Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Pigmented Ethnic Skin and Imported Dermatoses pp 311–326Cite as

Bullous Diseases in Dark Skin

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Blisters are commonly caused by injuries, in particular by burns or specific skin irritation, and heal relatively rapidly without leaving scars. However, a series of autoimmune disorders affecting the skin and the mucous membranes initiate the formation of antibodies against adhesion proteins in skin and mucosal membranes causing chronic and consistent blistering, occasionally leading to scars. The presence of autoantibodies in tissue is visible by direct immunofluorescence (DIF), and circulating autoantibodies may also occur and be detected. Several clinical entities characterized by bulla formation may then arise and also overlap (Table 28.1). The management of these bullous disorders is difficult, and, if left untreated, life-threatening conditions may result.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Venugopal SS, Murrell DF. Diagnosis and clinical features of pemphigus vulgaris. Dermatol Clin. 2011;29:373–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Alpsoy E, Akman-Karakas A, Uzun S. Geographic variations in epidemiology of two autoimmune bullous diseases: pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol Res. 2015;307:291–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Saleh MA. Pemphigus in the Arab world. J Dermatol. 2015;42:27–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Adam BA. Bullous diseases in Malaysia: epidemiology and natural history. Int J Dermatol. 1992;31:42–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kanwar AJ, De D. Pemphigus in India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2011;77:439–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Singh R, Pandhi R. A clinicopathological study of pemphigus. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1973;39:126.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Patel F, Wilken R, Patel FB, et al. Pathophysiology of autoimmune bullous diseases: nature versus nurture. Indian J Dermatol. 2017;62:262–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Capon F, Bharkhada J, Cochrane N, et al. Evidence of an association between desmoglein 3 haplotypes and pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:67–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Murrell DF. Blistering diseases: clinical features, pathogenesis, treatment. Berlin: Springer; 2015.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Kanwar AJ, Tsuruta D, Vinay K, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab treatment in Indian pemphigus patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27:e17–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Anandan V, Jameela WA, Sowmiya R, et al. Rituximab: a magic bullet for pemphigus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11:WC01–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Shaik F, Botha J, Aboobaker J, et al. Corticosteroid/cyclophosphamide pulse treatment in South African patients with pemphigus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35:245–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhao C, Murrell DF. Pemphigus vulgaris: an evidence-based treatment update. Drugs. 2015;75:271–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Aoki V, Rivitti EA, Diaz LA. Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem Research: update on fogo selvagem, an endemic form of pemphigus foliaceus. J Dermatol. 2015;42:18–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Morini JP, Jomaa B, Gorgi Y, Saguem MH, Nouira R, Roujeau J-C, Revuz J. Pemphigus foliaceus in young women: an endemic focus in the Sousse area of Tunisia. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:69–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mahé A, Flageul B, Cissé I, et al. Pemphigus in Mali: a study of 30 cases. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134:114–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Aboobaker J, Morar N, Ramdial PK, Hammond MG. Pemphigus in South Africa. Int J Dermatol. 2001;40:115–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Orne CM, Hale CS, Meehan SA, Leger M. Pemphigus foliaceus. Dermatol Online J. 2014;20(12). pii: 13030/qt9bf1p1pc.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kridin K, Zelber-Sagi S, Bergman R. Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus: differences in epidemiology and mortality. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97:1095-9.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Green MG, Bystryn J-C. Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on serum levels of IgG1 and IgG4 antidesmoglein 1 and antidesmoglein 3 antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:1621–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Loh TY, Paravar T. Rituximab in the management of juvenile pemphigus foliaceus. Dermatol Online J. 2017;23(6). pii: 13030/qt0415n1r5.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lo Schiavo A, Ruocco E, Brancaccio G, et al. Bullous pemphigoid: etiology, pathogenesis, and inducing factors: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol. 2013;31:391–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ren Z, Hsu DY, Silverberg NB, et al. The inpatient burden of autoimmune blistering disease in US children: analysis of nationwide inpatient sample data. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18:287–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Schmidt E, della Torre R, Borradori L. Clinical features and practical diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. Dermatol Clin. 2011;29:427–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Stavropoulos PG, Soura E, Antoniou C. Drug-induced pemphigoid: a review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28:1133–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Joly P, Tanasescu S, Wolkenstein P, et al. Lichenoid erythrodermic bullous pemphigoid of the African patient. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39:691–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bernard P, Charneux J. Bullous pemphigoid: a review. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2011;138:173–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Spivey J, Nye AM. Bullous pemphigoid: corticosteroid treatment and adverse effects in long-term care patients. Consult Pharm. 2013;28:455–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kirtschig G, Middleton P, Bennett C, et al. Interventions for bullous pemphigoid. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(10):CD002292.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Collin P, Salmi TT, Hervonen K, et al. Dermatitis herpetiformis: a cutaneous manifestation of coeliac disease. Ann Med. 2017;49:23–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Salmi TT, Hervonen K, Kautiainen H, et al. Prevalence and incidence of dermatitis herpetiformis: a 40-year prospective study from Finland. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165:354–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bolotin D, Petronic-Rosic V. Dermatitis herpetiformis. Part I. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64:1017–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Tu H, Parmentier L, Stieger M, et al. Acral purpura as leading clinical manifestation of dermatitis herpetiformis: report of two adult cases with a review of the literature. Dermatology. 2013;227:1–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Zone JJ, Meyer LJ. Dermatitis herpetiformis. Immunol Ser. 1989;46:565–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Benmously-Mlika R, Bchetnia M, Deghais S, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease in Tunisia. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:396–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Meng L, Gu Y, Du XF, et al. Two novel ATP2C1 mutations in patients with Hailey-Hailey disease and a literature review of sequence variants reported in the Chinese population. Genet Mol Res. 2015;14:19349–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Thompson LD. Hailey-Hailey disease. Ear Nose Throat J. 2016;95:370.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Burge SM. Hailey–Hailey disease: the clinical features, response to treatment and prognosis. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126:275–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. D’Errico A, Bonciani D, Bonciolini V, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease treated with methotrexate. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2012;6:49–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Nanda KB, Saldanha CS, Jacintha M, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease responding to thalidomide. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59:190–2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Bertram F, Brocker EB, Zillikens D, et al. Prospective analysis of the incidence of autoimmune bullous disorders in Lower Franconia, Germany. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2009;7:434–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Chan LS, Ahmed AR, Anhalt GJ, et al. The first international consensus on mucous membrane pemphigoid: definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenic factors, medical treatment, and prognostic indicators. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:370–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Fleming TE, Korman NJ. Cicatricial pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:571–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Queisi MM, Zein M, Lamba N, et al. Update on ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and emerging treatments. Surv Ophthalmol. 2016;61:314–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sobolewska B, Deuter C, Zierhut M. Current medical treatment of ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid. Ocul Surf. 2013;11:259–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wojnarowska F, Marsden R, Bhogal B, et al. Chronic bullous disease of childhood, childhood cicatricial pemphigoid, and linear IgA disease of adults: a comparative study demonstrating clinical and immunopathologic overlap. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;19:792–805.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Fortuna G, Marinkovich MP. Linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis. Clin Dermatol. 2012;30:38–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mahé A, Flageul B, Bobin P. Bullous IgA linear dermatosis of children in Mali. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1996;123:544–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kharfi M, Khaled A, Karaa A, et al. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis: the more frequent bullous dermatosis of children. Dermatol Online J. 2010;16(1):2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Boccaletti V, Di Nuzzo S. Linear IgA bullous disease. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Guide SV, Marinkovich MP. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Clin Dermatol. 2001;19:719–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Waldman MA, Black DR, Callen JP. Vancomycin-induced linear IgA bullous disease presenting as toxic epidermal necrolysis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29:633–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Chen S, Mattei P, Fischer M, et al. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Eplasty. 2013;13:ic49.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Billet SE, Kortuem KR, Gibson LE, et al. A morbilliform variant of vancomycin-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:774–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kenani N, Mebazaa A, Denguezli M, et al. Childhood linear IgA bullous dermatosis in Tunisia. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26:28–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Passos L, Rabelo RF, Matsuo C, et al. Linear IgA/IgG bullous dermatosis: successful treatment with dapsone and mycophenolate mofetil. An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86:747–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Cobo MF, Santi CG, Maruta CW, et al. Pemphigoid gestationis: clinical and laboratory evaluation. Dermatol Clin. 2009;64:1043–7.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Shornick JK, Bangert JL, Freeman RG, Gilliam JN. Herpes gestationis: clinical and histologic features of twenty-eight cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983;8:214–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Boudaya S, Turki H, Meziou TJ, et al. Pemphigoid gestationis: a study of 15 cases. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2003;32:30–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Al-Saif F, Elisa A, Al-Homidy A, et al. Retrospective analysis of pemphigoid gestationis in 32 Saudi patients—clinicopathological features and a literature review. J Reprod Immunol. 2016;116:42–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Soutou B, Aractingi S. Skin disease in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;29:732–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hallel-Halevy D, Nadelman C, Chen M, Woodley DT. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: update and review. Clin Dermatol. 2001;19:712–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Gupta R, Woodley DT, Chen M. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Clin Dermatol. 2012;30:60–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Zumelzu C, Le Roux-Villet C, Loiseau P, et al. Black patients of African descent and HLA-DRB1* 15:03 frequency overrepresented in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:2386–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Howard T, Brunner WC. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in an 18-year-old African-American male: a case report. S D Med. 2009;62:50–1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ishii N, Hamada T, Dainichi T, et al. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: what’s new? J Dermatol. 2010;37:220–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, St. George Hospital, University of South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Anes Yang, Emily K. Kozera & Dédée F. Murrell

Authors
  1. Anes Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Emily K. Kozera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dédée F. Murrell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anes Yang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Free University of Berlin, Medical School Charité, Berlin, Germany

    Constantin E. Orfanos

  2. Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

    Christos C. Zouboulis

  3. Department of Dermatology and Venereology, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Chalid Assaf

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yang, A., Kozera, E.K., Murrell, D.F. (2018). Bullous Diseases in Dark Skin. In: Orfanos, C., Zouboulis, C., Assaf, C. (eds) Pigmented Ethnic Skin and Imported Dermatoses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69422-1_28

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69422-1_28

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69421-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69422-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation