Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Research Study 2

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Alopecia Areata

Abstract

Alopecia areata is a relatively common dermatitis with 0.1–0.2% prevalence, manifested by sudden and non-scarring hair loss. Multiple etiologies have been proposed for this disease. Among which the theory of its autoimmune nature and genetic/environmental factors has been highlighted. Currently there is no certain cure for alopecia areata. Numerous treatments have been proposed, but all of them are partially effective and none of them have led to complete improvement. One of the most popular treatments is the application of local allergens which by inducing contact allergic dermatitis stimulates hair growth. One of these allergens is diphencyprone which induces an allergic response in 98–99% of patients, and its effectiveness was reported between 4% and 85%. However, for severe cases it is more effective than other proposed methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Wasserman D, Guzman-Sanchez DA, Scott K, McMichael A. Alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol. 2007;46(2):121–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Freyschmidt-Paul P, Hoffmann R, Levine E, Sundberg JP, Happle R, McElwee KJ. Current and potential agents for the treatment of alopecia areata. Curr Pharm Des. 2001;7(3):213–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Avgerinou G, Gregoriou S, Rigopoulos D, Stratigos A, Kalogeromitros D, Katsambas A. Alopecia areata: topical immunotherapy treatment with diphencyprone. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(3):320–3. Epub 2007 Nov 12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. McMichael AJ, Henderson RL Jr. Topical sensitizers in alopecia areata. Dermatol Nurs. 2004;16(4):333–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Tan E, Tay Y-K, Goh C-L, et al. The pattern of alopecia areata in Singapore – a study of 219 Asians. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41:748–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Plumbe S. A practical treatise on the diseases of the skin. 4th ed. London: Printed for Sherwood, Gilber and Piper. p. 1837.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bowen J. Two epidemics of alopecia areata in an asylum for girls. J Cutan General-Uri Dis. 1899;17:399–404.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Davis H. Epidemic alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol. 1914;26:204–10.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Stankler L. Synchronous alopecia in 2 siblings: a possible viral aetiology. Lancet. 1979;1:1303–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Tosti A, La Placa M, Placucci F, et al. No correlation between CMV and alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;107:443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Yang S, Yang J, Liu JB, et al. The genetic epidemiology of alopecia areata in China. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151:16–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. McMichael AJ. The genetic epidemiol autoimmune pathogenesis alopecia areata. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1997;9:36–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Xiao FL, Zhou FS, Liu JB, et al. Association of HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 alleles with alolpecia areata in Chinese Hans. Arch Dermatol Res. 2005;297:201–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. McDonagh AJ, Tazi-Ahnini R. Epidemiology and genetics of alopecia areata. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27:405–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ross EK, Shapiro J. Management of hair loss. Dermatol Clin. 2005;23:227–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Porter D, Burton JL. A comparison of intra-lesional triamcinolone hexacetonide and triamcinolone acetonide in alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol. 1971;85:272–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Pascher F, Kurtin S, Andrade R. Assay of 0.2 percent fluocinolone acetonide cream for alopecia areata and totalis, efficacy side effects including histologic study ensuing localized acneiform response. Dermatologica. 1970;141:193–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Pazzaglia M, et al. Clobetasol propionate 0.05% under occlusion in the treatment of alopecia totalis/universalis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:96–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Olsen EA, Carson SC, Turney EA. Systemic steroids with or without 2% topical minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:1467–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Buhl AE. Minoxidil’s action in hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol. 1991;96:73S–4S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Vanderveen EE, Ellis CN, Kang S, et al. Topical minoxidil for hair regrowth. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;11:416–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Fiedler-Weiss VC, Buys CM. Response to minoxidil in severe alopecia areata correlates with T lymphocyte stimulation. Br J Dermatol. 1987;117:759–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Price VH. Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of topical minoxidil in extensive alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;16:730–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ranchoff RE, Bergfeld WF, Steck WD, et al. Extensive alopecia areata. Results of treatment with 3% top minoxidil. Cleve Clin J Med. 1989;56:149–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fiedler-Weiss VC, Buys CM. Evaluation of anthralin in the treatment of alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123:1491–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Schmoeckel C, Weissmann I, Plewig G, et al. Treatment of alopecia areata by anthralin-induced dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 1979;115:1254–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lassus A, Kianto U, Johansson E, et al. PUVA treatment for alopecia areata. Dermatologica. 1980;161:298–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Claudy AL, Gagnaire D. PUVA treatment alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol. 1983;119:975–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Healy E, Rogers S. PUVA treatment for alopecia areata – does it work? A retrospective review of 102 cases. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129:42–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Behrens-Williams SC, Leiter U, Schiener R, et al. The PUVA-turban as a new option of applying a dilute psoralen solution selectively to the scalp of patients with alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:248–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Whitmont K, Cooper A. PUVA treatment of alopecia areata totalis and universalis: a retrospective study. Australas J Dermatol. 2003;44:106–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Van der Schaar WW, Sillevis Smith JH. An evaluation of PUVA-therapy for alopecia areata. Dermatologica. 1984;168:250–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ferrando J, Grimalt R. Partial response of severe alopecia areata to cyclosporine A. Dermatology. 1999;199:67–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Paquet P, Arrese EJ, Pierard GE. Oral cyclosporin alopecia areata. Dermatology. 1992;185:314–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Shapiro J, Lui H, Tron V, et al. Systemic cyclosporine and low-dose prednisone in the treatment of chronic severe alopecia areata: a clinical and immunopathologic evaluation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36:114–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Yamamoto S, Jiang H, Kato R. Stimulation of hair growth by topical application of FK506, a potent immunosuppressive agent. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102:160–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. McMichael AJ. The new biologics in psoriasis: possible treatments for alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc. 2003;8:217–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Strober B, Siu K, Alexis A, et al. Etanercept does not effectively treat moderate to severe alopecia areata: an open-label study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:1082–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Posten W, Swan J. Recurrence of alopecia areata in a patient receiving etanercept injections. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:759–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ettefagh L, Neodorost S, Mirmirani P. Alopecia areta in a patient using infliximab: new insights into the role of tumor necrosis factor on human hair follicles. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:1012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kratka J, Goerz G, Vizethum W, et al. Dinitrochlorobenzene: influence on the cytochrome P-450 system and mutagenic effects. Arch Dermatol Res. 1979;266:315–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Strobel R, Rohrborn G. Mutagenic cell transforming activities 1-chlor-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) squaric- acid-dibutylester (SADBE). Arch Toxicol. 1980;45:307–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Wilkerson MG, Henkin J, Wilkin JK, et al. Squaric acid and esters: analysis for contaminants and stability in solvents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13:229–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Breslow BM, Haynie R, Mirra J. Synthesis of diphencyclopropenone. J Am Chem Soc. 1959;81:247–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Van der Steen PH, Happle R. Top immunotherapy alopecia areata. Dermatol Clin. 1993;11:619–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Shapiro J, Tan J, Ho V, et al. Treatment of chronic severe alopecia areata with topical diphenylcyclopropenone and 5% minoxidil: a clinical and immunopathologic evaluation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29:729–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hull SM, Pepall L, Cunliffe WJ. Alopecia areata in children: response to treatment with diphencyprone. Br J Dermatol. 1991;125:164–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Cotellessa C, Peris K, Caracciolo E, et al. The use of topical diphenylcyclopropenone for the treatment of extensive alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:73–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hoffmann R, Happle R. Topical immunotherapy in alopecia areata. What, how, and why? Dermatol Clin. 1996;14(4):739–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Perret CM, Steijlen PM, Zaun H, Happle R. Erythema multiforme-like eruptions: a rare side effect of topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone. Dermatologica. 1990;180(1):5–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sotiriadis D, Patsatsi A, Lazaridou E, Kastanis A, Vakirlis E, Chrysomallis F. Topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone in the treatment of chronic extensive alopecia areata. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32(l):48–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. MacDonald Hull SP, Wood ML, Hutchinson PE, Sladden M, Messenger AG. Guidelines for the management of alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149:692–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. D. A Buckley/ A.W.P Du vivier. The therapeutic use of topical contact sensitizers in benign dermatoses. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:385–405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Pazoki-Toroudi H, Ajami M, Babakoohi S, Khaki L, Habibey R, Akhiani M, Seirafi H, Firooz A. Effects of diphencyprone on expression of Bcl-2 protein in patients with alopecia areata. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2010;32(3):422–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Seyrafi H, Akhiani M, Abbasi H, Mirpour S, Gholamrezanezhad A. Valuation of the profile of alopecia areata and the prevalence of thyroid function test abnormalities and serum autoantibodies in Iranian patients. BMC Dermatol. 2005;5:11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Alkhalifah A, Alsantali A, Wang E, McElwee KJ, Shapiro J. Alopecia areata update: part II Treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(2):191–202. quiz 203–4. Review

