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Access to Victims and Humanitarian Assistance

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Abstract

The international law governing disaster response and humanitarian assistance has developed into a comprehensive body of law dealing with the initiation of relief, questions of the status of humanitarian actors and the right of access to the victims. The Special Rapporteur of the UN International Law Commission on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters submitted six reports with the first set of articles being adopted by the Law Commission. These articles underline the primary responsibility of the affected State for protecting persons under its territorial jurisdiction and the affected State’s consent for providing international assistance. The codification project has given a fresh impetus to the ongoing discussion on State sovereignty versus the obligation to receive international humanitarian assistance.

Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Heintze is a research associate at the Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict and is director of the NOHA Master Program at the Ruhr-University Bochum.

Reversed and enlarged version of a paper published in P. Gibbons/H.-J. Heintze (eds.), The Humanitarian Challenge, Cham/Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/London 2015.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    UN-Doc. A/CN.4/590, para. 8.

  2. 2.

    S. E. Davies, Natural Disasters and the Responsibility to Protect, in: K. Odendahl/N. Matz-Lück, German Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 55, Berlin 2013, p. 150.

  3. 3.

    UN Doc. A/62/323, para. 3.

  4. 4.

    C. Focarelli, Duty to Protect in Cases of Natural Disasters, 2013, para. 7, in: Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, at www.mpepil.com (all accessed on 3 September 2014).

  5. 5.

    S. E. Davies, supra note 2, p. 150.

  6. 6.

    R. Giuffrida, Humanitarian Assistance to Protect Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, in: R. Kolb/G. Gaggioli (eds.), Research Handbook on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Cheltenham 2013, pp. 294–319, at p. 294.

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    E. de Vattel, Le droit des gens ou principes de la loi naturelle, Paris 1758, reprinted by Carnegie Institution, Washington 1916, Book II, Chapter I, paras. 4–5.

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    UN Doc. A/45/587, para. 41.

  9. 9.

    Id., para. 44.

  10. 10.

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  11. 11.

    UN Doc. A/CN.4/325, para. 102.

  12. 12.

    J. Benton, Health, Disaster Relief, and Neglect: The Duty to Accept Humanitarian Assistance and the Work of the International Law Commission, in: International Law and Politics 43 (2011), pp. 419–477, at p. 423.

  13. 13.

    UN-Doc. A/62/10, para. 375.

  14. 14.

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  15. 15.

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  16. 16.

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  17. 17.

    See the list of these documents in the annex of UN Doc. A/CN.4/590/Add.2.

  18. 18.

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  19. 19.

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  24. 24.

    Id., para. 3.

  25. 25.

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  27. 27.

    C. Focarelli, supra note 4, para. 28.

  28. 28.

    R. Barber, The Responsibility to Protect the Survivors of Natural Disasters: Cyclone Nargis, a Case Study, in: Journal of Conflict & Security Law 14 (2009), pp. 3–34, at p. 4.

  29. 29.

    OCHA evaluated that 2.4 million people had been directly affected by the cyclone. See USAID, Burma Cyclone – Facts Sheet Number Two, Washington 2008, p. 1.

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    See concerning the involvement of local specialists the overview by the IFRC, Myanmar: Cyclone Nargis 2008, Facts and Figures, 3 May 2011, at http://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/asia-pacific/myanmar/myanmar-cyclone-nargis-2008-facts-and-figures/.

  31. 31.

    See A. McLachlan-Bent/J. Langmore, A Crime against Humanity? Implications and Prospects of the Responsibility to Protect in the Wake of Cyclone Nargis, in: Global The Responsibility to Protect 3 (2011) pp. 37–60, at p. 41.

  32. 32.

    A. Selth, Even Paranoids Have Enemies: Cyclone Nargis and Myanmar’s Fears of Invasion, in: Contemporary Southeast Asia 30 (2008), pp. 379–403, at p. 385.

  33. 33.

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  34. 34.

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  35. 35.

    UN Doc. A/61/224, para. 5.

  36. 36.

    993 UNTS 3.

  37. 37.

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  38. 38.

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  39. 39.

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  40. 40.

    OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/24.9/49 (1990).

  41. 41.

    Institute de Droit International, Resolution on Humanitarian Assistance, 2 September 2003, in: UN (ed.), Annuaire de la Commission du Droit International, Geneva 2004, p. 263.

  42. 42.

    ICISS, fn. 18, p. 15.

  43. 43.

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  44. 44.

    UN-Doc. A/63/677, para. 10.

  45. 45.

    ICJ Reports 1949, The Hague 1949, p. 23.

  46. 46.

    A. McLachlan-Bent/J. Langmore, supra note 31, p. 59.

  47. 47.

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  48. 48.

    D. S. Patnaik, Towards an International Legal Framework for the Protection of Individuals in the Event of Disasters: An Initial Inquiry, in: H.-J. Heintze/A. Zwitter (eds.), International Law and Humanitarian Assistance, Berlin 2011, pp. 129–141 (134).

  49. 49.

    International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (ed.), Law and Legal Issues in International Disaster Response: a Desk Study, Geneva 2007.

  50. 50.

    UN-Doc. A/CN.4/615, para. 6.

  51. 51.

    I. Winkelmann, Responsibility to Protect, 2010, in: Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, at www.mpepil.com.

  52. 52.

    UN-Doc. A/63/677, para. 10 (b).

  53. 53.

    See R. Thakur/T. G. Weiss, R2P: From Idea to Norm – and Action?, in: Global responsibility to Protect 1 (2009) pp. 22–53 (48).

  54. 54.

    R. Barber, The Responsibility to Protect the Survivors of Natural Disasters: Cyclone Nargis, a Case study, in: Journal of Conflict and Security Law 14 (1)(2009), p. 3.

  55. 55.

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  57. 57.

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  58. 58.

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  59. 59.

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  60. 60.

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  61. 61.

    K. Wellens, supra note 22, p. 36.

  62. 62.

    UN-Doc. A/CN.4/629, para. 11.

  63. 63.

    UN-Doc. A/C.6/64/SR.20, para. 24.

  64. 64.

    UN-Doc. A/C.6/64/SR.21, para. 77.

  65. 65.

    UN-Doc. A/64/84.

  66. 66.

    A. Zwitter, United Nations’ Legal Framework of Humanitarian Assistance, in: H.-J. Heintze/A. Zwitter (eds.), International Law and Humanitarian Assistance, supra note 48, pp. 51–70, at p. 60.

  67. 67.

    S. Mehring, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2010 in. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, at www.mpepil.com, para. 3.

  68. 68.

    ICJ Reports 1986, para. 243.

  69. 69.

    UN-Doc. A/CN.4/629, para. 29.

  70. 70.

    Regulation (EC) No. 1257/96.

  71. 71.

    Corfu Channel Case, ICJ Reports 1949, p. 43.

  72. 72.

    UN-Doc. A/CN.4/652, para. 13.

  73. 73.

    UN-Doc. A/C.6/66/SR.21, para. 60.

  74. 74.

    UNTS 993, No. 14531, p. 3.

  75. 75.

    UN-Doc. E/C.12/1995/5, para. 17.

  76. 76.

    UN-Doc. A/CN.4/643, para. 33.

  77. 77.

    International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Guidelines for the Domestic Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance 2007, guideline 3(2).

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Heintze, HJ. (2016). Access to Victims and Humanitarian Assistance. In: Heintze, HJ., Thielbörger, P. (eds) From Cold War to Cyber War. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19087-7_11

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