Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Surgery of the Skull Base pp 27–70Cite as

Therapeutical Principles in the Treatment of Skull Base Pathologies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1342 Accesses

Abstract

In cases of complex skull base tumours, the primary interdisciplinary discussion among different medical specialties is a basic principle. Preserving and improving neurological function have become the highest dictum when planning treatment. Generally, the individualisation of the therapeutical concept according to all clinical and radiological data represents another principle of modern skull base surgery that can be gently put into practice by the continuous improvement of preoperative diagnostics, therapy simulation and intraoperative visualisation with modern endoscopy which is associated with a miniaturisation of surgical approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

Surgical Principles

  1. Altieri R, Tardivo V, Pacca P, Pennacchietti V, Penner F, Garbossa D, Ducati A, Garzaro M, Zenga F. 3D HD endoscopy in skull base surgery: from darkness to light. Surg Technol Int. 2016;XXIX:359–65.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Amit M, Abergel A, Fliss DM, Gil Z. The clinical importance of quality-of-life scores in patients with skull base tumors: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Curr Oncol Rep. 2012;14(2):175–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ausman JI. A revolution in skull base surgery: the quality of life matters! Surg Neurol. 2006;65(6):635–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bambakidis NC, Kakarla UK, Kim LJ, Nakaji P, Porter RW, Daspit CP, Spetzler RF. Evolution of surgical approaches in the treatment of petroclival meningiomas: a retrospective review. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(5 Suppl 2):202–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bi WL, Brown PA, Abolfotoh M, Al-Mefty O, Mukundan S Jr, Dunn IF. Utility of dynamic computed tomography angiography in the preoperative evaluation of skull base tumors. J Neurosurg. 2015;123(1):1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Blitz AM, Aygun N, Herzka DA, Ishii M, Gallia GL. High resolution three-dimensional MR imaging of the skull base: compartments, boundaries, and critical structures. Radiol Clin N Am. 2017;55(1):17–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cabrilo I, Sarrafzadeh A, Bijlenga P, Landis BN, Schaller K. Augmented reality-assisted skull base surgery. Neurochirurgie. 2014;60(6):304–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cappabianca P, Doglietto F, Gentili F, Nicolai P. Endoscopic skull base surgery: where on the parabola? J Neurosurg Sci. 2016;60(4):438–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cho YH, Lee JM, Lee D, Park JH, Yoon K, Kim SO, Kwon DH, Kim JH, Kim CJ, Roh SW. Experiences on two different stereotactic radiosurgery modalities of gamma knife and Cyberknife in treating brain metastases. Acta Neurochir. 2015;157(11):2003–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Colombo F, Casentini L, Cavedon C, Scalchi P, Cora S, Francescon P. Cyberknife radiosurgery for benign meningiomas: short-term results in 199 patients. Neurosurgery. 2009;64(2 Suppl):A7–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Da Cruz MJ, Francis HW. Face and content validation of a novel three-dimensional printed temporal bone for surgical skills development. J Laryngol Otol. 2015;129(Suppl 3):S23–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Dengler J, Heuschmann PU, Endres M, Meyer B, Rohde V, Rufenacht DA, Vajkoczy P, Giant Intracranial Aneurysm Study Group. The rationale and design of the giant intracranial aneurysm registry: a retrospective and prospective study. Int J Stroke. 2011;6(3):266–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Dengler J, Maldaner N, Gläsker S, Endres M, Wagner M, Malzahn U, Heuschmann PU, Vajkoczy P, Giant Intracranial Aneurysm Study Group. Outcome of surgical or endovascular treatment of Giant intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on age, aneurysm location, and unruptured aneuryms–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;41(3–4):187–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dolenc V. Direct microsurgical repair of intracavernous vascular lesions. J Neurosurg. 1983;58(6):824–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Grauvogel J, Grauvogel TD, Kaminsky J. Piezosurgical lateral suboccipital craniectomy and opening of the internal auditory canal in the rat. J Neurosurg Sci. 2014;58(1):17–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hage ZA, Alaraj A, Arnone GD, Charbel FT. Novel imaging approaches to cerebrovascular disease. Transl Res. 2016;175:54–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hayashi N, Mitsuya K, Gorai K, Inoue K, Ito I, Nakagawa M, Nakasu Y. A novel graft material for preventing cerebrospinal fluid leakage in skull base reconstruction: technical note of perifascial areolar tissue. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2015;76(1):7–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hide T, Yano S, Shinojima N, Kuratsu J. Usefulness of the indocyanine green fluorescence endoscope in endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. J Neurosurg. 2015;122(5):1185–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hochmuth A, Spetzger U, Schumacher M. Comparison of three-dimensional rotational angiography with digital subtraction angiography in the assessment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(7):1199–205.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Jones SH, Iannone AF, Patel KS, Anchouche K, Raza SM, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. The impact of age on long-term quality of life after endonasal endoscopic resection of skull base meningiomas. Neurosurgery. 2016;79(5):736–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. König SA, Ranguis S, Gramlich V, Spetzger U. Reconstruction of the anterior skull base after major trauma or extensive tumour resection. Acta Neurochir. 2015;157(1):139–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Krombach G, Ganser A, Fricke C, Rohde V, Reinges M, Gilsbach J, Spetzger U. Virtual placement of frontal ventricular catheters using frameless neuronavigation: an “unbloody training” for young neurosurgeons. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2000;43(4):171–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lefaucheur JP, Neves DO, Vial C. Electrophysiological monitoring of cranial motor nerves (V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII). Neurochirurgie. 2009;55(2):136–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mathur A, Jain N, Kesavadas C, Thomas B, Kapilamoorthy TR. Imaging of skull base pathologies: role of advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Neuroradiol J. 2015;28(4):426–37.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Reisch R, Stadie A, Kockro R, Gawish I, Schwandt E, Hopf N. The minimally invasive supraorbital subfrontal key-hole approach for surgical treatment of temporomesial lesions of the dominant hemisphere. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2009;52(4):163–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sachs ME, Conley J, Rabuzzi DD, Blaugrund S, Price J. Degloving approach for total excision of inverted papilloma. Laryngoscope. 1984;94(12 Pt 1):1595–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sanli E, Mabhouti H, Cebe M, Codel G, Pacaci P, Serin E, Kucuk N, Kucukmorkoc E, Doyuran M, Canoglu D, Altinok A, Acar H, Caglar Ozkok H. SU-F-SPS-10: the dosimetric comparison of GammaKnife and Cyberknife treatment plans for brain SRS treatment. Med Phys. 2016;43(6):3352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Schipper J, Maier W, Arapakis I, Spetzger U, Laszig R. Navigation as a tool to visualize bone-covered hidden structures in transfrontal approaches. J Laryngol Otol. 2004a;118(11):849–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Schipper J, Ridder GJ, Maier W, Spetzger U. The anterosigmoidal approach. A function-preserving surgical method for petroclival tumors. HNO. 2004b;52(11):984–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Schipper J, Ridder GJ, Spetzger U, Teszler CB, Fradis M, Maier W. Individual prefabricated titanium implants and titanium mesh in skull base reconstructive surgery. A report of cases. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2004c;261(5):282–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Schipper J, Spetzger U, Tatagiba M, Rosahl S, Neumann HP, Boedeker CC, Maier W. Juxtacondylar approach in temporal paraganglioma surgery: when and why? Skull Base. 2009;19(1):43–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Seifert V. Clinical management of petroclival meningiomas and the eternal quest for preservation of quality of life: personal experiences over a period of 20 years. Acta Neurochir. 2010;152(7):1099–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Spetzger U, Laborde G, Gilsbach JM. Frameless neuronavigation in modern neurosurgery. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 1995;38(4):163–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Spetzger U, Reul J, Weis J, Bertalanffy H, Thron A, Gilsbach JM. Microsurgically produced bifurcation aneurysms in a rabbit model for endovascular coil embolization. J Neurosurg. 1996;85(3):488–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Spetzger U, Hubbe U, Struffert T, Reinges MH, Krings T, Krombach GA, Zentner J, Gilsbach JM, Stiehl HS. Error analysis in cranial neuronavigation. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2002;45(1):6–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Spetzger U, Vougioukas V, Schipper J. Materials and techniques for osseous skull reconstruction. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2010;19(2):110–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Spetzger U, von Schilling A, Brombach T, Winkler G. Training models for vascular microneurosurgery. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2011;112:115–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Spetzger U, Frasca M, König SA. Surgical planning, manufacturing and implantation of an individualized cervical fusion titanium cage using patient-specific data. Eur Spine J. 2016;25(7):2239–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Snyderman CH, Wang EW, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Gardner PA. The making of a skull base team and the value of multidisciplinary approach in the management of sinonasal and ventral skull base malignancies. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2017;50(2):457–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2016.12.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Tantongtip D, Fratianni A, Jenkner J, Arnold S, Spetzger U. Surgical treatment of inadvertent internal carotid artery lesion by extraintracranial high-flow bypass. A case report and review of the literature. J Neurol Surg Rep. 2015;76(1):e100–4.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Thaher F, Hopf N, Hickmann AK, Kurucz P, Bittl M, Henkes H, Feigl G. Supraorbital keyhole approach to the skull base: evaluation of complications related to CSF fistulas and opened frontal sinus. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2015;76(6):433–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Tuniz F, Soltys SG, Choi CY, Chang SD, Gibbs IC, Fischbein NJ, Adler JR Jr. Multisession cyberknife stereotactic radiosurgery of large, benign cranial base tumors: preliminary study. Neurosurgery. 2009;65(5):898–907.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. von Schilling A, Spetzger U. Clipping of a partially thrombosed giant VA aneurysm. Neurosurg Focus. 2015;38(VideoSuppl1):Video18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Vougioukas VI, Hubbe U, Schipper J, Spetzger U. Navigated transoral approach to the cranial base and the craniocervical junction: technical note. Neurosurgery. 2003;52(1):247–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Vougioukas VI, Hubbe U, van Velthoven V, Freiman TM, Schramm A, Spetzger U. Neuronavigation-assisted cranial reconstruction. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(1):162–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Yagmurlu K, Safavi-Abbasi S, Belykh E, Kalani MY, Nakaji P, Rhoton AL Jr, Spetzler RF, Preul MC. Quantitative anatomical analysis and clinical experience with mini-pterional and mini-orbitozygomatic approaches for intracranial aneurysm surgery. J Neurosurg. 2016;18:1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Zhao M, Amin-Hanjani S, Ruland S, Curcio AP, Ostergren L, Charbel FT. Regional cerebral blood flow using quantitative MR angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(8):1470–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Radiosurgical Principles

  1. Adler JR Jr, Chang SD, Murphy MJ, Doty J, Geis P, Hancock SL. The Cyberknife: a frameless robotic system for radiosurgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;69:124–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Adler JR Jr, Gibbs IC, Puataweepong P, Chang SD. Visual field preservation after multisession cyberknife® radiosurgery for perioptic lesions. Neurosurgery. 2006;59:244–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Aichholzer M, Bertalanffy A, Dietrich W, Roessler K, Pfisterer W, Ungersboeck K, Heimberger K, Kitz K. Gamma knife radiosurgery of skull base meningiomas. Acta Neurochir. 2000;142:647–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Akpinar B, Mousavi SH, McDowell MM, Niranjan A, Faraji AH, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Early radiosurgery improves hearing preservation in vestibular schwannoma patients with normal hearing at the time of diagnosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;95(2):729–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Attanasio R, Epaminonda P, Motti E, Giugni E, Ventrella L, Cozzi R, Farabola M, Loli P, Beck-Peccoz P, Arosio M. Gamma-knife radiosurgery in acromegaly: a 4-year follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3105–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Banasiak MJ, Malek AR. Nelson syndrome: comprehensive review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Neurosurg Focus. 2007;23(3):E13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Baschnagel AM, Chen PY, Bojrab D, Pieper D, Kartush J, Didyuk O, Naumann IC, Maitz A, Grills IS. Hearing preservation in patients with vestibular schwannoma treated with gamma knife surgery. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(3):571–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Benedict SH, Yenice KM, Followill D, Galvin JM, Hinson W, Kavanagh B, Keall P, Lovelock M, Meeks S, Papiez L, Purdie T, Sadagopan R, Schell MC, Salter B, Schlesinger DJ, Shiu AS, Solberg T, Song DY, Stieber V, Timmerman R, Tomé WA, Verellen D, Wang L, Yin FF. Stereotactic body radiation therapy: the report of AAPM Task Group 101. Med Phys. 2010;37(8):4078–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bitaraf MA, Alikhani M, Tahsili-Fahadan P, Motiei-Langroudi R, Zahiri A, Allahverdi M, Salmanian S. Radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors: experience treating 16 patients in Iran. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(Suppl):168–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Borba LA, Araújo JC, de Oliveira JG, Filho MG, Moro MS, Tirapelli LF, Colli BO. Surgical management of glomus jugulare tumors: a proposal for approach selection based on tumor relationships with the facial nerve. J Neurosurg. 2010;112:88–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bulthuis VJ, Hanssens PE, Lie ST, van Overbeeke JJ. Gamma knife radiosurgery for intracranial meningiomas: do we need to treat the dural tail? A single-center retrospective analysis and an overview of the literature. Surg Neurol Int. 2014;5(Suppl 8):S391–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Casentini L, Fornezza U, Perini Z, Perissinotto E, Colombo F. Multisession stereotactic radiosurgery for large vestibular schwannomas. J Neurosurg. 2015;122:818–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Castinetti F, Taieb D, Kuhn JM, Chanson P, Tamura M, Jaquet P, Conte-Devolx B, Régis J, Dufour H, Brue T. Outcome of gamma knife radiosurgery in 82 patients with acromegaly: correlation with initial hypersecretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4483–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Castinetti F, Nagai M, Dufour H, Kuhn JM, Morange I, Jaquet P, Conte-Devolx B, Regis J, Brue T. Gamma knife radiosurgery is a successful adjunctive treatment in Cushing’s disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156:91–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chang SD. Staged stereotactic irradiation for acoustic neuroma. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:1254–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen JC, Giannotta SL, Yu C, Petrovich Z, Levy Aichholzer M, Bertalanffy A, Dietrich W, Roessler K, Pfisterer W, Ungersboeck K, Heimberger K, Kitz K. Gamma knife radiosurgery of skull base meningiomas. Acta Neurochir. 2000;142:647–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Chen JC, Giannotta SL, Yu C, Petrovich Z, Levy ML, Apuzzo ML. Radiosurgical management of benign cavernous sinus tumors: dose profiles and acute complications. Neurosurgery. 2001;48:1022–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Cho CB, Park HK, Joo WI, Chough CK, Lee KJ, Rha HK. Stereotactic radiosurgery with the CyberKnife for pituitary adenomas. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2009;45:157–63.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Choi JY, Chang JH, Chang JW, Ha Y, Park YG, Chung SS. Radiological and hormonal responses of functioning pituitary adenomas after gamma knife radiosurgery. Yonsei Med J. 2003;44:602–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chopra R, Kondziolka D, Niranjan A, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC. Long-term followup of acoustic schwannoma radiosurgery with marginal tumor doses of 12 to 13 Gy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68:845–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cifarelli CP, Schlesinger DJ, Sheehan JP. Cranial nerve dysfunction following gamma knife surgery for pituitary adenomas: long-term incidence and risk factors. J Neurosurg. 2012;116:1304–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Combs SE, Thilmann C, Debus J, Schulz-Ertner D. Long-term outcome of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in patients with acoustic neuromas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:1341–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cohen-Inbar O, Tata A, Moosa S, Lee CC, Sheehan JP. Stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of parasellar meningiomas: long-term volumetric evaluation. J Neurosurg. 2017;24:1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Combs SE, Ganswindt U, Foote RL, Kondziolka D, Tonn JC. State-of-the-art treatment alternatives for base of skull meningiomas: complementing and controversial indications for neurosurgery, stereotactic and robotic based radiosurgery or modern fractionated radiation techniques. Radiat Oncol. 2012;7:226.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Colin P, Jovenin N, Delemer B, Caron J, Grulet H, Hecart AC, Lukas C, Bazin A, Bernard MH, Scherpereel B, Peruzzi P, Nakib I, Redon C, Rousseaux P. Treatment of pituitary adenomas by fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy: a prospective study of 110 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62:333–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Devin JK, Allen GS, Cmelak AJ, Duggan DM, Blevins LS. The efficacy of linear accelerator radiosurgery in the management of patients with Cushing’s disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2004;82(5–6):254–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Dutta D, Balaji Subramanian S, Murli V, Sudahar H, Gopalakrishna Kurup PG, Potharaju M. Dosimetric comparison of Linac-based (BrainLAB®) and robotic radiosurgery (CyberKnife®) stereotactic system plans for acoustic schwannoma. J Neuro-Oncol. 2012;106(3):637–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. El Majdoub F, Hunsche S, Igressa A, Kocher M, Sturm V, Maarouf M. Stereotactic LINAC-radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors: a long-term follow-up of 27 patients. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0129057.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Feigenberg SJ, Mendenhall WM, Hinerman RW, Amdur RJ, Friedman WA, Antonelli PJ. Radiation therapy for Paraganglioma of the temporal bone. Head Neck. 2002;24:384–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Feigl GC, Bonelli CM, Berghold A, Mokry M. Effects of gamma knife radiosurgery of pituitary adenomas on pituitary function. J Neurosurg. 2002;97(5 Suppl):415–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Feigl GC, Horstmann GA. Intracranial glomus jugulare tumors: volume reduction with gamma knife surgery. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(Suppl):161–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD, Linskey ME, Duma CM, Kondziolka D. Gamma knife radiosurgery for acoustic tumors: multivariate analysis of four year results. Radiother Oncol. 1993;27:91–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Foote RL, Coffey RJ, Swanson JW, Harner SG, Beatty CW, Kline RW, Stevens LN, Hu TC. Stereotactic radiosurgery using the gamma knife for acoustic neuromas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;32:1153–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Friedman WA, Bradshaw P, Myers A, Bova FJ. Linear accelerator radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:657–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Friedman WA, Foote KD. Linear accelerator radiosurgery for skull base tumors. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 2000;11:667–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Fukuoka S, Takanashi M, Hojyo A, Konishi M, Tanaka C, Nakamura H. Gamma knife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas. Prog Neurol Surg. 2009;22:45–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ganz JC, Backlund EO, Thorsen FA. The effects of gamma knife surgery of pituitary adenomas on tumor growth and endocrinopathies. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1993;61(Suppl 1):30–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ganz JC, Abdelkarim K. Glomus jugulare tumours: certain clinical and radiological aspects observed following gamma knife radiosurgery. Acta Neurochir. 2009;151:423–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Genç A, Bicer A, Abacioglu U, Peker S, Pamir MN, Kilic T. Gamma knife radiosurgery for the treatment of glomus jugulare tumors. J Neuro-Oncol. 2010;97:101–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Gerosa M, Visca A, Rizzo P, Foroni R, Nicolato A, Bricolo A. Glomus jugulare tumors: the option of gamma knife radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2006;59:561–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Goldsmith BJ, Wara WM, Wilson CB, Larson DA. Postoperative irradiation for subtotally resected meningiomas. A retrospective analysis of 140 patients treated from 1967 to 1990. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:195–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Guss ZD, Batra S, Limb CJ, Li G, Sughrue ME, Redmond K, Rigamonti D, Parsa AT, Chang S, Kleinberg L, Lim M. Radiosurgery of glomus jugulare tumors: a meta-analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81(4):e497–502.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Gutt B, Wowra B, Alexandrov R, Uhl E, Schaaf L, Stalla GK, Schopohl J. Gamma-knife surgery is effective in normalising plasma insulin-like growth factor I in patients with acromegaly. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2005;113:219–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Han MS, Jang WY, Moon KS, Lim SH, Kim IY, Jung TY, Jung SI. Fractionated gamma knife radiosurgery a safe and effective treatment approach for large-volume (>10 cm3) intracranial meningiomas? World Neurosurg. 2017;99:477–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hansasuta A, Choi CY, Gibbs IC, Soltys SG, Tse VC, Lieberson RE, Hayden MG, Sakamoto GT, Harsh GR 4th, Adler JR Jr, Chang SD. Multisession stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas: single-institution experience with 383 cases. Neurosurgery. 2011;69(6):1200–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hasegawa T, Kida Y, Kobayashi T, Yoshimoto M, Mori Y, Yoshida J. Long-term outcomes in patients with vestibular schwannomas treated using gamma knife surgery: 10-year follow up. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:10–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hayashi M, Chernov M, Tamura N, Nagai M, Yomo S, Ochiai T, Amano K, Izawa M, Hori T, Muragaki Y, Iseki H, Okada Y, Takakura K. Gamma Knife robotic microradiosurgery of pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus: treatment concept and results in 89 cases. J Neuro-Oncol. 