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Gregoriou S, Papafragkaki D, Kontochristopoulos G, Rallis E, Kalogeromitros D, Rigopoulos D. Cytokines and other mediators in alopecia areata. Mediat Inflamm. 2010;2010:928030. Epub 2010 Mar 11. Review

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Aghaei S. Topical immunotherapy of severe alopecia areata with diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP): experience in an Iranian population. BMC Dermatol. 2005;5:6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Tobin DJ, Gardner SH, Lindsey NJ, Hoffmann R, Happle R, Freyschmidt-Paul P. Diphencyprone immunotherapy alters anti-hair follicle antibody status in patients with alopecia areata. Eur J Dermatol. 2002;12(4):327–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Aandt K, Robinson J, LeBoit P, Wintroub B. Cutaneus medicine and surgery: an integrated program in dermatology, 1996, W.B Souders company, p. 174–195.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Wolff K, Goldsmith L, Katz S, Gilchrest B, Paller A. Leffell D. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. 7th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 2008. p. 137.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Management, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA

    Pooya Khan Mohammad Beigi

  2. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Pooya Khan Mohammad Beigi

  3. Misdiagnosis Association, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Pooya Khan Mohammad Beigi

Authors
  1. Pooya Khan Mohammad Beigi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Khan Mohammad Beigi, P. (2018). Research Study 2. In: Alopecia Areata. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72134-7_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72134-7_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-72133-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-72134-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation