Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Social Movements Across Disciplines pp 203–231Cite as

Social Movements: Organizations and Organizing

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

We discuss two lines of research that emerged at the crossroads of social movement studies and organization theory, focusing on organizations and organizing, respectively. We speak of ‘organizations’ and ‘organizing’ to emphasize that the ‘social movement/organizations’ nexus is distinct from the ‘social movement/organizing’ nexus. In exploring this distinction, we first discuss recent developments and limitations in the study of social movements and (business) organizations. We examine how movements challenge economic authorities and how economic hegemonies counteract such challenges. Then we highlight the nexus of social movements and organizing. To zoom in on the process of organizing, we revisit Michels’ ‘iron law of oligarchy’ and argue that oligarchization is a normative concept; it refers to the abuse of legitimate power by a minority in a movement. This may also take place outside social movement organizations. Therefore, we suggest that it is helpful to focus on organizing as a process, instead of organization as an entity. This leads us to discuss ‘partial organizing’—a relatively new approach in organization theory—to address the rephrased question of how movements organize and to what consequences. This chapter thus offers alternative takes on social movement organizations and movement organizing, and thereby seeks to bring closer together the studies of movements and of organizing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahrne, G., & Brunsson, N. (2011). Organization outside organizations: The significance of partial organization. Organization, 18(1), 83–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahrne, G., Brunsson, N., & Seidl, D. (2016). Resurrecting organization by going beyond organizations. European Management Journal, 34(2), 93–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amenta, E., Caren, N., Chiarello, E., & Su, Y. (2010). The political consequences of social movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 287–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, K. T. (2002). Movement-countermovement dynamics and the emergence of new institutions: The case of “white flight” schools in Mississippi. Social Forces, 80(3), 911–936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armbruster-Sandoval, R. (2004). Globalization and cross-border labor solidarity in the Americas: The anti-sweatshop movement and the struggle for social justice. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, E. A., & Bartley, T. (2013). Organizations and movements. In D. A. Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans, & D. McAdam (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbespm440

