Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Clinical Echocardiography and Other Imaging Techniques in Cardiomyopathies pp 249–280Cite as

Other Cardiomyopathies: Clinical Assessment and Imaging in Diagnosis and Patient Management

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1245 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter describes clinical and imaging assessment in diagnosis and patient management of other cardiomyopathies (CMP) not included among the previously defined main groups of CMP. Most of these unclassified CMP are characterized by frequent reversibility of myocardial dysfunction after adequate treatment. The peculiar form called left ventricular noncompaction is also addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Huffman C, Wagman G, Fudim M et al (2010) Reversible cardiomyopathies – a review. Transplant Proc 42:3673–3678

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Demakis JG, Rahimtoola SH, Sutton GC et al (1971) Natural course of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Circulation 44:1053–1061

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pearson GD, Veille JC, Rahimtoola S et al (2000) Peripartum cardiomyopathy: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases (National Institutes of Health) workshop recommendations and review. JAMA 283:1183–1188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Givertz MM (2013) Cardiology patient page: peripartum cardiomyopathy. Circulation 127:e622–e626

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sliwa K, Skudicky D, Bergemann A et al (2000) Peripartum cardiomyopathy: analysis of clinical outcome, left ventricular function, plasma levels of cytokines and Fas/APO-1. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:701–705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bello N, Rendon IS, Arany Z (2013) The relationship between pre-eclampsia and peripartum cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 62:1715–1723

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Peters F, Khandheria BK, dos Santos C et al (2013) Peripartum cardiomyopathy associated with left ventricular noncompaction phenotype and reversible rigid body rotation. Circ Heart Fail 6:e62–e63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Renz DM, Rottgen R, Habedank D et al (2011) New insights into peripartum cardiomyopathy using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Röfo 183:834–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Arora NP, Mohamad T, Mahajan N et al (2014) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in peripartum cardiomyopathy: a new tool to evaluate an old enigma. Am J Med 347:112–7.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Blauwet LA, Libhaber E, Forster O et al (2013) Predictors of outcome in 176 South African patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Heart 99:308–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dorbala S, Brozena S, Zeb S et al (2005) Risk stratification of women with peripartum cardiomyopathy at initial presentation: a dobutamine stress echocardiography study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:45–48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G et al (2006) Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 113:1807–1816

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bybee KA, Kara T, Prasad A et al (2004) Systematic review: transient left ventricular apical ballooning: a syndrome that mimics ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 141:858–865

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ruiz Bailen M, Aguayo de Hoyos E, Lopez Martnez A et al (2003) Reversible myocardial dysfunction, a possible complication in critically ill patients without heart disease. J Crit Care 18:245–252

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kawai S, Kitabatake A, Tomoike H et al (2007) Guidelines for diagnosis of takotsubo (ampulla) cardiomyopathy. Circ J 71:990–992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lyon AR, Rees PS, Prasad S et al (2008) Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy – a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 5:22–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Lee JW, Kim JY (2011) Stress-induced cardiomyopathy: the role of echocardiography. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 19:7–12

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Kurisu S, Kihara Y (2012) Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy: clinical presentation and underlying mechanism. J Cardiol 60:429–437

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ramaraj R, Movahed MR (2010) Reverse or inverted takotsubo cardiomyopathy (reverse left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome) presents at a younger age compared with the mid or apical variant and is always associated with triggering stress. Congest Heart Fail 16:284–286

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kurisu S, Inoue I, Kawagoe T et al (2011) Incidence and treatment of left ventricular apical thrombosis in Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 146:e58–e60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gianni M, Dentali F, Grandi AM et al (2006) Apical ballooning syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Eur Heart J 27:1523–1529

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Izumo M, Nalawadi S, Shiota M et al (2011) Mechanisms of acute mitral regurgitation in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy: an echocardiographic study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 4:392–398

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Elesber AA, Prasad A, Bybee KA et al (2006) Transient cardiac apical ballooning syndrome: prevalence and clinical implications of right ventricular involvement. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:1082–1083

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kumar S, Kaushik S, Nautiyal A et al (2011) Cardiac rupture in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Clin Cardiol 34:672–676

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Shah BN, Simpson IA, Rakhit DJ (2011) Takotsubo (apical ballooning) syndrome in the recovery period following dobutamine stress echocardiography: a first report. Eur J Echocardiogr 12:E5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Choi JH, Nam JH, Son JW et al (2012) Clinical usefulness of myocardial contrast echocardiography to detect stress-induced cardiomyopathy in the emergency department. Circ J 76:1393–1398

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Meimoun P, Malaquin D, Benali T et al (2009) Transient impairment of coronary flow reserve in tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy is related to left ventricular systolic parameters. Eur J Echocardiogr 10:265–270

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Abdel-Aty H, Cocker M, Friedrich MG (2009) Myocardial edema is a feature of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy and is related to the severity of systolic dysfunction: insights from T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Int J Cardiol 132:291–293

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Joshi SB, Chao T, Herzka DA et al (2010) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance T2 signal abnormalities in left ventricular ballooning syndrome. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 26:227–232

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Neil C, Nguyen TH, Kucia A et al (2012) Slowly resolving global myocardial inflammation/oedema in Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy: evidence from T2-weighted cardiac MRI. Heart 98:1278–1284

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Eitel I, Lucke C, Grothoff M et al (2010) Inflammation in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 20:422–431

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ferreira VM, Piechnik SK, Dall’Armellina E et al (2012) Noncontrast T1-mapping detects acute myocardial edema with high diagnostic accuracy: a comparison to T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 14:42

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Gerbaud E, Montaudon M, Leroux L et al (2008) MRI for the diagnosis of left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome (LVABS). Eur Radiol 18:947–954

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Mitchell JH, Hadden TB, Wilson JM et al (2007) Clinical features and usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in assessing myocardial viability and prognosis in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome). Am J Cardiol 100:296–301

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Eitel I, Behrendt F, Schindler K et al (2008) Differential diagnosis of suspected apical ballooning syndrome using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J 29:2651–2659

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Eitel I, von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Bernhardt P et al (2011) Clinical characteristics and cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in stress (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. JAMA 306:277–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Nakamori S, Matsuoka K, Onishi K et al (2012) Prevalence and signal characteristics of late gadolinium enhancement on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J 76:914–921

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Naruse Y, Sato A, Kasahara K et al (2011) The clinical impact of late gadolinium enhancement in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: serial analysis of cardiovascular magnetic resonance images. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 13:67

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Ito K, Sugihara H, Kawasaki T et al (2001) Assessment of ampulla (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy with coronary angiography, two-dimensional echocardiography and 99mTc-tetrofosmin myocardial single photon emission computed tomography. Ann Nucl Med 15:351–355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Abe Y, Kondo M, Matsuoka R et al (2003) Assessment of clinical features in transient left ventricular apical ballooning. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:737–742

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ito K, Sugihara H, Katoh S et al (2003) Assessment of Takotsubo (ampulla) cardiomyopathy using 99mTc-tetrofosmin myocardial SPECT – comparison with acute coronary syndrome. Ann Nucl Med 17:115–122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kurisu S, Inoue I, Kawagoe T et al (2003) Myocardial perfusion and fatty acid metabolism in patients with tako-tsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:743–748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Owa M, Aizawa K, Urasawa N et al (2001) Emotional stress-induced ‘ampulla cardiomyopathy’: discrepancy between the metabolic and sympathetic innervation imaging performed during the recovery course. Jpn Circ J 65:349–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sato A, Aonuma K, Nozato T et al (2008) Stunned myocardium in transient left ventricular apical ballooning: a serial study of dual I-123 BMIPP and Tl-201 SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 15:671–679

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Pessoa PM, Xavier SS, Lima SL et al (2006) Assessment of takotsubo (ampulla) cardiomyopathy using iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy. Acta Radiol 47:1029–1035

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cimarelli S, Sauer F, Morel O et al (2010) Transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome: patho-physiological bases through nuclear medicine imaging. Int J Cardiol 144:212–218

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Burgdorf C, von Hof K, Schunkert H et al (2008) Regional alterations in myocardial sympathetic innervation in patients with transient left-ventricular apical ballooning (Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy). J Nucl Cardiol 15:65–72

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bybee KA, Murphy J, Prasad A et al (2006) Acute impairment of regional myocardial glucose uptake in the apical ballooning (takotsubo) syndrome. J Nucl Cardiol 13:244–250

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Feola M, Chauvie S, Rosso GL et al (2008) Reversible impairment of coronary flow reserve in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a myocardial PET study. J Nucl Cardiol 15:811–817

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Yoshida T, Hibino T, Kako N et al (2007) A pathophysiologic study of tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Eur Heart J 28:2598–2604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kwon SW, Kim BO, Kim MH et al (2013) Diverse left ventricular morphology and predictors of short-term outcome in patients with stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 168:331–337

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lee PH, Song JK, Sun BJ et al (2010) Outcomes of patients with stress-induced cardiomyopathy diagnosed by echocardiography in a tertiary referral hospital. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23:766–771

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Elesber AA, Prasad A, Lennon RJ et al (2007) Four-year recurrence rate and prognosis of the apical ballooning syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:448–452

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ellis ER, Josephson ME (2013) Heart failure and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Curr Heart Fail Rep 10:296–306

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jeong YH, Choi KJ, Song JM et al (2008) Diagnostic approach and treatment strategy in tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Clin Cardiol 31:172–178

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Fujino T, Yamashita T, Suzuki S et al (2007) Characteristics of congestive heart failure accompanied by atrial fibrillation with special reference to tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Circ J 71:936–940

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Selby DE, Palmer BM, LeWinter MM et al (2011) Tachycardia-induced diastolic dysfunction and resting tone in myocardium from patients with a normal ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 58:147–154

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Paelinck B, Vermeersch P, Stockman D et al (1999) Usefulness of low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography in predicting recovery of poor left ventricular function in atrial fibrillation dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 83:1668–1671, A1667

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ferguson JD, Helms A, Mangrum JM et al (2009) Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation without fluoroscopy using intracardiac echocardiography and electroanatomic mapping. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2:611–619

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Tibayan FA, Lai DT, Timek TA et al (2002) Alterations in left ventricular torsion in tachycardia-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124:43–49

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. To AC, Flamm SD, Marwick TH et al (2011) Clinical utility of multimodality LA imaging: assessment of size, function, and structure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 4:788–798

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Schneider C, Malisius R, Krause K et al (2008) Strain rate imaging for functional quantification of the left atrium: atrial deformation predicts the maintenance of sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 29:1397–1409

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Faletra FF, Ho SY, Regoli F et al (2013) Real-time three dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography in imaging key anatomical structures of the left atrium: potential role during atrial fibrillation ablation. Heart 99:133–142

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Hasdemir C, Yuksel A, Camli D et al (2012) Late gadolinium enhancement CMR in patients with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy caused by idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 35:465–470

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Matsumoto K, Takahashi N, Ishikawa T et al (2006) Evaluation of myocardial glucose metabolism before and after recovery of myocardial function in patients with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 29:175–180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Khasnis A, Jongnarangsin K, Abela G et al (2005) Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a review of literature. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 28:710–721

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Watanabe H, Okamura K, Chinushi M et al (2008) Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy. Int Heart J 49:39–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD et al (1987) Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol 1:3–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kindermann I, Barth C, Mahfoud F et al (2012) Update on myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:779–792

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Anzini M, Merlo M, Sabbadini G et al (2013) Long-term evolution and prognostic stratification of biopsy-proven active myocarditis. Circulation 128:2384–2394

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Imazio M, Trinchero R (2008) Myopericarditis: etiology, management, and prognosis. Int J Cardiol 127:17–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Buiatti A, Merlo M, Pinamonti B et al (2013) Clinical presentation and long-term follow-up of perimyocarditis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 14:235–241

    Google Scholar 

  73. Pinamonti B, Alberti E, Cigalotto A et al (1988) Echocardiographic findings in myocarditis. Am J Cardiol 62:285–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Felker GM, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH et al (2000) Echocardiographic findings in fulminant and acute myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:227–232

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lieback E, Hardouin I, Meyer R et al (1996) Clinical value of echocardiographic tissue characterization in the diagnosis of myocarditis. Eur Heart J 17:135–142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hiramitsu S, Morimoto S, Kato S et al (2001) Transient ventricular wall thickening in acute myocarditis: a serial echocardiographic and histopathologic study. Jpn Circ J 65:863–866

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Ong P, Athansiadis A, Hill S et al (2011) Usefulness of pericardial effusion as new diagnostic criterion for noninvasive detection of myocarditis. Am J Cardiol 108:445–452

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Imazio M, Brucato A, Barbieri A et al (2013) Good prognosis for pericarditis with and without myocardial involvement: results from a multicenter, prospective cohort study. Circulation 128:42–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Di Bella G, Coglitore S, Zimbalatti C et al (2008) Strain Doppler echocardiography can identify longitudinal myocardial dysfunction derived from edema in acute myocarditis. Int J Cardiol 126:279–280

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hsiao JF, Koshino Y, Bonnichsen CR et al (2013) Speckle tracking echocardiography in acute myocarditis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 29:275–284

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Di Bella G, Gaeta M, Pingitore A et al (2010) Myocardial deformation in acute myocarditis with normal left ventricular wall motion – a cardiac magnetic resonance and 2-dimensional strain echocardiographic study. Circ J 74:1205–1213

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Escher F, Kasner M, Kuhl U et al (2013) New echocardiographic findings correlate with intramyocardial inflammation in endomyocardial biopsies of patients with acute myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Mediators Inflamm 2013:875420

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Afonso L, Hari P, Pidlaoan V et al (2010) Acute myocarditis: can novel echocardiographic techniques assist with diagnosis? Eur J Echocardiogr 11:E5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Skouri HN, Dec GW, Friedrich MG, Cooper LT (2006) Noninvasive imaging in myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:2085–2093

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Mahrholdt H, Goedecke C, Wagner A et al (2004) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology. Circulation 109:1250–1258

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Friedrich MG, Strohm O, Schulz-Menger J et al (1998) Contrast media-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualizes myocardial changes in the course of viral myocarditis. Circulation 97:1802–1809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Abdel-Aty H, Simonetti O, Friedrich MG (2007) T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 26:452–459

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J et al (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC White Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol 53:1475–1487

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. De Cobelli F, Pieroni M, Esposito A et al (2006) Delayed gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with chronic myocarditis presenting with heart failure or recurrent arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:1649–1654

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gutberlet M, Spors B, Thoma T et al (2008) Suspected chronic myocarditis at cardiac MR: diagnostic accuracy and association with immunohistologically detected inflammation and viral persistence. Radiology 246:401–409

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Lurz P, Eitel I, Adam J et al (2012) Diagnostic performance of CMR imaging compared with EMB in patients with suspected myocarditis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 5:513–524

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Iles L, Pfluger H, Phrommintikul A et al (2008) Evaluation of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with cardiac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:1574–1580

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Dambrin G, Laissy JP, Serfaty JM et al (2007) Diagnostic value of ECG-gated multidetector computed tomography in the early phase of suspected acute myocarditis. A preliminary comparative study with cardiac MRI. Eur Radiol 17:331–338

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Grun S, Schumm J, Greulich S et al (2012) Long-term follow-up of biopsy-proven viral myocarditis: predictors of mortality and incomplete recovery. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:1604–1615

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Deluigi CC et al (2006) Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis. Circulation 114:1581–1590

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Maya JD, Orellana M, Ferreira J et al (2010) Chagas disease: present status of pathogenic mechanisms and chemotherapy. Biol Res 43:323–331

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Nunes MCP, Dones W, Morillo CA, Encina JJ, Ribeiro AL (2013) Chagas disease. An overview of clinical and epidemiological aspects. J Am Coll Cardiol 62:767–776

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Andrade JP, Marin Neto JA, Paola AA et al (2011) Latin American Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Chagas’ heart disease: executive summary. Arq Bras Cardiol 96:434–442

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Acquatella H (2007) Echocardiography in Chagas heart disease. Circulation 115:1124–1131

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Viotti RJ, Vigliano C, Laucella S et al (2004) Value of echocardiography for diagnosis and prognosis of chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy without heart failure. Heart 90:655–660

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Garcia-Alvarez A, Sitges M, Regueiro A et al (2011) Myocardial deformation analysis in Chagas heart disease with the use of speckle tracking echocardiography. J Card Fail 17:1028–1034

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Rochitte CE, Oliveira PF, Andrade JM et al (2005) Myocardial delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Chagas’ disease: a marker of disease severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1553–1558

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Regueiro A, Garcia-Alvarez A, Sitges M et al (2011) Myocardial involvement in Chagas disease: insights from cardiac magnetic resonance. Int J Cardiol 165:107–112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Nunes MC, Barbosa MM, Ribeiro AL et al (2009) Left atrial volume provides independent prognostic value in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22:82–88

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Nunes MP, Colosimo EA, Reis RC et al (2012) Different prognostic impact of the tissue Doppler-derived E/e’ ratio on mortality in Chagas cardiomyopathy patients with heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 31:634–641

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Albini A, Pennesi G, Donatelli F et al (2010) Cardiotoxicity of anticancer drugs: the need for cardio-oncology and cardio-oncological prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:14–25

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Ky B, Vejpongsa P, Yeh ET et al (2013) Emerging paradigms in cardiomyopathies associated with cancer therapies. Circ Res 113:754–764

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Sawaya H, Sebag IA, Plana JC et al (2011) Early detection and prediction of cardiotoxicity in chemotherapy-treated patients. Am J Cardiol 107:1375–1380

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Yeh ET, Tong AT, Lenihan DJ et al (2004) Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management. Circulation 109:3122–3131

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Lipshultz SE, Adams MJ, Colan SD et al (2013) Long-term cardiovascular toxicity in children, adolescents, and young adults who receive cancer therapy: pathophysiology, course, monitoring, management, prevention, and research directions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 128:1927–1995

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Oreto L, Todaro MC, Umland MM et al (2012) Use of echocardiography to evaluate the cardiac effects of therapies used in cancer treatment: what do we know? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 25:1141–1152

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Drafts BC, Twomley KM, D’Agostino R Jr et al (2013) Low to moderate dose anthracycline-based chemotherapy is associated with early noninvasive imaging evidence of subclinical cardiovascular disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6:877–885

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Armstrong GT, Plana JC, Zhang N et al (2012) Screening adult survivors of childhood cancer for cardiomyopathy: comparison of echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Oncol 30:2876–2884

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Ylanen K, Poutanen T, Savikurki-Heikkila P et al (2013) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the late effects of anthracyclines among long-term survivors of childhood cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:1539–1547

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Neilan TG, Coelho-Filho OR, Pena-Herrera D et al (2012) Left ventricular mass in patients with a cardiomyopathy after treatment with anthracyclines. Am J Cardiol 110:1679–1686

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Tham EB, Haykowsky MJ, Chow K et al (2013) Diffuse myocardial fibrosis by T1-mapping in children with subclinical anthracycline cardiotoxicity: relationship to exercise capacity, cumulative dose and remodeling. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 15:48

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Neilan TG, Coelho-Filho OR, Shah RV et al (2013) Myocardial extracellular volume by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Am J Cardiol 111:717–722

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Fallah-Rad N, Lytwyn M, Fang T et al (2008) Delayed contrast enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in trastuzumab induced cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 10:5

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. de Geus-Oei LF, Mavinkurve-Groothuis AM, Bellersen L et al (2011) Scintigraphic techniques for early detection of cancer treatment-induced cardiotoxicity. J Nucl Med 52:560–571

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Valdes Olmos RA, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, ten Hoeve RF et al (1994) Usefulness of indium-111 antimyosin scintigraphy in confirming myocardial injury in patients with anthracycline-associated left ventricular dysfunction. Ann Oncol 5:617–622

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E et al (2008) Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 29:270–276

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Chin TK, Perloff JK, Williams RG et al (1990) Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. A study of eight cases. Circulation 82:507–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Oechslin EN, Attenhofer Jost CH, Rojas JR et al (2000) Long-term follow-up of 34 adults with isolated left ventricular noncompaction: a distinct cardiomyopathy with poor prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:493–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Oechslin E, Jenni R (2011) Left ventricular noncompaction revisited: a distinct phenotype with genetic heterogeneity? Eur Heart J 32:1446–1456

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Aras D, Tufekcioglu O, Ergun K et al (2006) Clinical features of isolated ventricular noncompaction in adults long-term clinical course, echocardiographic properties, and predictors of left ventricular failure. J Card Fail 12:726–733

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Pignatelli RH, McMahon CJ, Dreyer WJ et al (2003) Clinical characterization of left ventricular noncompaction in children: a relatively common form of cardiomyopathy. Circulation 108:2672–2678

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Jenni R, Goebel N, Tartini R et al (1986) Persisting myocardial sinusoids of both ventricles as an isolated anomaly: echocardiographic, angiographic, and pathologic anatomical findings. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 9:127–131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Thavendiranathan P, Dahiya A, Phelan D et al (2013) Isolated left ventricular noncompaction controversies in diagnostic criteria, adverse outcomes and management. Heart 99:681–689

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Paterick TE, Tajik AJ (2012) Left ventricular noncompaction: a diagnostically challenging cardiomyopathy. Circ J 76:1556–1562

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Boyd MT, Seward JB, Tajik AJ et al (1987) Frequency and location of prominent left ventricular trabeculations at autopsy in 474 normal human hearts: implications for evaluation of mural thrombi by two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 9:323–326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Jenni R, Oechslin E, Schneider J et al (2001) Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular noncompaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart 86:666–671

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Stollberger C, Finsterer J, Blazek G (2002) Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction and association with additional cardiac abnormalities and neuromuscular disorders. Am J Cardiol 90:899–902

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Stollberger C, Finsterer J (2004) Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17:91–100

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Finsterer J, Stollberger C (2011) No rationale for a diagnostic ratio in left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction. Int J Cardiol 146:91–92

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Frischknecht BS, Attenhofer Jost CH, Oechslin EN et al (2005) Validation of noncompaction criteria in dilated cardiomyopathy, and valvular and hypertensive heart disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:865–872

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Belanger AR, Miller MA, Donthireddi UR et al (2008) New classification scheme of left ventricular noncompaction and correlation with ventricular performance. Am J Cardiol 102:92–96

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Kohli SK, Pantazis AA, Shah JS et al (2008) Diagnosis of left-ventricular noncompaction in patients with left-ventricular systolic dysfunction: time for a reappraisal of diagnostic criteria? Eur Heart J 29:89–95

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Saleeb SF, Margossian R, Spencer CT et al (2012) Reproducibility of echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular noncompaction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 25:194–202

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Gati S, Chandra N, Bennett RL et al (2013) Increased left ventricular trabeculation in highly trained athletes: do we need more stringent criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular noncompaction in athletes? Heart 99:401–408

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. de Groot-de Laat LE, Krenning BJ, ten Cate FJ et al (2005) Usefulness of contrast echocardiography for diagnosis of left ventricular noncompaction. Am J Cardiol 95:1131–1134

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Maltagliati A, Pepi M (2000) Isolated noncompaction of the myocardium: multiplane transesophageal echocardiography diagnosis in an adult. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13:1047–1049

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Bellavia D, Michelena HI, Martinez M et al (2010) Speckle myocardial imaging modalities for early detection of myocardial impairment in isolated left ventricular noncompaction. Heart 96:440–447

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. van Dalen BM, Caliskan K, Soliman OI et al (2008) Left ventricular solid body rotation in noncompaction cardiomyopathy: a potential new objective and quantitative functional diagnostic criterion? Eur J Heart Fail 10:1088–1093

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. van Dalen BM, Caliskan K, Soliman OI et al (2011) Diagnostic value of rigid body rotation in noncompaction cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24:548–555

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Peters F, Khandheria BK, Libhaber E et al (2014) Left ventricular twist in left ventricular noncompaction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 15:48–55

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Niemann M, Liu D, Hu K et al (2012) Echocardiographic quantification of regional deformation helps to distinguish isolated left ventricular noncompaction from dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 14:155–161

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Caselli S, Autore C, Serdoz A et al (2012) Three-dimensional echocardiographic characterization of patients with left ventricular noncompaction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 25:203–209

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Bodiwala K, Miller AP, Nanda NC et al (2005) Live three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of ventricular noncompaction. Echocardiography 22:611–620

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Petersen SE, Selvanayagam JB, Wiesmann F et al (2005) Left ventricular noncompaction: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:101–105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Kawel N, Nacif M, Arai AE et al (2012) Trabeculated (noncompacted) and compact myocardium in adults: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5:357–366

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Korcyk D, Edwards CC, Armstrong G et al (2004) Contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in a patient with familial isolated ventricular noncompaction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 6:569–576

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Jacquier A, Thuny F, Jop B et al (2010) Measurement of trabeculated left ventricular mass using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular noncompaction. Eur Heart J 31:1098–1104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Grothoff M, Pachowsky M, Hoffmann J et al (2012) Value of cardiovascular MR in diagnosing left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy and in discriminating between other cardiomyopathies. Eur Radiol 22:2699–2709

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Captur G, Flett AS, Jacoby DL et al (2013) Left ventricular nonnoncompaction: the mitral valve prolapse of the 21st century? Int J Cardiol 164:3–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Nucifora G, Aquaro GD, Pingitore A et al (2011) Myocardial fibrosis in isolated left ventricular noncompaction and its relation to disease severity. Eur J Heart Fail 13:170–176

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Dodd JD, Holmvang G, Hoffmann U et al (2007) Quantification of left ventricular noncompaction and trabecular delayed hyperenhancement with cardiac MRI: correlation with clinical severity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189:974–980

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Dursun M, Agayev A, Nisli K et al (2010) MR imaging features of ventricular noncompaction: emphasis on distribution and pattern of fibrosis. Eur J Radiol 74:147–151

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Junqueira FP, Fernandes FD, Coutinho AC et al (2009) Case report. Isolated left ventricular myocardiumnoncompaction: MR imaging findings from three cases. Br J Radiol 82:e37–e41

    Google Scholar 

  159. Melendez-Ramirez G, Castillo-Castellon F, Espinola-Zavaleta N et al (2012) Left ventricular noncompaction: a proposal of new diagnostic criteria by multidetector computed tomography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 6:346–354

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Sidhu MS, Uthamalingam S, Ahmed W et al (2014) Defining left ventricular noncompaction using cardiac computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging 29:60–66

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Jenni R, Wyss CA, Oechslin EN et al (2002) Isolated ventricular noncompaction is associated with coronary microcirculatory dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:450–454

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Stanton C, Bruce C, Connolly H et al (2009) Isolated left ventricular noncompaction syndrome. Am J Cardiol 104:1135–1138

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. McMahon CJ, Pignatelli RH, Nagueh SF et al (2007) Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy in children: characterisation of clinical status using tissue Doppler-derived indices of left ventricular diastolic relaxation. Heart 93:676–681

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  164. Wald R, Veldtman G, Golding F et al (2004) Determinants of outcome in isolated ventricular noncompaction in childhood. Am J Cardiol 94:1581–1584

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Punn R, Silverman NH (2010) Cardiac segmental analysis in left ventricular noncompaction: experience in a pediatric population. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23:46–53

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD et al (2012) ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 33:1787–1847

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Trieste, via P. Valdoni 7, Trieste, 34139, Italy

    Marco Merlo, Davide Stolfo, Giancarlo Vitrella, Elena Abate, Bruno Pinamonti MD, Francesco Negri, Anita Spezzacatene, Marco Anzini, Enrico Fabris & Gianfranco Sinagra MD, FESC

  2. Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Trieste, via P. Valdoni 7, Trieste, 34100, Italy

    Francesca Brun

  3. Radiology Unit, University Hospital of Trieste, via P. Valdoni 7, Trieste, 34139, Italy

    Lorenzo Pagnan MD & Manuel Belgrano MD

  4. Cardiovascular Center, Azienda per i Servizi Sanitari n° 1, via Slataper, 9, Trieste, 34125, Italy

    Giorgio Faganello MD

Authors
  1. Marco Merlo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Davide Stolfo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Giancarlo Vitrella
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Elena Abate
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Bruno Pinamonti MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Francesco Negri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Anita Spezzacatene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Marco Anzini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Enrico Fabris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Francesca Brun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Lorenzo Pagnan MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Manuel Belgrano MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Giorgio Faganello MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Gianfranco Sinagra MD, FESC
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marco Merlo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste, Italy

    Bruno Pinamonti

  2. Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste, Italy

    Gianfranco Sinagra

1 Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

(MOV 1384 kb)

(MOV 1551 kb)

(MOV 1648 kb)

(MOV 1524 kb)

(MOV 1106 kb)

(MOV 1404 kb)

(MOV 1128 kb)

(MOV 1337 kb)

(MOV 1161 kb)

(MOV 1978 kb)

(MOV 1905 kb)

(MOV 2054 kb)

(MOV 2014 kb)

(MOV 1411 kb)

(MOV 1265 kb)

(MOV 1345 kb)

(MOV 954 kb)

(MOV 932 kb)

(MOV 2004 kb)

(MOV 2125 kb)

(MOV 2139 kb)

(MOV 2153 kb)

(MOV 970 kb)

(MOV 890 kb)

(MOV 1008 kb)

(MOV 1007 kb)

Clip 21.3b

(MP4 816 kb)

Clip 21.3c

(MP4 535 kb)

Clip 21.4a

(MP4 691 kb)

Clip 21.4b

(MP4 1052 kb)

Clip 21.6a

(MP4 1462 kb)

Clip 21.6b

(MP4 1252 kb)

Clip 21.6c

(MOV 890 kb)

Clip 21.9a

(MOV 729 kb)

Clip 21.9b

(MP4 570 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Merlo, M. et al. (2014). Other Cardiomyopathies: Clinical Assessment and Imaging in Diagnosis and Patient Management. In: Pinamonti, B., Sinagra, G. (eds) Clinical Echocardiography and Other Imaging Techniques in Cardiomyopathies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06019-4_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06019-4_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-06018-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-06019-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation