Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Godfather Politics and Exclusionary Local Representation in REDD+: A Case Study of the Design of the UN-REDD-Supervised Nigeria-REDD Proposal

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Global Forest Governance and Climate Change

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Natural Resource Management ((PSNRM))

Abstract

Nuesiri assesses the UN-REDD (United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries) commitment to strengthen local democracy as a safeguard protecting local interests in REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation with the added goals of Conserving and Enhancing Forest Carbon Stocks, and Sustainably Managing Forests). The chapter examines local representation during the consultative process associated with the Nigeria-REDD proposal. Local representation was through selected individuals (descriptive representatives), customary authority, and NGOs (symbolic representatives). Elected local government authorities (substantive representatives) were excluded from the consultative process. Exclusion of elected local governments is linked to godfather politics in Nigeria, which enables state governors to subordinate local government authority and constrain their responsiveness to local needs. In approving the Nigeria-REDD proposal, the UN-REDD reinforced the subversion of local democracy in Nigeria. The UN-REDD would be fulfilling its democracy objectives in Nigeria by engaging substantively all local governance actors, including elected local government authorities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    It is worthy to note that Pitkin (1967) actually discussed four types of political representation—formal, descriptive, symbolic, and substantive; however, her discussion of formal representation was more of a critique of the limited Weberian understanding of representation as deriving from formal authorisation of an agent by the state to represent a constituency to the state or to represent the state to an audience.

  2. 2.

    The influence of customary authority on forestry matters in Cross River State is directly tied to their influence on land and their cultural role as the mediators between the world of the living and of the ancestors. The latter role as mediators with the ancestors gives customary authority a legitimacy that is envied by political leaders in government across Africa. As identity-based politics has grown stronger across Africa due in part to neoliberal political reforms across the continent, so has the political influence of customary authority grown stronger. It can thus be argued that respect for the views of customary authority by members of the government designing Nigeria-REDD is because political leaders see it as politically expedient to have a cordial relationship with chiefs. A wide-ranging review of the relationship between customary authority and governance in Africa by this author can be found in Nuesiri (2014). The realization that customary authority systems still have significant symbolic power in African societies has led some observers like Kelsall (2008) to suggest that development initiatives should be designed taking into consideration the traditional beliefs and values of Africans.

  3. 3.

    This is based on an exchange rate of 160.50 naira to US$1, taking www.xe.com as at time of writing.

  4. 4.

    Joseph (1987, 1996) argues that the Nigerian political system is governed by the logic of clientelism and prebendalism; the godfather is patron to the client godchild, who is obliged to generously reward the godfather with state resources; thus political office holders, godfather, and/or godchild have a prebendal self-enriching relationship with the state, they seek political office for private gain.

References

  • Accra Caucus. (2013). Redd+ Safeguards: More than Good Intentions? Case Studies from the Accra Caucus. Oslo: Rainforest Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adesopo, A. (2011). Re-Examining the Failing Inter-Governmental Fiscal Relations and Sustenance of Nigerian Federation: An Empirical Study. Asian Social Science, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v5537n5510p5107.

  • Adetula, V. A. O. (2008). Money and Politics in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.ifes.org/files/MONEYandPOLITICSinNigeria.pdf

  • Albert, I. O. (2005). Explaining ‘Godfatherism’ in Nigerian Politics. African Sociological Review/Revue Africaine de Sociologie, 9(2), 79–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Animasawun, G. A. (2013). Godfatherism in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: The Pyramid of Violence and Political Insecurity in Ibadan, Oyo-State, Nigeria (Ifra-Nigeria E-Papers Series No. 27). Abuja: IFRA-Nigeria.

    Google Scholar 

  • ARD. (2001). Nigeria: Local Government Assessment, Report Prepared for Usaid. Burlington: ARD Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baiocchi, G. (2001). Participation, Activism, and Politics: The Porto Alegre Experiment and Deliberative Democratic Theory. Politics & Society, 29(1), 43–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, S. (2007). Sustainable Development as Symbolic Commitment: Declaratory Politics and the Seductive Appeal of Ecological Modernisation in the European Union. Environmental Politics, 16(2), 297–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkan, J. D., Gboyega, A., & Stevens, M. (2001). State and Local Governance in Nigeria. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blatter, J. (2009). Performing Symbolic Politics and International Environmental Regulation: Tracing and Theorizing a Causal Mechanism Beyond Regime Theory. Global Environmental Politics, 9(4), 81–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blühdorn, I. (2007). Sustaining the Unsustainable: Symbolic Politics and the Politics of Simulation. Environmental Politics, 16(2), 251–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brysk, A. (1995). “Hearts and Minds”: Bringing Symbolic Politics Back In. Polity, 27(4), 559–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CERCOPAN. (2013). History and Milestones. Retrieved September 26, 2017, from http://cercopan.org/history-and-milestones/

  • CIF. (2010). Enhancing Cooperation and Coherence Among Multilateral Redd+ Institutions to Support Redd+ Activities. Washington, DC: Climate Investment Funds.

    Google Scholar 

  • CLGF. (2011a). Clgf Pledges to Help Strengthen Local Government in Nigeria [Press Release]. CLGF. Retrieved from http://www.clgf.org.uk/whats-new/news/clgf-pledges-to-help-strengthen-local-government-in-nigeria/?muraadminpreview&muraadminpreview&mobileformat=false

  • CLGF. (2011b). The Local Government System in Nigeria. In CLGF (Ed.), The Commonwealth Local Government Handbook 2011/12 (pp. 148–151). London: Publications UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission on Global Governance. (1995). Our Global Neighbourhood: The Report of the Commission on Global Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbera, E., & Schroeder, H. (2011). Governing and Implementing Redd+. Environmental Science & Policy, 14(2), 89–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CrossRiver Watch. (2013a). Cross River Lg Polls: Boxing in Govt House as More Pdp Flag Bearers Emerge. CrossRiver Watch. Retrieved from http://crossriverwatch.com/2013/05/cross-river-lg-polls-boxing-in-govt-house-as-more-pdp-flag-bearers-emerge/

  • CrossRiver Watch. (2013b). Cross River Lg Polls: Confusion as Crosiec Disqualifies Apc. CrossRiver Watch. Retrieved from http://crossriverwatch.com/2013/08/cross-river-lg-polls-confusion-as-crosiec-disqualifies-apc/

  • CrossRiver Watch. (2013c). Lg Polls: Pdp Agents, Crosiec Officials Caught on Video Thumb Printing Ballot Papers in Calabar. CrossRiver Watch. Retrieved from http://crossriverwatch.com/2013/09/lg-polls-pdp-agents-caught-on-video-thumprinting-ballot-papers-in-calabar/

  • CrossRiver Watch. (2013d). Political Violence Erupts in Yakurr Local Government. CrossRiver Watch. Retrieved from http://crossriverwatch.com/2013/03/political-violence-erupts-in-yakurr-local-government/

  • CRS. (2008). Communique of the Stakeholders’ Summit on the Environment Organized by the Government of Cross River State. Calabar, from http://tropicalforestgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/crsoutcomesdOC.pdf

  • Dahl, R. A. (1989). Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeCanio, S. (2005). Murray Edelman on Symbols and Ideology in Democratic Politics. Critical Review, 17(3–4), 339–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diejomaoh, I., & Eboh, E. (2012). Local Governments in Nigeria: Relevance and Effectiveness in Poverty Reduction and Economic Development. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 1(1), 12–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryzek, J. S., & Niemeyer, S. (2008). Discursive Representation. American Political Science Review, 102(4), 481–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, N., Counsell, S., & Cravatte, J. (2012). Rainforest Roulette? Why Creating a Forest Carbon Offset Market Is a Risky Bet for Redd. London: Rainforest Foundation UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, M. J. (1985). The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eliasch, J. (2008). Climate Change: Financing Global Forests: The Eliasch Review. London: Office of Climate Change.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, S., & Ter Haar, G. (2004). Worlds of Power: Religious Thought and Political Practice in Africa. London: Hurst.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasakin, A. (2011). Non-Governmental Organisations and Civil Corruption in Nigeria’s Public Space. Presented at the International Conference on Corruption, Governance and Development in Nigeria Organized by the Aminu Kano Centre for Democratic Research and Training in Conjunction with UNECA and the UNDP, Bayero University, Kano, December 6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • FGN. (1978). Nigeria Land Use Act 1978. Abuja: Federal Government of Nigeria.

    Google Scholar 

  • FGN. (1999). Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Abuja: Federal Government of Nigeria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filou, E. (2010, March 15). Odigha Odigha: Speaking Truth to Power. Ecosystem Marketplace. Retrieved from http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/articles/odigha-odigha-speaking-truth-to-power/

  • FME. (2011). Nigeria’s Redd+ Readiness Programme (2012–2015). Abuja: Federal Ministry of Environment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, N. (2007). Reframing Justice in a Globalizing World. In D. Held & A. Kaya (Eds.), Global Inequality: Patterns and Explanations (pp. 252–272). Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, E. J., Hochstetler, K., & Clark, A. M. (2005). Sovereignty, Democracy, and Global Civil Society: State-Society Relations at Un World Conferences. New York: SUNY Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galtung, J. (2000). Alternative Models for Global Democracy. In B. Holden (Ed.), Global Democracy: Key Debates (pp. 143–161). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gboyega, A. (2003). Democratization and Local Governance in Nigeria Since 1999. Presented at the Workshop on Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Bloomington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodin, R. E. (2007). Enfranchising All Affected Interests, and Its Alternatives. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 35(1), 40–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Government of Akwa Ibom State. (2012, July 23). 76 Oil Wells – How Cross River State Went to Court and Lost. Akwa Ibom State Government, The Nigerian Voice. Retrieved from https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/95131/76-oil-wells-how-cross-river-state-went-to-court-and-lost.html

  • Grunebaum, J. (1981). What Ought the Representative Represent? In N. Bowie (Ed.), Ethical Issues and Government (pp. 54–67). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt, A. H., Stewart, K. J., & Inahoro, I. M. (1989). Nigeria’s Gorillas. Primate Conservation, 10, 73–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • HRW. (2007). Criminal Politics: Violence, “Godfathers” and Corruption in Nigeria. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/nigeria1007/

  • Hurdock, A. (1999). Ngos and Civil Society. London: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iriekpen, D. (2013). Succour on the Way for Lgas. This Day. Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201305140883.html

  • Ite, U. E. (1996). Community Perceptions of the Cross River National Park, Nigeria. Environmental Conservation, 23(4), 351–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ite, U. E. (1997). Small Farmers and Forest Loss in Cross River National Park, Nigeria. Geographical Journal, 163(1), 47–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ite, U. E. (1998). New Wine in an Old Skin: The Reality of Tropical Moist Forest Conservation in Nigeria. Land Use Policy, 15(2), 135–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, R. A. (1987). Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, R. A. (1996). Nigeria: Inside the Dismal Tunnel. Current History, 95, 193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kateb, G. (1981). The Moral Distinctiveness of Representative Democracy. Ethics, 91(3), 357–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufer, D. S., & Carley, K. M. (1993). Condensation Symbols: Their Variety and Rhetorical Function in Political Discourse. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 26, 201–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1999). Transnational Advocacy Networks in International and Regional Politics. International Social Science Journal, 51(159), 89–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelsall, T. (2008). Going with the Grain in African Development? Development Policy Review, 26(6), 627–655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konings, P. (2011). Settling Border Conflicts in Africa Peacefully: Lessons Learned from the Bakassi Dispute Between Cameroon and Nigeria. In J. Abbink & M. de Bruijn (Eds.), Law and Politics in Africa: Mediating Conflict and Reshaping the State (pp. 191–210). Leiden: Brill.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Koonings, K. (2004). Strengthening Citizenship in Brazil’s Democracy: Local Participatory Governance in Porto Alegre. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 23(1), 79–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leadership. (2013, August 3). Algon Lauds Nigerians’ Support for Lg Autonomy. Leadership Newspaper Nigeria. Retrieved from https://thinkprogress.org/cities-states-businesses-measure-paris-targets-d24a314c98c4/

  • Lombardo, E., & Meier, P. (2014). The Symbolic Representation of Gender: A Discursive Approach. Hampstead: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Machimura, T. (1998). Symbolic Use of Globalization in Urban Politics in Tokyo. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 22(2), 183–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manin, B., Przeworski, A., & Stokes, S. (1999). Introduction. In B. Manin, A. Przeworski, & S. Stokes (Eds.), Democracy, Accountability, and Representation (pp. 1–26). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent “Yes”. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marion, N. E., & Oliver, W. M. (2010). Symbolic Politics, Criminal Justice Policy, and Third Political Party Platforms. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 21(4), 476–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matten, D. (2003). Symbolic Politics in Environmental Regulation: Corporate Strategic Responses. Business Strategy and the Environment, 12(4), 215–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGee, M. C. (1980). The “Ideograph”: A Link Between Rhetoric and Ideology. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 66(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mill, J. (2004). Considerations on Representative Government. State College: Penn State.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H. T. (2012). Governing Narratives: Symbolic Politics and Policy Change. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montanaro, L. (2012). The Democratic Legitimacy of Self-Appointed Representatives. The Journal of Politics, 74(4), 1094–1107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norwegian Government. (2007). Norwegian Climate Policy. Oslo: Norwegian Ministry of the Environment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norwegian Government. (2008). Un and Norway Unite to Combat Climate Change from Deforestation. Oslo: Norwegian Ministry of the Environment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuesiri, E. (2012). The Re-emergence of Customary Authority and Its Relation with Local Democratic Government (Responsive Forest Governance Initiative (RFGI), Working Paper 6). Dakar: CODESRIA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oladesu, E., & Salaudeen, L. (2013, November 25). Governors for Senate, Senators for Governor. The Nation. Retrieved from http://thenationonlineng.net/governors-for-senate-senators-for-governor/

  • Olesen, G., Bouveyron, C., Clifton, J., Danesi, J., Keilbach, J., Manson, N., & Reichert, R. (2010). Country Level Evaluation Nigeria Final Report – Volume I: Main Report, Consultancy Report for the European Commission. New York: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olubusoye, E. O., & Oyedotun, T. T. D. (2012). Quantitative Evaluation of Revenue Allocation to States and Local Governments in Nigeria (1999–2008). European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 8(3), 224–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omar, M. (2012). Ensuring Free, Fair and Credible Elections in Local Governments in Nigeria. Developing Country Studies, 2(11), 75–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onu, G., & Biereenu-Nnabugwu, M. (2008). Dialectics of Patronage Politics and Representative Democracy: The Case of Anambra State of Nigeria. In V. O. Okafor (Ed.), Nigeria’s Stumbling Democracy and Its Implications for Africa’s Democratic Movement (pp. 56–78). Westport: Prager Security International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orji, N., & Uzodi, N. (2012). Post-Election Violence in Nigeria: Experiences with the 2011 Elections. Abuja: Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre (PLAC).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oviasuyi, P., Idada, W., & Isiraojie, L. (2010). Constraints of Local Government Administration in Nigeria. Journal of Social Science, 24(2), 81–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyebo, M., Bisong, F., & Morakinyo, T. (2010). A Preliminary Assessment of the Context for Redd in Nigeria. Calabar: Cross River State Forestry Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandrillus. (2013, November 25). Cities and States Solidify Their Plan to Move Forward on Climate Without Trump. Pandrillus. Retrieved from https://www.pandrillus.org/2012/11/peter-jenkins-installed-as-chairman-of-cross-river-state-anti-deforestation-taskforce/

  • Pitkin, H. F. (1967). The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, R. (2003). Transnational Civil Society and Advocacy in World Politics. World Politics, 55(4), 579–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehfeld, A. (2006). Towards a General Theory of Political Representation. The Journal of Politics, 68(1), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehfeld, A. (2011). The Concepts of Representation. American Political Science Review, 105(3), 631–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribot, J., Chhatre, A., & Lankina, T. (2008). Introduction: Institutional Choice and Recognition in the Formation and Consolidation of Local Democracy. Conservation and Society, 6(1), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, S., Streck, C., Pritchard, L., & Costenbader, J. (2013). Safeguards in Redd+ and Forest Carbon Standards: A Review of Social, Environmental and Procedural Concepts and Application. Amsterdam: Climate Focus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Routley, L. (2011). Ngos and the Formation of the Public: Grey Practices and Accountability. African Affairs, 111(442), 116–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Runciman, D. (2007). The Paradox of Political Representation. The Journal of Political Philosophy, 15(1), 93–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadoun, B. (2007). Political Space for Non-Governmental Organizations in United Nations World Summit Processes (Civil Society and Social Movements Programme Paper Number 29). Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahara Reporters. (2010). A Must Read: How Governors Rig Elections. Sahara Reporters. Retrieved from http://saharareporters.com/2010/07/18/must-read-how-governors-rig-elections-donald-duke-guardian

  • Saward, M. (2006). The Representative Claim. Contemporary Political Theory, 5(3), 297–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saward, M. (2008). Representation and Democracy: Revisions and Possibilities. Sociology Compass, 2(3), 1000–1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, J. K. (2012). The Boundaries of Transnational Democracy: Alternatives to the All-Affected Principle. Review of International Studies, 38(2), 321–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schatzberg, M. G. (2001). Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholte, J. A. (2004). Civil Society and Democratically Accountable Global Governance. Government and Opposition, 39(2), 211–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sears, D. O. (1993). Symbolic Politics: A Socio-Psychological Theory. In S. Iyengar & W. McGuire (Eds.), Explorations in Political Psychology (pp. 113–149). Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Severs, E. (2010). Representation as Claims-Making. Quid Responsiveness? Representation, 46(4), 411–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silveira, S. J. (2000). The American Environmental Movement: Surviving Through Diversity. BC Envrionmental Affairs Law Review, 28(2), 497–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. J. (2010). Corruption, Ngos, and Development in Nigeria. Third World Quarterly, 31(2), 243–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stavins, R. N. (1998). What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(3), 69–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TMG. (2003). Do the Votes Count? Final Report of the 2003 General Elections in Nigeria. Abuja: Transition Monitoring Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • TMG. (2007). An Election Programmed to Fail: Final Report of the April 2007 General Elections in Nigeria. Abuja: Transition Monitoring Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonwe, D. A. (2012). Fluidity in Democratic Local Governance: The Achilles’ Heel of Nigerian Local Government. Inkanyiso: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(2), 75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trends, F. (2008). Payments for Ecosystem Services: Getting Started—A Primer. Washington, DC: Forest Trends.

    Google Scholar 

  • UCLG. (2013). Local and Regional Governments: Partners for the Global Agenda. Barcelona: United Cities and Local Governments.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ugborgu, V. (2002, July 4). Nigeria: Murder at Dusk. Newswatch Nigeria News Magazine. Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/200207100808.html

  • Una, E. (2012, May 4). Timber Merchants Petition Imoke. PM News Newspaper Nigeria. Retrieved from http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/05/04/timber-merchants-petition-imoke/

  • United Nations. (2004). We the Peoples: Civil Society, the United Nations and Global Governance, Report of the Panel of Eminent Persons on United Nations–Civil Society Relations. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-REDD. (2008). Un Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (Un-Redd), an Fao, Undp, Unep Framework Document. Geneva: UN-REDD.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-REDD. (2009). Un-Redd Programme Rules of Procedure and Operational Guidance. Geneva: UN-REDD.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-REDD. (2012a). Report of the Eighth Policy Board Meeting. Geneva: UN-REDD.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-REDD. (2012b). Un-Redd Programme Social and Environmental Principles and Criteria. Geneva: UN-REDD.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-REDD. (2013a). Guidelines on Free, Prior and Informed Consent. Geneva: UN-REDD.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-REDD. (2013b). Un-Redd Programme Fund. Geneva: UN-REDD.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-REDD. (2014). About the Un-Redd Programme. Geneva: UN-REDD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urbinati, N., & Warren, M. E. (2008). The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 11(2008), 387–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • USAID. (2010). Property Rights and Resource Governance—Nigeria, Usaid Country Profile. Washington, DC: USAID.

    Google Scholar 

  • Usman, B., & Adefalu, L. (2010). Nigerian Forestry, Wildlife and Protected Areas: Status Report. Biodiversity, 11(3–4), 54–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wedeen, L. (1998). Acting “as If”: Symbolic Politics and Social Control in Syria. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 40(3), 503–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wintrobe, R. (1998). The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz, S., Beris, Y., & Serrano-Berthet, R. (2008). Local Government Discretion and Accountability: A Diagnostic Framework for Local Governance. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

    Emmanuel O. Nuesiri

Authors
  1. Emmanuel O. Nuesiri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

    Emmanuel O. Nuesiri

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Nuesiri, E.O. (2018). Godfather Politics and Exclusionary Local Representation in REDD+: A Case Study of the Design of the UN-REDD-Supervised Nigeria-REDD Proposal. In: Nuesiri, E. (eds) Global Forest Governance and Climate Change. Palgrave Studies in Natural Resource Management . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71946-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71946-7_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71945-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71946-7

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation