the Old,” Far Eastern Economic Review, January 16: 16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, Michael, and Lian Kwen Fee (1995). The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ho Khai Leong (2000). The Politics of Policy-Making in Singapore. Singapore: Singapore University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooi, Joyce (2012). “Singapore’s Emigration Conundrum,” Business Times, www.sgclub.com/singapore , October 6. Accessed January 2, 2017.

  • Hua, Wu Yin (1983). Class and Communalism in Malaya—Politics in a Dependent Capitalist State. London: Zed/Marram.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, Samuel P. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Indexmundi (2016). “Singapore Demographics Profile 2016,” indexmundi.com/Singapore . Accessed January 3, 2017.

  • International Herald Tribune (1991). “Lee Kuan Yew Calls Glasnost Mistake,” International Herald Tribune, September 21–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Monetary Fund (2016). World Economic Outlook. Washington, DC: IMF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iranian Prisoner (1997). “Letter from an Iranian Prisoner,” New York Review of Books, 44 (April 10): 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josey, Alex (1970). Democracy in Singapore: The 1970 By-Election. Singapore: Asia Pacific Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew, 2 vols. Singapore: Times Books International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josey, Alex (1986). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years. Singapore: Times Books International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamm, Henry (1995). “In Prosperous Singapore, Even the Elite Are Nervous About Speaking,” New York Times, August 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang, Friar Joachim (1989). “The Review’s Defence,” Far Eastern Economic Review, October 19: 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, DaeJung (1994). “Is Culture Destiny? The Myth of Asia’s Anti-Democratic Values,” Foreign Affairs, 73 (6): 189–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koh, Tommy (1987). “Article Contains Serious Errors and Omissions,” Straits Times, July 4: 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhauser, William (1959). The Politics of Mass Society. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krastev, Ivan (2014). Democracy Disrupted: The Politics of Global Protest. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kurian, George Thomas (1989). World Encyclopedia of Police Forces and Penal Systems. New York: Facts on File.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Don (2017b). “Trump Suggests He Might Ignore Rulings by WTO,” Los Angeles Times, March 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Frances (2009). Beyond Ideology: Politics, Principle, and Partisanship in the U.S. Senate. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Kuan Yew (1970). “The Socialist Dilemma,” Straits Times, November 14: 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Kuan Yew (2000). From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000; Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. Singapore: Straits Times Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Kuan Yew (2011). Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going. Singapore: Straits Times Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, Andrew Phang Boon (1983). “Jury Trial in Singapore and Malaysia: The Unmaking of a Legal Institution,” Malaya Law Review, 25 (July): 50–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, Gerda (1986). The Creation of Patriarchy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, Matthew (1995a). “S’pore PM Wants Decent Press But Not ‘Bootlickers’,” Reuters, July 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, Matthew (1995b). “Unusual Twist When Singapore Contempt Case Reopens,” Reuters, January 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liak, Teng Kiat (1987). “The Worries and Concerns Before the ISA Decision,” Straits Times, July 30: 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, Catherine (1994). “One Government, Two Styles,” Straits Times, September 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, Linda Yuen-Ching (1989a). “Social Welfare.” In The Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore, ed. Kernial S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, pp. 171–197. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, Paul Huat (1989b). The Authoritarian State in Singapore. Louvain, Belgium: Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University of Louvain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingle, Christopher (1994). “The Smoke Over Parts of Asia Obscures Some Profound Concerns,” International Herald Tribune, October 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingle, Christopher (1996). Singapore’s Authoritarian Capitalism: Asian Values, Free Market Illusions, and Political Dependency. Fairfax, VA: Locke Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingle, Christopher, and Kurt Wickman (2014). “Political Economy.” In The Singapore Puzzle, 2nd edn., ed. Michael Haas, Chap. 4. Los Angeles: Publishinghouse for Scholars.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipset, Seymour Martin (1959). “Some Social Requisites of Democracy,” American Political Science Review, 53 (1): 69–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipset, Seymour Martin (1994). “The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited: 1993 Presidential Address,” American Sociological Science Review, 59 (1): 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machiavelli, Niccolò (1515). Discourses on Livy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahbubani, Kishore (1992). “The West and the Rest,” The National Interest, 28 (Summer): 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minchin, James (1986). No Man Is an Island: A Study of Lee Kuan Yew’s Singapore. Boston: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair, Hashim, and Chee Heng Leng (1984). “Mahathir’s Genetic Dilemma.” In Designer Genes, IQ, Ideology and Biology, ed. Chee Heng Leng and Chan Chee Khoon, pp. 14–20. Kuala Lumpur: Institute for Social Analysis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neher, Clark D. (2014). “The Case for Singapore.” In The Singapore Puzzle, 2nd edn., ed. Michael Haas, Chap. 3. Los Angeles: Publishinghouse for Scholars.

    Google Scholar 

  • New York Times (2017). “Singapore Orders Expulsion of American Academic,” New York Times, August 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngerng, Roy (2014). “26 Percent of Singaporeans Live Below the Poverty Line in Singapore,” thehearttruths.com . Accessed January 3, 2017.

  • O’Kane, Maggie (1995). “Eye of a Tiger,” The Guardian Weekly, May 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastor, Rene (1997). “Singapore ‘Arrogance’ Haunts Ties with Neighbors,” Reuters, March 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, Brendan (1994). “Subordinate Court Rules Set Out in Book,” Straits Times (Weekly Edition), December 31: 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillai, M. G. G. (1996). “Singapore Not Yet Ready for Two-Party System,” SEASIA-L, July 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Przeworski, Adam, Michael Alvarez, Jose Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi (1996). “What Makes Democracies Endure?,” Journal of Democracy, 7 (1): 39–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pugh, Cedric (1989). “The Political Economy of Public Housing.” In The Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore, ed. Kernial S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, pp. 833–859. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quah, Jon S. T. (1985). “Public Housing.” In Government and Politics of Singapore, ed. John S. T. Quah, Heng Chee Chang, and Chee Meow Seah, pp. 233–259. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quah, Jon S. T. (1995). “Controlling Corruption in City States: A Comparative Study of Hongkong and Singapore,” Crime, Law and Social Change, 22 (3): 391–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quah, Jon S. T., and Stella Quah (1989). “The Limits of Governmental Intervention.” In The Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore, ed. Kernial S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, pp. 102–127. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajendran, Raj (1997). “Singapore Polls Left Scars, Opposition Leader Says,” Reuters, January 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramzy, Austin (2017). “Charges Cast Spotlight on Singapore’s Strict Rules on Public Gatherings,” New York Times, November 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuters (1995). “Singapore to Humiliate Sex Molester on Television,” Reuters, March 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuters (1996). “Lee Says Singapore Still Adjusting to New Wealth,” Reuters, January 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodan, Garry (1992). “The Growth of Singapore’s Middle Class and Its Political Significance.” In Singapore Changes Guard: Social, Political and Economic Directions in the 1990s, ed. Garry Rodan, pp. 52–71. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodan, Garry (2005). “Singapore in 2004: Long-Awaited Leadership Transition,” Asian Survey, 45 (1): 140–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodan, Garry (2006). “‘Vibrant and Cosmopolitan’ Without Political Pluralism,” Asian Survey, 46 (1): 180–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, William (1970). Blaming the Victim. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salaff, Janet W. (1988). State and Family in Singapore: Restructuring a Developing Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seah, Chee Meow (1985). “Parapolitical Institutions.” In Government and Politics of Singapore, ed. John S. T. Quah, Heng Chee Chang, and Chee Meow Seah, pp. 173–194. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seah, Chee Meow, and Linda Seah (1983). “Education Reform and National Integration.” In Singapore Development Policies and Trends, ed. Peter S. J. Chen, pp. 240–267. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seow, Francis T. (1994). To Catch a Tartar: A Dissident in Lee Kuan Yew’s Prison. New Haven, CT: Yale Southeast Asia Studies, Yale Center for International and Area Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seow, Francis T. (1998). The Media Enthralled: Singapore Revisited. Boulder, CO: Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seow, Francis T. (2014). “The Judiciary.” In The Singapore Puzzle, 2nd edn., ed. Michael Haas, Chap. 6. Los Angeles: Publishinghouse for Scholars.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singapore, Government of (1989). Singapore 1989. Singapore: Ministry of Communications and Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, Bilveer (1992). Whither PAP’s Dominance: An Analysis of Singapore’s 1991 General Elections. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Pelanduk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tammey, Joseph B. (1996). The Struggle over Singapore’s Soul: Western Modernization and Asian Culture. New York: de Gruyter.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, Chong Kee (2007). “The Canary and the Crow: Sintercom and the State Tolerability Index.” In Renaissance Singapore? Economy, Culture, and Politics, ed. Kenneth Paul Tan, pp. 159–184. Singapore: Singapore University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, Sai Siong (1994). “Hang on, the Government Does Listen to Feedback,” Straits Times (Weekly Edition), December 24: 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tay, Simon S. C. (2000). “Introduction.” In A Mandarin and the Making of Public Policy, ed. Simon S. C. Tay. Singapore: Singapore National University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tham, Seong Chee (1989). “The Perception and Practice of Education.” In The Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore, ed. Kernial S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, pp. 477–502. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tremewan, Christopher (1994). The Political Economy of Social Control in Singapore. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull, C. M. (1989). A History of Singapore, 1819–1988, 2nd edn. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasil, Raj K. (1984). Governing Singapore: Interviews with the New Leaders. Singapore: Times Books International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vines, Steve (1987). “The Deepening Tendency to Control,” Honolulu Star-Bulletin & Advertiser, September 1: E1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, James H., and Marguerite Berger (1984). “The Marxist Critique of Dependency Theory: An Introduction.” In The Political Economy and Development and Underdevelopment, 3rd edn., ed. Charles K. Wilber, Chap. 4. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikipedia (2016). “Singapore,” wikipedia.com . Accessed December 23, 2016.

  • Wilson, H. E. (1978). Social Engineering in Singapore. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, Jacqueline (1997). “Violent Youth Rebel in Singapore,” Reuters, May 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2010). “Emigration Rate of Tertiary Educated (% of Total Tertiary Educated Population,” data.worldbank.org . Accessed January 2, 2017.

  • Yap, Mui Teng (1989). “The Demographic Base.” In The Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore, ed. Kernial S. Sandu and Paul Wheatley, pp. 455–476. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Michael Haas

Authors
  1. Michael Haas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Haas, M. (2019). Singapore’s Totalitarian Mass Society. In: Why Democracies Flounder and Fail. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74070-6_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation