Abstract
The use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) expanded to include the treatment of vestibular schwannomas (VSs) in 1969; since then, efforts to increase tumour control and to reduce cranial neuropathy have continued. Using the currently recommended marginal dose of 12–13 Gy, long-term reported outcomes after SRS include not only excellent tumour control rates of 92–100 % but also outstanding functional preservation of the trigeminal and facial nerves, with values of 92–100 % and 94–100 %, respectively. Nonetheless, hearing preservation remains in the range of 32–81 %. Previous studies have suggested possible prognostic factors of hearing preservation such as the Gardner-Robertson grade, radiation dose to the cochlea, transient volume expansion (TVE) after SRS, length of irradiated cochlear nerve, marginal dose to the tumour, and age. However, we still do not clearly understand why patients lose their hearing after SRS for VS.
Relevant to these considerations, one study recently reported that the auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave V latency and waves I and V interval (IL_I–V) correlated well with intracanalicular pressure values and even with hearing level. The demonstration that ABR values, especially wave V latency and IL_I–V, correlate well with intracanalicular pressure suggests that patients with previously elevated intracanalicular pressure might have an increased chance of hearing loss on development of TVE, which has been recognised as a common phenomenon after SRS or stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for intracranial schwannomas.
In our experience, the ABR IL_I–V increased during the first 12 months after SRS for VSs in patients who lost their serviceable hearing. The effect of increased ABR IL_I–V on hearing outcome also became significant over time, especially at 12 months after SRS, and was more prominent in patients with poor initial pure-tone average (PTA) and/or ABR values. We hypothesise that patients with considerable intracanalicular pressure at the time of SRS are prone to lose their serviceable hearing due to the added intracanalicular pressure induced by TVE, which usually occurs within the first 12 months after SRS for VSs. Using these findings, we suggested a classification system for the prediction of hearing outcomes after SRS for VSs. This classification system could be useful in the proper selection of management modalities for hearing preservation, especially in patients with only hearing ear schwannoma or neurofibromatosis type 2.
Advances in diagnostic tools, treatment modalities, and optimisation of radiosurgical dose have improved clinical outcomes, including tumour control and cranial neuropathies, in patients with VSs. However, the preservation of hearing function still falls short of our expectation. A prediction model for hearing preservation after each treatment modality will guide the proper selection of treatment modalities and permit the appropriate timing of active treatment, which will lead to the preservation of hearing function in patients with VSs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines for the evaluation of hearing preservation in acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma). American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, INC (1995) Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113:179–180
Amoodi HA, Makki FM, Cavanagh J, Maessen H, Bance M (2012) Cochlear implant rehabilitation for patients with vestibular schwannoma: report of two cases. Cochlear Implants Int 13:124–127
Aoyama H, Onodera S, Takeichi N, Onimaru R, Terasaka S, Sawamura Y, Shirato H (2013) Symptomatic outcomes in relation to tumor expansion after fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy for vestibular schwannomas: single-institutional long-term experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 85:329–334
Aronzon A, Ruckenstein MJ, Bigelow DC (2003) The efficacy of corticosteroids in restoring hearing in patients undergoing conservative management of acoustic neuromas. Otol Neurotol 24:465–468
Asthagiri AR, Vasquez RA, Butman JA, Wu T, Morgan K, Brewer CC, King K, Zalewski C, Kim HJ, Lonser RR (2012) Mechanisms of hearing loss in neurofibromatosis type 2. PLoS One 7, e46132
Badie B, Pyle GM, Nguyen PH, Hadar EJ (2001) Elevation of internal auditory canal pressure by vestibular schwannomas. Otol Neurotol 22:696–700
Bae SC, Noh HI, Jun BC, Jeon EJ, Seo JH, Park SY, Kim JK, Lee DH, Oh JH, Park SN, Yeo SW (2013) Efficacy of intratympanic steroid therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: comparison with systemic steroid therapy and combined therapy. Acta Otolaryngol 133:428–433
Bakkouri WE, Kania RE, Guichard JP, Lot G, Herman P, Huy PT (2009) Conservative management of 386 cases of unilateral vestibular schwannoma: tumor growth and consequences for treatment. J Neurosurg 110:662–669
Baschnagel AM, Chen PY, Bojrab D, Pieper D, Kartush J, Didyuk O, Naumann IC, Maitz A, Grills IS (2013) Hearing preservation in patients with vestibular schwannoma treated with Gamma Knife surgery. J Neurosurg 118:571–578
Brackmann DE, Owens RM, Friedman RA, Hitselberger WE, De la Cruz A, House JW, Nelson RA, Luxford WM, Slattery WH 3rd, Fayad JN (2000) Prognostic factors for hearing preservation in vestibular schwannoma surgery. Am J Otol 21:417–424
Brada M (2013) Radiotherapy for benign brain tumours coming of age; example of vestibular schwannoma. Radiother Oncol 106:157–160
Bradley Lega JS, Michael Ruckinstein, Douglas Bigelow, Jay Dorsey, Michele Alonso-Basanta, John YK Lee (2012) Cochlear radiation dose does not predict hearing loss after gamma knife for glomus jugulare tumors. The 16th International Leksell Gamma Knife Society meeting Sydney
Carlson ML, Breen JT, Driscoll CL, Link MJ, Neff BA, Gifford RH, Beatty CW (2012) Cochlear implantation in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2: variables affecting auditory performance. Otol Neurotol 33:853–862
Carlson ML, Jacob JT, Pollock BE, Neff BA, Tombers NM, Driscoll CL, Link MJ (2013) Long-term hearing outcomes following stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma: patterns of hearing loss and variables influencing audiometric decline. J Neurosurg 118:579–587
Celis-Aguilar E, Lassaletta L, Gavilan J (2012) Cochlear implantation in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 and patients with vestibular schwannoma in the only hearing ear. Int J Otolaryngol 2012:157497
Chen CH, Shen CC, Sun MH, Ho WL, Huang CF, Kwan PC (2007) Histopathology of radiation necrosis with severe peritumoral edema after gamma knife radiosurgery for parasagittal meningioma. A report of two cases. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 85:292–295
Chinn J, Miller J (1975) Animal model acoustic neuroma. Arch Otolaryngol 101:222–226
Chopra R, Kondziolka D, Niranjan A, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC (2007) Long-term follow-up of acoustic schwannoma radiosurgery with marginal tumor doses of 12 to 13 Gy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68:845–851
Chuang CC, Chang CS, Tyan YS, Chuang KS, Tu HT, Huang CF (2012) Use of apparent diffusion coefficients in evaluating the response of vestibular schwannomas to Gamma Knife surgery. J Neurosurg 117(Suppl):63–68
Chung WY, Liu KD, Shiau CY, Wu HM, Wang LW, Guo WY, Ho DM, Pan DH (2005) Gamma knife surgery for vestibular schwannoma: 10-year experience of 195 cases. J Neurosurg 102(Suppl):87–96
Colletti L, Shannon R, Colletti V (2012) Auditory brainstem implants for neurofibromatosis type 2. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 20:353–357
Combs SE, Thilmann C, Debus J, Schulz-Ertner D (2006) Long-term outcome of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in patients with acoustic neuromas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64:1341–1347
Combs SE, Welzel T, Kessel K, Habermehl D, Rieken S, Schramm O, Debus J (2013) Hearing preservation after radiotherapy for vestibular schwannomas is comparable to hearing deterioration in healthy adults and is accompanied by local tumor control and a highly preserved quality of life (QOL) as patients’ self-reported outcome. Radiother Oncol 106:175–180
Dandy WE (1925) An operation for the total removal of cerebellopontine (acoustic) tumors. Surg Gynecol Obstet 41:129–148
Eminowicz GK, Raman R, Conibear J, Plowman PN (2012) Bevacizumab treatment for vestibular schwannomas in neurofibromatosis type two: report of two cases, including responses after prior gamma knife and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition therapy. J Laryngol Otol 126:79–82
Faber HT, de Wolf MJ, Cremers CW, Snik AF, Hol MK (2013) Benefit of Baha in the elderly with single-sided deafness. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 270:1285–1291
Ferri GG, Modugno GC, Pirodda A, Fioravanti A, Calbucci F, Ceroni AR (2008) Conservative management of vestibular schwannomas: an effective strategy. Laryngoscope 118:951–957
Flickinger JC (2001) Cranial nerves. In: Shrieve DC (ed) Human radiation injury. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business, Philadelphia
Fong BM, Pezeshkian P, Nagasawa DT, De Salles A, Gopen Q, Yang I (2012) Hearing preservation after LINAC radiosurgery and LINAC radiotherapy for vestibular schwannoma. J Clin Neurosci 19:1065–1070
Fowler JF (1989) The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 62:679–694
Gadre AK, Kwartler JA, Brackmann DE, House WF, Hitselberger WE (1990) Middle fossa decompression of the internal auditory canal in acoustic neuroma surgery: a therapeutic alternative. Laryngoscope 100:948–952
Gardner G, Robertson JH (1988) Hearing preservation in unilateral acoustic neuroma surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 97:55–66
Gerosa M, Mesiano N, Longhi M, De Simone A, Foroni R, Verlicchi A, Zanotti B, Nicolato A (2010) Gamma Knife surgery in vestibular schwannomas: impact on the anterior and posterior labyrinth. J Neurosurg 113(Suppl):128–135
Givre A, Olivecrona H (1949) Surgical experiences with acoustic tumors. J Neurosurg 6:396–407
Godefroy WP, Kaptein AA, Vogel JJ, van der Mey AG (2009) Conservative treatment of vestibular schwannoma: a follow-up study on clinical and quality-of-life outcome. Otol Neurotol 30:968–974
Grayeli AB, Kalamarides M, Ferrary E, Bouccara D, Elgharem H, Rey A, Sterkers O (2005) Conservative management versus surgery for small vestibular schwannomas. Acta Otolaryngol 125:1063–1068
Greiman MC, Lusk RP (1991) Pressure-induced modifications of the acoustic nerve. Part II: Auditory brain stem responses. Am J Otolaryngol 12:12–19
Hajioff D, Raut VV, Walsh RM, Bath AP, Bance ML, Guha A, Tator CH, Rutka JA (2008) Conservative management of vestibular schwannomas: third review of a 10-year prospective study. Clin Otolaryngol 33:255–259
Han JH, Kim DG, Chung HT, Paek SH, Kim YH, Kim CY, Kim JW, Kim YH, Jeong SS (2009) Long-term outcome of gamma knife radiosurgery for treatment of typical trigeminal neuralgia. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75:822–827
Han JH, Kim DG, Chung HT, Paek SH, Park CK, Kim CY, Hwang SS, Park JH, Kim YH, Kim JW, Kim YH, Song SW, Kim IK, Jung HW (2012) The risk factors of symptomatic communicating hydrocephalus after stereotactic radiosurgery for unilateral vestibular schwannoma: the implication of brain atrophy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84:937–942
Han JH, Kim DG, Chung HT, Paek SH, Park CK, Kim CY, Kim YH, Kim JW, Kim YH, Song SW, Kim IK, Jung HW (2012) Hearing preservation in patients with unilateral vestibular schwannoma who undergo stereotactic radiosurgery: reinterpretation of the auditory brainstem response. Cancer 118:5441–5447
Handzel O, Ben-Ari O, Damian D, Priel MM, Cohen J, Himmelfarb M (2013) Smartphone-based hearing test as an aid in the initial evaluation of unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Audiol Neurootol 18:201–207
Hasegawa T, Kida Y, Kato T, Iizuka H, Kuramitsu S, Yamamoto T (2013) Long-term safety and efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas: evaluation of 440 patients more than 10 years after treatment with Gamma Knife surgery. J Neurosurg 118:557–565
Hasegawa T, Kida Y, Kato T, Iizuka H, Yamamoto T (2011) Factors associated with hearing preservation after Gamma Knife surgery for vestibular schwannomas in patients who retain serviceable hearing. J Neurosurg 115:1078–1086
Hasegawa T, Kida Y, Kobayashi T, Yoshimoto M, Mori Y, Yoshida J (2005) Long-term outcomes in patients with vestibular schwannomas treated using gamma knife surgery: 10-year follow up. J Neurosurg 102:10–16
Hasegawa T, Kida Y, Yoshimoto M, Koike J, Goto K (2006) Evaluation of tumor expansion after stereotactic radiosurgery in patients harboring vestibular schwannomas. Neurosurgery 58:1119–1128; discussion 1119–1128
Hietanen A, Era P, Sorri M, Heikkinen E (2004) Changes in hearing in 80-year-old people: a 10-year follow-up study. Int J Audiol 43:126–135
Huang E, Strother DR, Davis QG, Chiu JK, Lu HH, Carpenter LS, Mai WY, Chintagumpala MM, South M, Grant WH, Butler EB, Woo SY (2002) Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for pediatric medulloblastoma: early report on the reduction of ototoxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52:599–605
Iwai Y, Yamanaka K, Kubo T, Aiba T (2008) Gamma knife radiosurgery for intracanalicular acoustic neuromas. J Clin Neurosci 15:993–997
Iwai Y, Yamanaka K, Shiotani M, Uyama T (2003) Radiosurgery for acoustic neuromas: results of low-dose treatment. Neurosurgery 53:282–287; discussion 287–288
Iwai Y, Yamanaka K, Yamagata K, Yasui T (2007) Surgery after radiosurgery for acoustic neuromas: surgical strategy and histological findings. Neurosurgery 60:ONS75–ONS82; discussion ONS82
Kano H, Kondziolka D, Khan A, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD (2009) Predictors of hearing preservation after stereotactic radiosurgery for acoustic neuroma. J Neurosurg 111:863–873
Kapoor S, Batra S, Carson K, Shuck J, Kharkar S, Gandhi R, Jackson J, Wemmer J, Terezakis S, Shokek O, Kleinberg L, Rigamonti D (2011) Long-term outcomes of vestibular schwannomas treated with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy: an institutional experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 81:647–653
Kari E, Friedman RA (2012) Hearing preservation: microsurgery. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 20:358–366
Kim CH, Chung KW, Kong DS, Nam DH, Park K, Kim JH, Hong SH, Cho YS, Chung WH, Lee JI (2010) Prognostic factors of hearing preservation after gamma knife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma. J Clin Neurosci 17:214–218
Kim JW, Kim DG, Paek SH, Chung HT, Kim YH, Han JH, Park CK, Jung HW (2011) Efficacy of corticosteroids in hearing preservation after radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma: a prospective study. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 89:25–33
Kim KM, Park CK, Chung HT, Paek SH, Jung HW, Kim DG (2007) Long-term outcomes of gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery of vestibular schwannomas. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 42:286–292
Kim YH, Kim DG, Han JH, Chung HT, Kim IK, Song SW, Park JH, Kim JW, Kim YH, Park CK, Kim CY, Paek SH, Jung HW (2012) Radiosurgery for para-IAC meningiomas: the effect of radiation dose to the cochlea on hearing outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84:675–680
Kim YH, Kim DG, Han JH, Chung HT, Kim IK, Song SW, Park JH, Kim JW, Kim YH, Park CK, Kim CY, Paek SH, Jung HW (2013) Hearing outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery for unilateral intracanalicular vestibular schwannomas: implication of transient volume expansion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 85:61–67
Landi A, Marina R, DeGrandi C, Crespi A, Montanari G, Sganzerla EP, Gaini SM (2001) Accuracy of stereotactic localisation with magnetic resonance compared to CT scan: experimental findings. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 143:593–601
Lapsiwala SB, Pyle GM, Kaemmerle AW, Sasse FJ, Badie B (2002) Correlation between auditory function and internal auditory canal pressure in patients with vestibular schwannomas. J Neurosurg 96:872–876
Lee SR, Yang KA, Kim SK, Kim SH (2012) Radiation-induced intratumoral necrosis and peritumoral edema after gamma knife radiosurgery for intracranial meningiomas. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 52:98–102
Leksell L (1951) The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain. Acta Chir Scand 102:316–319
Leksell L (1971) A note on the treatment of acoustic tumours. Acta Chir Scand 137:763–765
Lin LM, Bowditch S, Anderson MJ, May B, Cox KM, Niparko JK (2006) Amplification in the rehabilitation of unilateral deafness: speech in noise and directional hearing effects with bone-anchored hearing and contralateral routing of signal amplification. Otol Neurotol 27:172–182
Linskey ME (2000) Stereotactic radiosurgery versus stereotactic radiotherapy for patients with vestibular schwannoma: a Leksell Gamma Knife Society 2000 debate. J Neurosurg 93(Suppl 3):90–95
Linskey ME (2008) Hearing preservation in vestibular schwannoma stereotactic radiosurgery: what really matters? J Neurosurg 109(Suppl):129–136
Linthicum FH Jr, Brackmann DE (1980) Bilateral acoustic tumors. A diagnostic and surgical challenge. Arch Otolaryngol 106:729–733
Litre F, Rousseaux P, Jovenin N, Bazin A, Peruzzi P, Wdowczyk D, Colin P (2013) Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for acoustic neuromas: a prospective monocenter study of about 158 cases. Radiother Oncol 106:169–174
Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D, Maitz A, Flickinger JC (1998) Black holes, white dwarfs and supernovas: imaging after radiosurgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 70(Suppl 1):2–10
Lustig LR, Yeagle J, Driscoll CL, Blevins N, Francis H, Niparko JK (2006) Cochlear implantation in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 and bilateral vestibular schwannoma. Otol Neurotol 27:512–518
Ma L, Sahgal A, Descovich M, Cho YB, Chuang C, Huang K, Laperriere NJ, Shrieve DC, Larson DA (2010) Equivalence in dose fall-off for isocentric and nonisocentric intracranial treatment modalities and its impact on dose fractionation schemes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76:943–948
Malhotra PS, Sharma P, Fishman MA, Grumbine FL, Tholey R, Dam VQ, Dasgupta A, Pequignot E, Willcox TO (2009) Clinical, radiographic, and audiometric predictors in conservative management of vestibular schwannoma. Otol Neurotol 30:507–514
Mandl ES, Meijer OW, Slotman BJ, Vandertop WP, Peerdeman SM (2010) Stereotactic radiation therapy for large vestibular schwannomas. Radiother Oncol 95:94–98
Maniakas A, Saliba I (2012) Conservative management versus stereotactic radiation for vestibular schwannomas: a meta-analysis of patients with more than 5 years’ follow-up. Otol Neurotol 33:230–238
Maniakas A, Saliba I (2012) Microsurgery versus stereotactic radiation for small vestibular schwannomas: a meta-analysis of patients with more than 5 years’ follow-up. Otol Neurotol 33:1611–1620
Massager N, Nissim O, Delbrouck C, Delpierre I, Devriendt D, Desmedt F, Wikler D, Brotchi J, Levivier M (2007) Irradiation of cochlear structures during vestibular schwannoma radiosurgery and associated hearing outcome. J Neurosurg 107:733–739
Massager N, Nissim O, Delbrouck C, Devriendt D, David P, Desmedt F, Wikler D, Hassid S, Brotchi J, Levivier M (2006) Role of intracanalicular volumetric and dosimetric parameters on hearing preservation after vestibular schwannoma radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64:1331–1340
Merkus P, Lella FD, Trapani GD, Pasanisi E, Beltrame MA, Zanetti D, Negri M, Sanna M (2014) Indications and contraindications of auditory brainstem implants: systematic review and illustrative cases. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 271:3–13
Nagano O, Higuchi Y, Serizawa T, Ono J, Matsuda S, Yamakami I, Saeki N (2008) Transient expansion of vestibular schwannoma following stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 109:811–816
Niranjan A, Mathieu D, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD (2008) Hearing preservation after intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 63:1054–1062; discussion 1062–1053
Nonaka Y, Fukushima T, Watanabe K, Friedman AH, Sampson JH, McElveen JT Jr, Cunningham CD 3rd, Zomorodi AR (2013) Contemporary surgical management of vestibular schwannomas: analysis of complications and lessons learned over the past decade. Neurosurgery 72:ons103–ons115; discussion ons115
Northfield DW (1970) Surgical treatment of acoustic neurinoma. The conventional approach. Proc R Soc Med 63:769–775
Noudel R, Gomis P, Duntze J, Marnet D, Bazin A, Roche PH (2009) Hearing preservation and facial nerve function after microsurgery for intracanalicular vestibular schwannomas: comparison of middle fossa and retrosigmoid approaches. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 151:935–944; discussion 944–935
Odat HA, Piccirillo E, Sequino G, Taibah A, Sanna M (2011) Management strategy of vestibular schwannoma in neurofibromatosis type 2. Otol Neurotol 32:1163–1170
Paek SH, Chung HT, Jeong SS, Park CK, Kim CY, Kim JE, Kim DG, Jung HW (2005) Hearing preservation after gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery of vestibular schwannoma. Cancer 104:580–590
Pai I, Dhar V, Kelleher C, Nunn T, Connor S, Jiang D, O’Connor AF (2013) Cochlear implantation in patients with vestibular schwannoma: a single United Kingdom center experience. Laryngoscope 123:2019–2023
Pennybacker JB, Cairns H (1950) Results in 130 cases of acoustic neurinoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 13:272–277
Phi JH, Paek SH, Chung HT, Jeong SS, Park CK, Jung HW, Kim DG (2007) Gamma Knife surgery and trigeminal schwannoma: is it possible to preserve cranial nerve function? J Neurosurg 107:727–732
Plotkin SR, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Barker FG 2nd, Halpin C, Padera TP, Tyrrell A, Sorensen AG, Jain RK, di Tomaso E (2009) Hearing improvement after bevacizumab in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2. N Engl J Med 361:358–367
Pollock BE (2006) Management of vestibular schwannomas that enlarge after stereotactic radiosurgery: treatment recommendations based on a 15 year experience. Neurosurgery 58:241–248; discussion 241–248
Pollock BE, Link MJ, Foote RL (2009) Failure rate of contemporary low-dose radiosurgical technique for vestibular schwannoma. J Neurosurg 111:840–844
Ramsden RT (1995) The bloody angle: 100 years of acoustic neuroma surgery. J R Soc Med 88:464–468
Raut VV, Walsh RM, Bath AP, Bance ML, Guha A, Tator CH, Rutka JA (2004) Conservative management of vestibular schwannomas – second review of a prospective longitudinal study. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 29:505–514
Rosenberg SI (2000) Natural history of acoustic neuromas. Laryngoscope 110:497–508
Sakamoto T, Shirato H, Takeichi N, Aoyama H, Kagei K, Nishioka T, Fukuda S (2001) Medication for hearing loss after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for vestibular schwannoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50:1295–1298
Samii M (1995) Hearing preservation in bilateral acoustic neurinomas. Br J Neurosurg 9:413–424
Samii M, Gerganov V, Samii A (2008) Hearing preservation after complete microsurgical removal in vestibular schwannomas. Prog Neurol Surg 21:136–141
Samii M, Matthies C (1997) Management of 1000 vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas): hearing function in 1000 tumor resections. Neurosurgery 40:248–260; discussion 260–242
Samii M, Matthies C, Tatagiba M (1997) Management of vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas): auditory and facial nerve function after resection of 120 vestibular schwannomas in patients with neurofibromatosis 2. Neurosurgery 40:696–705; discussion 705–696
Sanna M, Di Lella F, Guida M, Merkus P (2012) Auditory brainstem implants in NF2 patients: results and review of the literature. Otol Neurotol 33:154–164
Slattery WH, Hoa M, Bonne N, Friedman RA, Schwartz MS, Fisher LM, Brackmann DE (2011) Middle fossa decompression for hearing preservation: a review of institutional results and indications. Otol Neurotol 32:1017–1024
Stangerup SE, Caye-Thomasen P (2012) Epidemiology and natural history of vestibular schwannomas. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 45(257–268):vii
Stangerup SE, Caye-Thomasen P, Tos M, Thomsen J (2008) Change in hearing during ‘wait and scan’ management of patients with vestibular schwannoma. J Laryngol Otol 122:673–681
Sughrue ME, Kaur R, Kane AJ, Rutkowski MJ, Yang I, Pitts LH, Tihan T, Parsa AT (2011) Intratumoral hemorrhage and fibrosis in vestibular schwannoma: a possible mechanism for hearing loss. J Neurosurg 114:386–393
Sughrue ME, Yang I, Aranda D, Lobo K, Pitts LH, Cheung SW, Parsa AT (2010) The natural history of untreated sporadic vestibular schwannomas: a comprehensive review of hearing outcomes. J Neurosurg 112:163–167
Szeifert GT, Figarella-Branger D, Roche PH, Regis J (2004) Histopathological observations on vestibular schwannomas after Gamma Knife radiosurgery: the Marseille experience. Neurochirurgie 50:327–337
Thomas C, Di Maio S, Ma R, Vollans E, Chu C, Math M, Clark B, Lee R, McKenzie M, Martin M, Toyota B (2007) Hearing preservation following fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for vestibular schwannomas: prognostic implications of cochlear dose. J Neurosurg 107:917–926
Timmer FC, Hanssens PE, van Haren AE, Mulder JJ, Cremers CW, Beynon AJ, van Overbeeke JJ, Graamans K (2009) Gamma knife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas: results of hearing preservation in relation to the cochlear radiation dose. Laryngoscope 119:1076–1081
Trotter MI, Briggs RJ (2010) Cochlear implantation in neurofibromatosis type 2 after radiation therapy. Otol Neurotol 31:216–219
van de Langenberg R, Dohmen AJ, de Bondt BJ, Nelemans PJ, Baumert BG, Stokroos RJ (2012) Volume changes after stereotactic LINAC radiotherapy in vestibular schwannoma: control rate and growth patterns. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84:343–349
van Eck AT, Horstmann GA (2005) Increased preservation of functional hearing after gamma knife surgery for vestibular schwannoma. J Neurosurg 102(Suppl):204–206
Varughese JK, Wentzel-Larsen T, Vassbotn F, Moen G, Lund-Johansen M (2010) Analysis of vestibular schwannoma size in multiple dimensions: a comparative cohort study of different measurement techniques. Clin Otolaryngol 35:97–103
Vokurka EA, Herwadkar A, Thacker NA, Ramsden RT, Jackson A (2002) Using Bayesian tissue classification to improve the accuracy of vestibular schwannoma volume and growth measurement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23:459–467
Wanibuchi M, Fukushima T, Friedman AH, Watanabe K, Akiyama Y, Mikami T, Iihoshi S, Murakami T, Sugino T, Mikuni N (2014) Hearing preservation surgery for vestibular schwannomas via the retrosigmoid transmeatal approach: surgical tips. Neurosurg Rev 37:431–444
Wazen JJ, Spitzer JB, Ghossaini SN, Fayad JN, Niparko JK, Cox K, Brackmann DE, Soli SD (2003) Transcranial contralateral cochlear stimulation in unilateral deafness. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129:248–254
Wei BP, Stathopoulos D, O’Leary S (2013) Steroids for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:CD003998
Whitehouse K, Foroughi M, Shone G, Hatfield R (2010) Vestibular schwannomas – when should conservative management be reconsidered? Br J Neurosurg 24:185–190
Wong HK, Lahdenranta J, Kamoun WS, Chan AW, McClatchey AI, Plotkin SR, Jain RK, di Tomaso E (2010) Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies as a novel therapeutic approach to treating neurofibromatosis-related tumors. Cancer Res 70:3483–3493
Wowra B, Muacevic A, Jess-Hempen A, Hempel JM, Muller-Schunk S, Tonn JC (2005) Outpatient gamma knife surgery for vestibular schwannoma: definition of the therapeutic profile based on a 10-year experience. J Neurosurg 102(Suppl):114–118
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Han, J.H., Kim, D.G., Chung, HT., Paek, S.H., Jung, HW. (2016). Hearing Outcomes After Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Vestibular Schwannomas. In: Schramm, J. (eds) Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery, vol 43. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21359-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21359-0_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-21358-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-21359-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)