Abstract
This book concisely reviews the different design philosophies which have been employed in fatigue design of aircraft structures and the recent evolution of the subject. Figure 1.1 contrasts percentage of failures in general engineering components and in aircraft components, and shows that fatigue is the main source of failure in aircraft structures. Diversification of airframes, from completely metallic to the current high interest on composites and use of a variety of materials may impact the percentile distribution of failure cases, but the predominance of fatigue will certainly continue for metallic materials. Of course the figures cited correspond to a certain universe of cases; Nishida, reporting on the experience of failure analysis of mechanical components in his laboratory, mentions an even greater percentage attributable to fatigue, see Table 1.1, from Nishida (Failure analysis in engineering applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/MainFrame?OpenFrameSet, assessed March 31, 2018.
- 2.
https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/, assessed March 31, 2018.
- 3.
https://www.easa.europa.eu/document-library/certification-specifications, assessed March 31, 2018.
References
S. Nishida, Failure Analysis in Engineering Applications (Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992)
S.J. Findlay, N.D. Harrison, Why aircraft fail. Mater. Today 5(11), 18–25 (2002)
M. Gorelik, Additive manufacturing and risk mitigation—a regulatory perspective, in FAA-AF Additive Manufacturing Workshop, DOT/FAA/TC-16/15 (Dayton, OH, USA, 1–3 Sept 2016)
P.C. Miedlar, A.P. Berens, A.Gunderson, J. Gallagher, USAF Damage Tolerant Design Handbook: Guidelines for the Analysis and Design of Damage Tolerant Aircraft Structures. AFRL-VA-WP-TR-2003-3002 (University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH, 2002)
US Department of Defense—DoD, Joint Service Specification Guide—JSSG-2006—Aircraft Structures (1998)
Federal Aviation Administration—FAA, 14 CFR Part 25: US Airworthiness Standards for Transport Category Airplanes (2012)
A. Brot, Using probabilistic simulations in order to minimize fatigue failures in metallic structures, in 45th Israel Annual Conference on Aerospace Sciences, (Tel Aviv, Israel, 23–24 Feb 2005)
Federal Aviation Administration—FAA, Chapter 12: ‘Publications, forms, & records’, in Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook—General (2008)
European Aviation Safety Agency—EASA, Certification specifications and acceptable means of compliance for large aeroplanes CS-25, amendment 18 (2016)
F. De Florio Airworthiness: An Introduction to Aircraft Certification (EASA, and FAA Standards, Elsevier, A Guide to Understanding JAA, 2006)
M. Pacchione, J. Telgkamp, Challenges of the metallic fuselage, in Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences-ICAS (Hamburg, Germany, 3–8 Sept 2006)
B. Schmidt-Brandecker, H.-J. Schmidt, The effect of environment durability and crack growth, in RTO AVT Workshop on ’Fatigue in the Presence of Corrosion’, (Corfu, Greece, 7-8 Oct, 1998), pp. 11-1
R. Bucci, Advanced metallic & hybrid structural concepts, in USAF Structural Integrity Program Conference (ASIP 2006), (San Antonio, Texas, USA, 29 Nov 2006)
D.F.O. Braga, S.M.O. Tavares, L.F.M. da Silva, P.M.G.P. Moreira, P.M.S.T. de Castro, Advanced design for lightweight structures: review and prospects. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 69, 29–39 (2014)
J.W. Bristow, P.E. Irving, Safety factors in civil aircraft design requirements. Eng. Fail. Anal. 14, 459–470 (2007)
U.G. Goranson, Fatigue issues in aircraft maintenance and repairs. Int. J. Fatigue 20(6), 413431 (1997)
P.M.S.T. de Castro, S.M.O. Tavares, V. Richter-Trummer, P.F.P. de Matos, P.M.G.P. Moreira, L.F.M. da Silva, Damage tolerance of aircraft panels. Mecânica Exp. 18, 35–46 (2010)
C. Boller, M. Buderath, Fatigue in aerostructures–where structural health monitoring can contribute to a complex subject. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 365, 561–587 (2007)
A.F. Grandt Jr., Fundamentals of Structural Integrity: Damage Tolerant Design and Nondestructive Evaluation (Wiley, 2004)
A.F. Grandt Jr., Damage tolerant design and nondestructive inspection–keys to aircraft airworthiness. Proc. Eng. 17, 236–246 (2011)
UK Ministry of Defence—MoD, Defence Standard 00-970 Part 1 Section 3, Leaflet 36 ‘Fatigue—Inspection-Based Substantiation’ issue 5 (2007)
T. Swift, Damage tolerance capability. Int. J. Fatigue 16(1), 75–94 (1994)
United States Air Force—USAF, MIL-A-83444, Military Specification—Airplane Damage Tolerance Requirements, Cancelled in 1987 (1974)
R.J.H. Wanhill, Milestone case histories in aircraft structural integrity, in Comprehensive structural integrity, eds. by I. Milne, R.O. Ritchie, B. Karihaloo, vol. 1 (Elsevier, 2003), pp. 61–72
R.J.H. Wanhill, L. Molent, S.A. Barter, E. Amsterdam, Milestone case histories in aircraft structural integrity—update 2015, Report NLR-TP-2015-193 (2015)
US Department of Defense—DoD, Aircraft structural integrity program (ASIP), MIL-STD-1530C (USAF) (2005)
R.G. Eastin, Contrasting FAA and USAF damage tolerance requirements, in USAF Aircraft Structural Integrity Program Conference (ASIP 2005), 29th November to 1st December (Memphis, Tennessee, USA, 2005)
S. Swift, ICAF 2011 structural integrity: influence of efficiency and green imperatives, in Proceedings of the 26th Symposium of the International Committee on Aeronautical Fatigue, book section Sticks and stones (could the words of aeronautical fatigue hurt us?) (Springer, 2011), pp. 26–37
P.J. Long, J.E. Ellis, A comparison of Air Force versus Federal Aviation Administration airframe structural qualification criteria: MIL-A-87221 (USAF) vs. FAR parts 23 and 25, Report ASD-TR-86-5018 (1986)
R.G. Eastin, W. Sippel, The ‘WFD rule’: have we come full circle?, in USAF Aircraft Structural Integrity Conference (ASIP 2011) (San Antonio, Texas, USA, 29 Nov–1 Dec 2011)
S. Swift, Gnats and camels: 30 years of regulating structural fatigue in light aircraft, in 20th International Committee on Aeronautical Fatigue Symposium (Ohio, USA, July, Dayton, 1999), pp. 14–17
H.J.K. Lemmen, R.C. Alderliesten, J.J. Homan, R. Benedictus, The influence of fatigue crack initiation behaviour of friction stir welded joints on the design criteria, in 26th Congress of International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences (Alaska, USA, Anchorage, Sept 2008), pp. 14–19
Federal Aviation Administration—FAA, Damage Tolerance Assessment Handbook, Vol. II Airframe Damage Tolerance Evaluation, DOT/FAA/CT-93/69.II (1993)
P. Horst, The significance of the interaction of stability and damage propagation in metallic and composite panels. Int. J. Struct. Integr. 6(6), 737–758 (2015)
U.G. Goranson, M. Miller, Structural Integrity of Aging Airplanes, book section Aging jet transport structural evaluation programs (Springer, 1991), pp. 130–140
U.G. Goranson, Damage tolerance facts and fiction, in USAF Aircraft Structural Integrity Program (ASIP 2006) (San Antonio, Texas, USA, 2006)
U.G. Goranson, Damage tolerance facts and fiction, in International Conference on Damage Tolerance of Aircraft Structures, (Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 25–28 Sept 2007)
G.I. Nesterenko, Designing the airplane structure for high durability, in AIAA/ICAS International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition (Ohio, USA, Dayton, 2003), pp. 14–17
G. Nesterenko, B. Nesterenko, Ensuring structural damage tolerance of Russian aircraft. Int. J. Fatigue 31(6), 1054–1061 (2009)
National Transportation Safety Board—NTSB, “B733 depressurisation while en-route,” Report DCA11MA039, 24 Sept 2013
P. Safarian, Fatigue and damage tolerance requirements of civil aviation, in Master of Aerospace Engineering Colloquium, Winter (Washington University, Seattle, WA, USA), 2 March 2014
A. Brot, Developing strategies to combat threats against the structural integrity of aircraft, in 52nd Israel Annual Conference on Aerospace Sciences (Tel Aviv/Haifa, Israel, 29 Feb–01 March 2012)
S. Chisholm, Panel 3: design requirements and validation, in NTSB Airplane Fuselage Structural Integrity Forum (USA, Washington, DC, 2011)
M. Pacchione, J. Telgkamp, N. Ohrloff, Design of pressurized fuselage structures under consideration of damage tolerance requirements, in 40. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchvorgänge (40th meeting of the DVM fracture processes working group), (Stuttgart, Germany, 19–20 Feb 2008)
S.M.O. Tavares, P.M.S.T. Castro, An overview of fatigue in aircraft structures. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 40(10), 1510–1529 (2017)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tavares, S.M.O., de Castro, P.M.S.T. (2019). Introduction. In: Damage Tolerance of Metallic Aircraft Structures. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70190-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70190-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70189-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70190-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)