2010;98(2):185–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Hayashi M, Izawa M, Hiyama H, Nakamura S, Atsuchi S, Sato H, Nakaya K, Sasaki K, Ochiai T, Kubo O, Hori T, Takakura K. Gamma knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72(Suppl 1):111–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ho AK, Fu D, Cotrutz C, Hancock SL, Chang SD, Gibbs IC, Maurer CR Jr, Adler JR Jr. A study of the accuracy of cyberknife spinal radiosurgery using skeletal structure tracking. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(2 Suppl 1):ONS147–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Höybye C, Grenbäck E, Rähn T, Degerblad M, Thorén M, Hulting AL. Adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing pituitary tumors: 12- to 22-year follow-up after treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2001;49:284–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Inoue HK, Kohga H, Hirato M, Sasaki T, Ishihara J, Shibazaki T, Ohye C, Andou Y. Pituitary adenomas treated by microsurgery with or without gamma knife surgery: experience in 122 cases. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72(Suppl 1):125–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Iwai Y, Yamanaka K, Kubo T, Aiba T. Gamma knife radiosurgery for intracanalicular acoustic neuromas. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15:993–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Iwai Y, Yamanaka K, Yoshimura M, Kawasaki I, Yamagami K, Yoshioka K. Gamma knife radiosurgery for growth hormone-producing adenomas. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17(3):299–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Izawa M, Hayashi M, Nakaya K, Satoh H, Ochiai T, Hori T, Takakura K. Gamma knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(Suppl 3):19–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jagannathan J, Sheehan JP, Pouratian N, Laws ER, Steiner L, Vance ML. Gamma knife surgery for Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg. 2007;106:980–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Jagannathan J, Sheehan JP, Pouratian N, Laws ER Jr, Steiner L, Vance ML. Gamma knife radiosurgery for acromegaly: outcomes after failed transsphenoidal surgery. Neurosurgery. 2008;62:1262–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jane JA Jr, Vance ML, Woodburn CJ, Laws ER Jr. Stereotactic radiosurgery for hypersecreting pituitary tumors: part of a multimodality approach. Neurosurg Focus. 2003;14:e12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Jayarao M, Chin LS. Robotics and its applications in stereotactic radiosurgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2007;23:E6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Jezková J, Marek J, Hána V, Krsek M, Weiss V, Vladyka V, Lisák R, Vymazal J, Pecen L. Gamma knife radiosurgery for acromegaly–long-term experience. Clin Endocrinol. 2006;64:588–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Jordan JA, Roland PS, McManus C, Weiner RL, Giller CA. Stereotactic radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:35–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ju DT, Lin JW, Lin MS, Lee LM, Tseng HM, Wei CP, Yen CH, Hung CC, Hung KS, Lin CM, Lin TJ, Chiu WT, Tsai JT. Hypofractionated CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery for acoustic neuromas with and without association to neurofibromatosis Type 2. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2008;101:169–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kajiwara K, Saito K, Yoshikawa K, Kato S, Akimura T, Nomura S, Ishihara H, Suzuki M. Image-guided stereotactic radiosurgery with the CyberKnife for pituitary adenomas. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2005;48:91–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kajiwara K, Saito K, Yoshikawa K, Ideguchi M, Nomura S, Fujii M, Suzuki M. Stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas: a review of recent literature. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2010;50:749–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Kalogeridi MA, Georgolopoulou P, Kouloulias V, Kouvaris J, Pissakas G. Long term results of LINAC-based stereotactic radiosurgery for acoustic neuroma: the Greek experience. J Cancer Res Ther. 2009;5:8–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Karam SD, Tai A, Strohl A, Steehler MK, Rashid A, Gagnon G, Harter KW, Jay AK, Collins SP, Kim JH, Jean W. Frameless fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas: a single-institution experience. Front Oncol. 2013;3:121.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Killory BD, Kresl JJ, Wait SD, Ponce FA, Porter R, White WL. Hypofractionated CyberKnife radiosurgery for perichiasmatic pituitary adenomas: early results. Neurosurgery. 2009;64(2 Suppl):A19–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Vermeulen S, Kim E. The stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of common benign brain tumors: pituitary adenomas, vestibular schwannoma and meningiomas. Translat Cancer Res. 2014;3(4):391–8.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Kim KM, Park CK, Chung HT, Paek SH, Jung HW, Kim DG. Long-term outcomes of gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery of vestibular schwannomas. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2007;42:286–92.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kobayashi T, Kida Y, Mori Y. Gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of Cushing disease: long-term results. J Neurosurg. 2002;97(5 Suppl):422–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kobayashi T, Mori Y, Uchiyama Y, Kida Y, Fujitani S. Long-term results of gamma knife surgery for growth hormone-producing pituitary adenoma: is the disease difficult to cure? J Neurosurg. 2005;102(Suppl):119–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, McLaughlin MR, Flickinger JC. Long-term outcomes after radiosurgery for acoustic neuromas. New Engl J Med. 1998;339:1426–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kondziolka D, Levy EI, Niranjan A, Flickinger J, Lunsford LD. Long term outcomes after meningioma radiosurgery: physician and patient perspectives. J Neurosurg. 1999;91:44–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kondziolka D, Nathoo N, Flickinger JC, Niranjan A, Maitz AH, Lunsford LD. Long-term results after radiosurgery for benign brain tumors. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:815–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kondziolka D, Shin SM, Brunswick A, Kim I, Silverman JS. The biology of radiosurgery and its clinical applications for brain tumors. Neuro-Oncology. 2015;17(1):29–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kong DS, Lee JI, Lim DH, Kim KW, Shin HJ, Nam DH, Park K, Kim JH. The efficacy of fractionated radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: long-term results of 125 consecutive patients treated in a single institution. Cancer. 2007;110:854–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Landolt AM, Haller D, Lomax N, Scheib S, Schubiger O, Siegfried J, Wellis G. Stereotactic radiosurgery for recurrent surgically treated acromegaly: comparison with fractionated radiotherapy. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:1002–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Laws ER Jr, Vance ML. Radiosurgery for pituitary tumors and craniopharyngiomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1999;10:327–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Leksell L. A note on the treatment of acoustic tumours. Acta Chir Scand. 1971;137:763–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lim M, Gibbs IC, Adler JR Jr, Chang SD. Efficacy and safety of stereotactic radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors. Neurosurg Focus. 2004;17:E11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lim YL, Leem W, Kim TS, Rhee BA, Kim GK. Four years’ experiences in the treatment of pituitary adenomas with gamma knife radiosurgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1998;70(Suppl 1):95–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Lin VY, Stewart C, Grebenyuk J, Tsao M, Rowed D, Chen J, Nedzelski J. Unilateral acoustic neuromas: long-term hearing results in patient managed with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy, hearing preservation surgery, and expectantly. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:292–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Liscák R, Vladyka V, Simonová G, Vymazal J, Janousková L. Leksell gamma knife radiosurgery of the tumor glomus jugulare and tympanicum. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1998;70(Suppl. 1):152–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Liscak R, Urgosik D, Chytka T, Simonova G, Novotny J Jr, Vymazal J, Guseynova K, Vladyka V. Leksell gamma knife radiosurgery of the jugulotympanic glomus tumor: long-term results. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(Suppl):198–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Losa M, Gioia L, Picozzi P, Franzin A, Valle M, Giovanelli M, Mortini P. The role of stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2546–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Maarouf M, Voges J, Landwehr P, Bramer R, Treuer H, Kocher M, Müller RP, Sturm V. Stereotactic linear accelerator-based radiosurgery for the treatment of patients with glomus jugulare tumors. Cancer. 2003;97:1093–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Martinez R, Bravo G, Burzaco J, Rey G. Pituitary tumors and gamma knife surgery. Clinical experience with more than two years of follow-up. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1998;70(Suppl 1):110–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Mendenhall WM, Friedman WA, Bova FJ. Linear accelerator based stereotactic radiosurgery for acoustic schwannomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;28:803–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Miller JP, Semaan MT, Maciunas RJ, Einstein DB, Megerian CA. Radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2009;42:689–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Minniti G, Scaringi C, Enrici RM. Radiation techniques for acromegaly. Radiat Oncol. 2011;6:167.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Mitsumori M, Shrieve DC, Alexander E 3rd, Kaiser UB, Richardson GE, Black PM, Loeffler J. Initial clinical results of LINAC-based stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;42:573–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Mokry M, Ramschak-Schwarzer S, Simbrunner J, Ganz JC, Pendl G. A six year experience with the postoperative radiosurgical management of pituitary adenomas. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72(Suppl 1):88–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Morange-Ramos I, Regis J, Dufour H, Andrieu JM, Grisoli F, Jaquet P, Peragut JC. Gamma-knife surgery for secreting pituitary adenomas. Acta Neurochir. 1998;140:437–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Morimoto M, Yoshioka Y, Kotsuma T, Adachi K, Shiomi H, Suzuki O, Seo Y, Koizumi M, Kagawa N, Kinoshita M, Hashimoto N, Ogawa K. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy in three to five fractions for vestibular schwannoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2013;43(8):805–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Morita A, Coffey RJ, Foote RL, Schiff D, Gorman D. Risk of injury to cranial nerves after gamma knife radiosurgery for skull base meningiomas: experience in 88 patients. J Neurosurg. 1999;90:42–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Muacevic A, Jess-Hempen A, Tonn JC, Wowra B. Results of outpatient gamma knife radiosurgery for primary therapy of acoustic neuromas. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2004;91:75–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Murphy ES, Barnett GH, Vogelbaum MA, Neyman G, Stevens GH, Cohen BH, Elson P, Vassil AD, Suh JH. Long-term outcomes of gamma knife radiosurgery in patients with vestibular schwannomas. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(2):432–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Murphy ES, Suh JH. Radiotherapy for vestibular schwannomas: a critical review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(4):985–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Muzevic D, Legcevic J, Splavski B, Cayé-Thomasen P. Stereotactic radiotherapy for vestibular schwannoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12).

    Google Scholar 

  99. Myrseth E, Møller P, Pedersen PH, Vassbotn FS, Wentzel-Larsen T, Lund-Johansen M. Vestibular schwannomas: clinical results and quality of life after microsurgery or gamma knife radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:927–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Nakamura H, Jokura H, Takahashi K, Boku N, Akabane A, Yoshimoto T. Serial follow-up MR imaging after gamma knife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma. Am J Neurorad. 2000;21:1540–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Navarro Martín A, Maitz A, Grills IS, Bojrab D, Kartush J, Chen PY, Hahn J, Pieper D. Successful treatment of glomus jugulare tumours with gamma knife radiosurgery: clinical and physical aspects of management and review of the literature. Clin Transl Oncol. 2010;12:55–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Niranjan A, Mathieu D, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD. Hearing preservation after intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2008;63:1054–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Park P, Chandler WF, Barkan AL, Orrego JJ, Cowan JA, Griffith KA, Tsien C. The role of radiation therapy after surgical resection of nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas. Neurosurgery. 2004;55:100–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Petrovich Z, Yu C, Giannotta SL, Zee CS, Apuzzo ML. Gamma knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenoma: early results. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:51–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Pham CJ, Chang SD, Gibbs IC, Jones P, Heilbrun MP, Adler JR Jr. Preliminary visual field preservation after staged CyberKnife radiosurgery for perioptic lesions. Neurosurgery. 2004;54:799–810.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Pollock BE, Young WF Jr. Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with ACTH-producing pituitary adenomas after prior adrenalectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54:839–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Pollock BE. Stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with glomus jugulare tumors. Neurosurg Focus. 2004;17:E10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Pollock BE, Jacob JT, Brown PD, Nippoldt TB. Radiosurgery of growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas: factors associated with biochemical remission. J Neurosurg. 2007;106:833–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Pollock BE, Brown PD, Nippoldt TB, Young WF Jr. Pituitary tumor type affects the chance of biochemical remission after radiosurgery of hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery. 2008a;62:1271–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Pollock BE, Cochran J, Natt N, Brown PD, Erickson D, Link MJ, Garces YI, Foote RL, Stafford SL, Schomberg PJ. Gamma knife radiosurgery for patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: results from a 15-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008b;70:1325–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Pollock BE, Stafford SL, Link MJ, Garces YI, Foote RL. Single-fraction radiosurgery for presumed intracranial meningiomas: efficacy and complications from a 22-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;83:1414–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Poznanovic SA, Cass SP, Kavanagh BD. Short-term tumor control and acute toxicity after stereotactic radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:437–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Prasad D, Steiner M, Steiner L. Gamma surgery for vestibular schwannoma. J Neurosurg. 2000;92:745–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Rahman M, Murad GJ, Bova F, Friedman WA, Mocco J. Stereotactic radiosurgery and the linear accelerator: accelerating electrons in neurosurgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;27:E13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Roberts BK, Ouyang DL, Lad SP, Chang SD, Harsh GR 4th, Adler JR Jr, Soltys SG, Gibbs IC, Remedios L, Katznelson L. Efficacy and safety of CyberKnife radiosurgery for acromegaly. Pituitary. 2007;10(1):19–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Ronchi CL, Attanasio R, Verrua E, Cozzi R, Ferrante E, Loli P, Montefusco L, Motti E, Ferrari DI, Giugni E, Beck-Peccoz P, Arosio M. Efficacy and tolerability of gamma knife radiosurgery in acromegaly: a 10-year follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;71:846–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Sandström H, Nordström H, Johansson J, Kjäll P, Jokura H, Toma-Dasu I. Variability in target delineation for cavernous sinus meningioma and anaplastic astrocytoma in stereotactic radiosurgery with Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion. Acta Neurochir. 2014;156(12):2303–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Santacroce A, Walier M, Régis J, Liščák R, Motti E, Lindquist C, Kemeny A, Kitz K, Lippitz B, Martínez Álvarez R, Pedersen PH, Yomo S, Lupidi F, Dominikus K, Blackburn P, Mindermann T, Bundschuh O, van Eck AT, Fimmers R, Horstmann GA. Long-term tumor control of benign intracranial meningioma after radiosurgery in a series of 4565 patients. Neurosurgery. 2012;70:32–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Saringer W, Khayal H, Ertl A, Schoeggl A, Kitz K. Efficiency of gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of glomus jugulare tumors. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2001;44:141–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Seferis C, Torrens M, Paraskevopoulou C, Psichidis G. Malignant transformation in vestibular schwannoma: report of a single case, literature search, and debate. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(Suppl):160–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Semaan MT, Megerian CA. Current assessment and management of glomus tumors. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;16:420–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Sharma MS, Gupta A, Kale SS, Agrawal D, Mahapatra AK, Sharma BS. Gamma knife radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors: therapeutic advantages of minimalism in the skull base. Neurol India. 2008;56:57–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Sheehan JM, Vance ML, Sheehan JP, Ellegala DB, Laws ER Jr. Radiosurgery for Cushing’s disease after failed transsphenoidal surgery. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:738–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Sheehan JP, Kondziolka D, Flickinger J, Lunsford LD. Radiosurgery for residual or recurrent nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg. 2002;97(5 suppl):408–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Sheehan J, Kondziolka D, Flickinger J, Lunsford LD. Gamma knife surgery for glomus jugulare tumors: an intermediate report on efficacy and safety. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(Suppl):241–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Sheehan JP, Pouratian N, Steiner L, Laws ER, Vance ML. Gamma knife surgery for pituitary adenomas: factors related to radiological and endocrine outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(2):303–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Shin M, Kurita H, Sasaki T, Tago M, Morita A, Ueki K, Kirino T. Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenoma invading the cavernous sinus. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(Suppl 3):2–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Skeie BS, Enger PO, Skeie GO, Thorsen F, Pedersen PH. Gamma knife surgery of meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus: long-term follow-up of 100 patients. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(4):661–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Stafford SL, Pollock BE, Leavitt JA, Foote RL, Brown PD, Link MJ, Gorman DA, Schomberg PJ. A study on the radiation tolerance of the optic nerves and chiasm after stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:1177–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Suh JH, Barnett GH, Sohn JW, Kupelian PA, Cohen BH. Results of linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery for recurrent and newly diagnosed acoustic neuromas. Int J Cancer. 2000;90:145–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Tran TA, Stanley TR, Malhotra HK, De Boer SF, Prasad D, Podgorsak MB. Target and peripheral dose during patient repositioning with the Gamma Knife automatic positioning system (APS) device. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2010;11(1):3150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Tsai JT, Lin JW, Lin CM, Chen YH, Ma HI, Jen YM, Chen YH, Ju DT. Clinical evaluation of CyberKnife in the treatment of vestibular schwannomas. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:297093.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Unger F, Walch C, Schröttner O, Eustacchio S, Sutter B, Pendl G. Cranial nerve preservation after radiosurgery of vestibular schwannomas. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2002;84:77–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. van den Bergh AC, van den Berg G, Schoorl MA, Sluiter WJ, van der Vliet AM, Hoving EW, Szabó BG, Langendijk JA, Wolffenbuttel BH, Dullaart RP. Immediate postoperative radiotherapy in residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: beneficial effect on local control without additional negative impact on pituitary function and life expectancy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:863–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Vik-Mo EO, Oksnes M, Pedersen PH, Wentzel-Larsen T, Rødahl E, Thorsen F, Schreiner T, Aanderud S, Lund-Johansen M. Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157:255–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Vivas EX, Wegner R, Conley G, Torok J, Heron DE, Kabolizadeh P, Burton S, Ozhasoglu C, Quinn A, Hirsch BE. Treatment outcomes in patients treated with CyberKnife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma. Otol Neurotol. 2014;35(1):162–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Voges J, Kocher M, Runge M, Poggenborg J, Lehrke R, Lenartz D, Maarouf M, Gouni-Berthold I, Krone W, Muller RP, Sturm V. Linear accelerator radiosurgery for pituitary macroadenomas: a 7-year follow up study. Cancer. 2006;107:1355–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Wan H, Chihiro O, Yuan S. MASEP gamma knife radiosurgery for secretory pituitary adenomas: experience in 347 consecutive cases. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2009;28:36.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Witt TC, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, et al. In: Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D, Flickinger J, editors. Gamma knife radiosurgery for pituitary tumors. gamma knife brain surgery progress in neurological surgery. Basel: Karger; 1998. p. 114–27.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Wowra B, Muacevic A, Tonn JC. Quality of radiosurgery for single brain metastases with respect to treatment technology: a matched-pair analysis. J Neuro-Oncol. 2009;94:69–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Wong GK, Leung CH, Chiu KW, Ma R, Cockram CS, Lam MJ, Poon WS. LINAC radiosurgery in recurrent Cushing’s disease after transsphenoidal surgery: a series of 5 cases. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2003;46:32 7–30.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Yang I, Sughrue ME, Han SJ, Fang S, Aranda D, Cheung SW, Pitts LH, Parsa AT. Facial nerve preservation after vestibular schwannoma gamma knife radiosurgery. J Neuro-Oncol. 2009;93:41–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Yang I, Sughrue ME, Han SJ, Aranda D, Pitts LH, Cheung SW, Parsa AT. A comprehensive analysis of hearing preservation after radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma. J Neurosurg. 2010;112:851–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Yoon SC, Suh TS, Jang HS, Chung SM, Kim YS, Ryu MR, Choi KH, Son HY, Kim MC, Shinn KS. Clinical results of 24 pituitary macroadenomas with linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;41:849–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Zada G. Diagnosis and multimodality management of Cushing’s disease: a practical review. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:893781.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurochirurgische Klinik, Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Uwe Spetzger

  2. RadioChirurgicum, CyberKnife®-Südwest, Göppingen, Germany

    Martin Bleif & Gerd Becker

Authors
  1. Uwe Spetzger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Martin Bleif
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gerd Becker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Uwe Spetzger .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Neurochirurgische Klinik, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

    Alexander König

  2. Neurochirurgische Klinik, Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

    Uwe Spetzger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Spetzger, U., Bleif, M., Becker, G. (2018). Therapeutical Principles in the Treatment of Skull Base Pathologies. In: König, A., Spetzger, U. (eds) Surgery of the Skull Base. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64018-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64018-1_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64017-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-64018-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation