Abstract
Much of America’s aging drinking water infrastructure is in a state of disrepair that threatens our water quality and public health. If the goal of equitable access to safe water is to be realized, we must rise to the challenge of replacing or upgrading this infrastructure starting in communities that can least afford to do so. This chapter examines the disparate financial burdens, potential health impacts, and environmental justice implications that water infrastructure inequality poses through the problem of lead in drinking water and opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens. The lead-in-water crisis and Legionella outbreak in Flint, Michigan, provides a clarion call to address funding needs, strengthen regulations, incentivize regulatory compliance, promote meaningful public participation, ensure government accountability, and improve public health outcomes.
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- 1.
In response to evidence of the ubiquity of lead in US drinking water, and documentation of low-dose impacts, the US federal government moved to control lead in water under the authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Under SDWA authority, the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) adopted the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) (Federal Register 1991). This Rule requires that utilities sample tap water from high-risk homes to evaluate lead and copper levels, and corrosion control treatment (CCT) . It required that no more than ten percent of samples could exceed the lead Action Level (AL) of 15 parts per billion (ppb) or micrograms per liter (μg/L). When >10 percent of samples exceed the lead AL, utilities are required to implement corrective actions, including optimization of CCT to reduce water corrosivity , and replacement of at least seven percent of the distribution system’s LSLs annually, until the utility comes back into compliance or until all LSLs are replaced.
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Katner, A.L., Brown, K., Pieper, K., Edwards, M., Lambrinidou, Y., Subra, W. (2018). America’s Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan. In: Brinkmann, R., Garren, S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5
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