  • Asimakopoulos, J. (2015). Social structures of direct democracy. On the political economy of equality. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, J. E., & Seitanidi, M. M. (2014). Collaborative value creation: A review of partnering between nonprofits and businesses. Part 2: Partnership processes and outcomes. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 41(6), 929–968.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balsiger, P. (2015). Managing protest: The political action repertoire of corporations. In D. della Porta, & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of social movements (pp. 653–666). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandy, J., & Smith, J. (2005). Coalitions across borders: Transnational protest and the neoliberal order. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, S. B. (2008). Necrocapitalism. Organization Studies, 29(12), 1541–1563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartley, T. (2007). Institutional emergence in an era of globalization: The rise of transnational private regulation of labor and environmental conditions. American Journal of Sociology, 113(2), 297–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartley, T. (2011). Certification as a mode of social regulation. In D. Levi-Faur (Ed.), Handbook of the politics of regulation (pp. 441–452). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartley, T., & Child, C. (2011). Movements, markets and fields: The effects of anti-sweatshop campaigns on U.S. firms, 1993-2000. Social Forces, 90(2), 425–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baur, D., & Schmitz, H. P. (2012). Corporations and NGOs: When accountability leads to co-optation. Journal of Business Ethics, 106(1), 9–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bebbington, A., Bebbington, D. H., Bury, J., Lingan, J., Muñoz, J. P., & Scurrah, M. (2008). Mining and social movements: Struggles over livelihood and rural territorial development in the Andes. World Development, 36(12), 2888–2905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertels, S., Hoffman, A. J., & DeJordy, R. (2014). The varied work of challenger movements: Identifying challenger roles in the US environmental movement. Organization Studies, 35(8), 1171–1210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blee, K. M. (2012). Democracy in the making. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Boggs, C. (1978). Marxism, prefigurative communism, and the problem of workers’ control. Radical America, 11/12(1), 99–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boltanski, L., & Chiapello, E. (2005). The new spirit of capitalism. London, UK: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breton, E., Jeppesen, S., Kruzynski, A., & Sarrasin, R. (2012). Prefigurative self-governance and self-organization: The influence of antiauthoritarian (pro)feminist, radical queer, and antiracist networks in Quebec. In A. Choudry, J. Hanley, & E. Shragge (Eds.), Organize! Building from the local for global justice (pp. 156–173). Oakland, CA: PM Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briscoe, F., & Gupta, A. (2016). Social activism in and around organizations. Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 671–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briscoe, F., & Safford, S. (2008). The Nixon-in-China effect: Activism, imitation, and the institutionalization of contentious practices. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53(3), 460–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno, I., Didier, E., & Vitale, T. (2014). Statactivism. Forms of action between disclosure and affirmation. Participazione e Conflitto. The Open Journal of Socio-Political Studies, 7(2), 198–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, C. (1993). “New social movements” of the early nineteenth century. Social Science History, 17(3), 385–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi-Fitzpatrick, A. (2015). Managing democracy in social movement organizations. Social Movement Studies, 14(2), 123–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clemens, E. S. (1993). Organizational repertoires and institutional change: Women’s groups and the transformation of United-States politics, 1890–1920. American Journal of Sociology, 98(4), 755–798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clemens, E. S. (2005). Two kinds of stuff: The current encounter of social movements and organizations. In G. F. Davis, D. McAdam, W. R. Scott, & M. N. Zald (Eds.), Social movements and organization theory (pp. 351–366). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Clemens, E. S., & Minkoff, D. C. (2004). Beyond the iron law: Rethinking the place of organizations in social movement research. In D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, & H. Kriesi (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to social movements (pp. 155–170). Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloward, R. A., & Piven, F. F. (1984). Disruption and organization: A rejoinder. Theory and Society, 13(4), 587–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, T. (2008). Rewriting the rules: The anti-sweatshop movement; Nike, Reebok and Adidas’ participation in voluntary labour regulation; and workers’ rights to form trade unions and bargain collectively. Newcastle, NSW: University of Newcastle. Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences. Available from: http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:2747

  • Courpasson, D., Dany, F., & Clegg, S. (2012). Resisters at work: Generating productive resistance in the workplace. Organization Science, 23(3), 801–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cress, D. M., & Snow, D. A. (2000). The outcomes of homeless mobilization: The influence of organization, disruption, political mediation, and framing. American Journal of Sociology, 1063–1104.

    Google Scholar 

  • David, P., Bloom, M., & Hillman, A. J. (2007). Investor activism, managerial responsiveness, and corporate social performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(1), 91–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, G. F., McAdam, D., Scott, W. R., & Zald, M. N. (Eds.). (2005). Social movements and organization theory. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Andrés, E. Á., Campos, M. J. Z., & Zapata, P. (2015). Stop the evictions! The diffusion of networked social movements and the emergence of a hybrid space: The case of the Spanish mortgage victims group. Habitat International, 46, 252–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Bakker, F. G. A., den Hond, F., King, B. G., & Weber, K. (2013). Social movements, civil society and corporations: Taking stock and looking ahead. Organization Studies, 34(5/6), 573–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decreus, T., Lievens, M., & Braeckman, A. (2014). Building collective identities: How new social movements try to overcome post-politics. Parallax, 20(2), 136–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • della Porta, D., & Diani, M. (Eds.), (2015). The Oxford handbook of social movements. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • della Porta, D., Peterson, A., & Reiter, H. (Eds.), (1998). The policing of transnational protest. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • den Hond, F., & de Bakker, F. G. A. (2007). Ideologically motivated activism. How activist groups influence corporate social change. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 901–924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • den Hond, F., & de Bakker, F. G. A. (2012). Boomerang politics: How transnational stakeholders impact multinational corporations in the context of globalization. In A. Lindgreen, P. Kotler, J. Vanhamme, & F. Maon (Eds.), A stakeholder approach to corporate social responsibility: Pressures, conflicts, reconciliation (pp. 275–292). Aldershot, UK: Gower.

    Google Scholar 

  • den Hond, F., de Bakker, F. G. A., & de Haan, P. (2010). The sequential patterning of tactics: Activism in the global sports apparel industry, 1988-2002. International Journal of Sociology and Social policy, 30(11/12), 648–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • den Hond, F., de Bakker, F. G. A., & Smith, N. (2015). Social movements and organizational analysis. In D. della Porta, & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of social movements (pp. 291–305). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobusch, L., & Schoeneborn, D. (2015). Fluidity, identity, and organizationality: The communicative constitution of Anonymous. Journal of Management Studies, 52(8), 1005–1035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubuisson-Quellier, S. (2013). A market mediation strategy: How social movements seek to change firms’ practices by promoting new principles of product valuation. Organization Studies, 34(5–6), 683–703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earl, J. S. (2000). Methods, movements, and outcomes. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 22, 3–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earl, J. S. (2003). Tanks, tear gas and taxes: Towards a theory of movement repression. Sociological Theory, 21, 44–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earl, J. S. (2004). Controlling protest: New directions for research on the social control of protest. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change: Authority in Contention, 25, 55–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eesley, C., & Lenox, M. J. (2006). Firm responses to secondary stakeholder action. Strategic Management Journal, 27(8), 765–781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrnström-Fuentes, M. (2016). Delinking legitimacies: A pluriversal perspective on political CSR. Journal of Management Studies, 53(3), 433–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feenstra, R. A. (2015). Activist and citizen political repertoire in Spain. A reflection based on civil society theory and different logics of political participation. Journal of Civil Society, 11(3), 242–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferree, M. M. (2004). Soft repression: Ridicule, stigma, and silencing in gender-based movements. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 25, 85–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, P., & Spicer, A. (2007). Contesting the corporation: Struggle, power and resistance in organizations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fligstein, N., & McAdam, D. (2012). A theory of fields. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, J. (1972). The tyranny of structurelessness. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 17, 151–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frooman, J. (1999). Stakeholder influence strategies. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 191–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gale, R. P. (1986). Social movements and the state: The environmental movement, countermovement, and government agencies. Sociological Perspectives, 29(2), 202–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamson, W. A., & Schmeidler, E. (1984). Organizing the poor. Theory and Society, 13(4), 567–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, J.-F. (2011). Conflicts over industrial tree plantations in the South: Who, how and why? Global Environmental Change, 21, 165–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giugni, M. G. (1998). Was it worth the effort? The outcomes and consequences of social movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 371–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graeber, D. R. (2004). Fragments of an anarchist anthropology. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haines, H. H. (1984). Black radicalization and the funding of civil rights: 1957–1970. Social Problems, 32(1), 31–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haug, C. (2013). Organizing spaces: Meeting arenas as a social movement infrastructure between organization, network, and institution. Organization Studies, 34(5–6), 705–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hensby, A., Sibthorpe, J., & Driver, S. (2012). Resisting the ‘protest business’: Bureaucracy, post-bureaucracy and active membership in social movement organizations. Organization, 19(6), 809–823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernes, T. (2008). Understanding organization as process: Theory for a tangled world. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzer, B. (2010). Moralizing the corporation. Transnational activism and corporate accountability. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, J. M. (2004). A strategic approach to collective action: Looking for agency in social-movement choices. Mobilization, 9(1), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, J. M. (2012). Introduction: From political opportunity structures to strategic interaction. In J. Goodwin, & J. M. Jasper (Eds.), Contention in context. Political opportunities and the emergence of protest (pp. 1–33). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, J. M. (2014). Protest: A cultural introduction to social movements. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. C. (1977). Radical transformation of organizational goals. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(4), 568–586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1998). Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, B. G. (2008). A political mediation model of corporate response to social movement activism. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53(3), 395–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, B. G., & Pearce, N. A. (2010). The contentiousness of markets: Politics, social movements, and institutional change in markets. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 249–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, B. G., & Soule, S. A. (2007). Social movements as extra-institutional entrepreneurs: The effect of protests on stock price returns. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(3), 413–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klandermans, P. G., Staggenborg, S., & Tarrow, S. (2002). Conclusion: Blending methods and building theories in social movement research. In P. G. Klandermans & S. Staggenborg (Eds.), Methods of social movement research (pp. 314–350). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer, R., Whiteman, G., & Banerjee, B. (2013). Conflict and astroturfing in Niyamgiri: The importance of national advocacy networks in anti-corporate social movements. Organization Studies, 34(5–6), 823–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, T. B., & Shadnam, M. (2008). Institutional theory. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of communication (pp. 2288–2293). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leach, D. K. (2005). The iron law of what again? Conceptualizing oligarchy across organizational forms. Sociological Theory, 23, 312–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leach, D. K. (2013). Prefigurative politics. In D. A. Snow, D. Della Porta, B. Klandermans, & D. McAdam (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbespm167

  • Levy, D. L., & Egan, D. (2003). A neo-Gramscian approach to corporate political strategy: Conflict and accommodation in the climate change negotiations. Journal of Management Studies, 40(4), 803–829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindebaum, D., & Gabriel, Y. (2016). Anger and organization studies: From social disorder to moral order. Organization Studies, 37(7), 903–918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lounsbury, M., Ventresca, M., & Hirsch, P. M. (2003). Social movements, field frames and industry emergence: A cultural-political perspective on US recycling. Socio-Economic Review, 1(1), 71–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maeckelbergh, M. (2009). The will of the many: How the alterglobalisation movement is changing the face of democracy. London, UK: Pluto Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maeckelbergh, M. (2011). Doing is believing: Prefiguration as strategic practice in the alterglobalization movement. Social Movement Studies, 10(1), 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maeckelbergh, M. (2016). The prefigurative turn: The time and place of social movement practice. In A. C. Dinerstein (Ed.), Social sciences for an other politics. Women theorizing without parachute (pp. 121–134). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave-MacMillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47776-3_9

  • Martí, I., Mumby, D. K., Seidl, D., & Thomas, R. (forthcoming). Introduction to special issue ‘Resistance, resisting, and resisters in and around organizations’. Organization Studies (forthcoming).

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1996). Introduction: Opportunities, mobilizing structures, and framing processes. Toward a synthetic, comparative perspective on social movements. In D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy, & M. N. Zald (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on social movements: Political opportunities, mobilizing structures, and cultural framings (pp. 1–20). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology, 82(6), 1212–1241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell, M.-H. (2016). Radical repertoires: The incidence and impact of corporate-sponsored social activism. Organization Science, 27(1), 53–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell, M.-H., King, B., & Soule, S. A. (2015). A dynamic process model of private politics: Activist targeting and corporate receptivity to social challenges. American Sociological Review, 80(3), 654–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D. S., & Staggenborg, S. (1996). Movements, countermovements, and the structure of political opportunity. American Journal of Sociology, 101(6), 1628–1660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D. S., & Staggenborg, S. (2012). Thinking about strategy. In G. M. Maney, R. V. Kutz-Flamenbaum, D. A. Rohlinger, & J. Goodwin (Eds.), Strategies for social change (pp. 3–22). Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Micheletti, M., & Stolle, D. (2015). Consumer strategies in social movements. In D. della Porta, & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of social movements (pp. 478–493). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michels, R. (1965 [1911]). Political parties: A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. New York, NY: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minkoff, D. C. (1994). From service provision to institutional advocacy: The shifting legitimacy of organizational forms. Social Forces, 72(4), 943–969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minkoff, D. C. (1999). Bending with the wind: Strategic change and adaptation by women’s and racial minority organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 104, 1666–1703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moog, S., Spicer, A., & Böhm, S. (2015). The politics of multi-stakeholder initiatives: The crisis of the Forest Stewardship Council. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(3), 469–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morell, M. F. (2012). The free culture and 15M movements in Spain: Composition, social networks and synergies. Social Movement Studies, 11(3–4), 386–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mottl, T. L. (1980). The analysis of countermovements. Social Problems, 27(5), 620–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murillo-Luna, J. L., Garcés-Ayerbe, C., & Rivera-Torres, P. (2008). Why do patterns of environmental response differ? A stakeholders’ pressure approach. Strategic Management Journal, 29(11), 1225–1240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • North, P. (1998). Exploring the politics of social movements through ‘sociological intervention’: A case study of local exchange trading schemes. Sociological Review, 46(3), 564–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Offe, C., & Wiesenthal, H. (1980). Two logics of collective action: Theoretical notes on social class and organizational form. In M. Zeitlin (Ed.), Political power and political theory (Vol. 1, pp. 67–115). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, M. (2000 [1965]). The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterman, P. (2006). Overcoming oligarchy: Culture and agency in social movement organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(4), 622–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco, D. F., & Dean, T. J. (2015). Firm responses to social movement pressures: A competitive dynamics perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 36(7), 1093–1104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, M., Cheney, G., Fournier, V., & Land, C. (Eds.). (2014). The Routledge companion to alternative organization. London, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, A., & Wahlström, M. (2015). Repression: The governance of domestic dissent. In D. della Porta, & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of social movements (pp. 634–652). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piven, F. F. (2013). On the organizational question. Sociological Quarterly, 54(2), 191–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piven, F. F., & Cloward, R. A. (1979 [1977]). Poor people’s movements: Why they succeed, how they fail. New York, NY: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polletta, F. (1999). “Free spaces” in collective action. Theory and Society, 28(1), 1–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polletta, F. (2002). Freedom is an endless meeting: Democracy in American social movements. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Polletta, F. (2013). Participatory democracy in social movements. In D. A. Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans, & D. McAdam (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbespm442

  • Ponte, S. (2012). The Marine stewardship council (MSC) and the making of a market for ‘sustainable fish’. Journal of Agrarian Change, 12, 300–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proffitt, W. T., & Spicer, A. (2006). Shaping the shareholder activism agenda: Institutional investors and global social issues. Strategic Organization, 4(2), 165–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raeburn, N. C. (2004). Changing corporate America from inside out: Lesbian and gay workplace rights. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasche, A., de Bakker, F. G. A., & Moon, J. (2013). Complete and partial organizing for corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(4), 651–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, M. I. (2012). Masters of the universe: Power and elites in organization studies. Organization Studies, 33(2), 203–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reedy, P., King, D., & Coupland, C. (2016). Organizing for individuation: Alternative organizing, politics and new identities. Organization Studies, 37(11), 1553–1573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, E. M., & Toffel, M. W. (2009). Responding to public and private politics: Corporate disclosure of climate change strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 30(11), 1157–1178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinecke, J., & Ansari, S. (2013). The unintended overflows of social movements: The shifting relationship between Occupy London and the Church of England. Working Paper. Presented at the annual colloquium of the European Group for Organizational Studies, Montreal, Quebec, July 4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinecke, J., Manning, S., & von Hagen, O. (2012). The emergence of a standards market: Multiplicity of sustainability standards in the global coffee industry. Organization Studies, 33(5–6), 791–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roca, B., & Diaz-Parra, I. (2017). Blurring the borders between old and new social movements: The M15 movement and the radical unions in Spain. Mediterranean Politics, 22(2): 218–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rojas, M., M’Zali, B., Turcotte, M.-F., & Merrigan, P. (2009). Bringing about changes to corporate social policy through shareholder activism: Filers, issues, targets, and success. Business and Society Review, 114(2), 217–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild-Whitt, J. (1976). Conditions facilitating participatory-democratic organizations. Sociological Inquiry, 46, 75–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild-Whitt, J. (1979). The collectivist organization: An alternative to rational bureaucratic models. American Sociological Review, 44, 509–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rucht, D. (1999). Linking organization and mobilization: Michels’s iron law of oligarchy reconsidered. Mobilization, 4(2), 151–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schatzman, C. (2005). Political challenge in Latin America: Rebellion and collective protest in an era of democratization. Journal of Peace Research, 42(3), 291–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schouten, G., Leroy, P., & Glasbergen, P. (2012). On the deliberative capacity of private multi-stakeholder governance: The roundtables on responsible soy and sustainable palm oil. Ecological Economics, 83, 42–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schurman, R. (2004). Fighting “Frankenfoods”: Industry opportunity structures and the efficacy of the anti-biotech movement in Western Europe. Social Problems, 51(2), 243–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W. R. (2014). Institutions and organizations. Ideas, interests and identities (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selsky, J. W., & Parker, B. (2005). Cross-sector partnerships to address social issues: Challenges to theory and practice. Journal of Management, 31(6), 849–873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selznick, P. (1949). TVA and the grass roots: A study in the sociology of formal organization. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shakespeare, T. (1993). Disabled people’s self-organisation: A new social movement? Disability, Handicap & Society, 8(3), 249–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sine, W. D., & Lee, B. H. (2009). Tilting at windmills? The environmental movement and the emergence of the US wind energy sector. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54(1), 123–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. (2001). Globalizing resistance: The battle of Seattle and the future of social movements. Mobilization, 6(1), 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A. (2004). Social movements as challenges to authority: Resistance to an emerging conceptual hegemony. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change: Authority in Contention, 25, 3–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D., Cress, D. M., Downey, L., & Jones, A. W. (1998). Disruption of the “quotidian”: Reconceptualizing the relationship between breakdown and emergence of collective action. Mobilization: An. International Journal, 3(1), 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., della Porta, D., Klandermans, P. G., & McAdam, D. (Eds.). (2013). The Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., & Soule, S. A. (2010). A primer on social movements. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., Soule, S. A., & Kriesi, H. (Eds.). (2004a). The Blackwell companion to social movements. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., Soule, S. A., & Kriesi, H. (2004b). Mapping the terrain. In D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, & H. Kriesi (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to social movements (pp. 3–16). Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Soule, S. A. (1997). The student divestment movement in the United States and tactical diffusion: The shantytown protest. Social Forces, 75(3), 855–882.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soule, S. A. (2012). Social movements and markets, industries, and firms. Organization Studies, 33(12), 1715–1733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soule, S. A. (2013). Bringing organizational studies back into social movement scholarship. In J. van Stekelenburg, C. Roggeband, & B. Klandermans (Eds.), The future of social movement research. Dynamics, mechanisms, and processes (pp. 107–123). Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soule, S. A., & King, B. G. (2015). Markets, business, and social movements. In D. della Porta, & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of social movements (pp. 696–708). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stadtler, L., & Probst, G. (2012). How broker organizations can facilitate public-private partnerships for development. European Management Journal, 30(1), 32–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staggenborg, S. (1988). The consequences of professionalization and formalization in the pro-choice movement. American Sociological Review, 53(4), 585–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staggenborg, S. (1989). Stability and innovation in the women’s movement: A comparison of two movement organizations. Social Problems, 36(1), 75–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staggenborg, S. (2013). Bureaucratization and social movements. In D. A. Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans, & D. McAdam (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm9780470674018

  • Sutherland, N., Land, C., & Böhm, S. (2014). Anti-leaders(hip) in social movement organizations: The case of autonomous grassroots groups. Organization, 21(6), 759–781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarrow, S. (2005). The new transnational activism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, V. (1989). Social movement continuity: The women’s movement in abeyance. American Sociological Review, 54(5), 761–775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teivainen, T. (2016). Occupy representation and democratise prefiguration: Speaking for others in global justice movements. Capital & Class, 40(1), 19–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R., & Davies, A. (2005). Theorizing the micro-politics of resistance: New public management and managerial identities in the UK public services. Organization Studies, 26(5), 683–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, C. (2004). Social movements, 1768–2004. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, C. (2008). Contentious performances. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tolbert, P. S., & Hiatt, S. R. (2009). On organizations and oligarchies: Michels in the twenty-first century. In P. Adler (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sociology and organization studies: Classical foundations (pp. 175–195). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trumpy, A. J. (2008). Subject to negotiation: The mechanisms behind co-optation and corporate reform. Social Problems, 55(4), 480–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsoukas, H., & Chia, R. (2002). On organizational becoming: Rethinking organizational change. Organization Science, 13(5), 567–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dyke, N., Soule, S. A., & Taylor, V. A. (2004). The targets of social movements: Beyond a focus on the state. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change: Authority in Contention, 25, 27–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Wijk, J. J., Stam, W., Elfring, T., Zietsma, C., & den Hond, F. (2013). Activists and incumbents structuring change: The interplay of agency, culture, and networks in field evolution. Academy of Management Journal, 56(2), 358–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, D. (2005). The market for virtue. The potential and limits of corporate social responsibility. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voss, K., & Sherman, R. (2000). Breaking the iron law of oligarchy: Union revitalization in the American labor movement. American Journal of Sociology, 106(2), 303–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlen, S., & Laamanen, M. (2015). Consumption, lifestyle and social movements. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39(5), 397–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, E. T., Martin, A. W., & McCarthy, J. D. (2008). Confronting the state, the corporation, and the academy: The influence of institutional targets on social movement repertoires. American Journal of Sociology, 114(1), 35–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, E. T., & Rea, C. M. (2014). The political mobilization of firms and industries. Annual Review of Sociology, 40, 281–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D. J., & Soule, S. A. (2016). Tactical innovation in social movements. American Sociological Review, 81(3), 517–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1968 [1922]). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, K., & King, B. G. (2014). Social movement theory and organization studies. In P. S. Adler, P. du Gay, G. Morgan, & M. Reed (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of sociology, social theory and organization studies. Contemporary currents (pp. 487–509). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199671083.013.0021

  • Weber, K., Thomas, L. G., & Rao, H. (2009). From streets to suites: How the anti-biotech movement affected German pharmaceutical firms. American Sociological Review, 74(1), 106–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welker, M. A. (2009). “Corporate security begins in the community”: Mining, the corporate social responsibility industry, and environmental advocacy in Indonesia. Cultural Anthropology, 24(1), 142–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhoit, E. D., & Kisselburgh, L. G. (2015). Collective action without organization: The material constitution of bike commuters as collective. Organization Studies, 36(5), 573–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, L. (2015). Rethinking prefiguration: Alternatives, micropolitics and goals in social movements. Social Movement Studies, 14(1), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zald, M. N., & Ash, R. (1966). Social movement organizations: Growth, decay and change. Social Forces, 44(3), 327–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zald, M. N., & Denton, P. (1963). From evangelism to general service: The transformation of the YMCA. Administrative Science Quarterly, 8(2), 214–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zald, M. N., & McCarthy, J. D. (1980). Social movement industries: Cooperation and conflict amongst social movement organizations. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 3, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zald, M. N., & McCarthy, J. D. (Eds.). (1987). Social movements in an organizational society: Collected essays. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zald, M. N., Morrill, C., & Rao, H. (2005). The impact of social movements on organizations. In G. F. Davis, D. McAdam, W. R. Scott, & M. N. Zald (Eds.), Social movements and organization theory (pp. 253–279). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zyglidopoulos, S. C. (2002). The social and environmental responsibilities of multinationals: Evidence from the Brent Spar case. Journal of Business Ethics, 36(1), 141–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IÉSEG School of Management (LEM-CNRS 9221), Lille, France

    Frank G. A. de Bakker

  2. Hanken School of Economics, Helsinki, Finland

    Frank den Hond

  3. VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Frank den Hond

  4. Grenoble École de Management, Grenoble, France

    Mikko Laamanen

Authors
  1. Frank G. A. de Bakker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Frank den Hond
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mikko Laamanen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frank G. A. de Bakker .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Political Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Conny Roggeband

  2. Department of Sociology, VU-University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Bert Klandermans

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de Bakker, F.G.A., den Hond, F., Laamanen, M. (2017). Social Movements: Organizations and Organizing. In: Roggeband, C., Klandermans, B. (eds) Handbook of Social Movements Across Disciplines. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57648-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57648-0_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57647-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57648-0

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation