Abstract
Endosulfan, a mixture of α- and β-isomers, is used by farmers in the wet and dry season for khat and onion production. Khat leaf samples were collected in farmer fields at intervals of 1 h; 1, 5, 9 and 14 d after application. The dissipation rate of α- and β-isomers and residue level in khat were compared with residue levels in onion. The extraction was done by using Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method and analyzed by Gas Chromatography – Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). Greater residue α- and β-isomer endosulfan levels were found in khat compared to onion as khat leaves are sprayed repeatedly in two week. Residue levels of khat exceeded the tolerable EU limit of 0.05 mg.kg−1 for leafy vegetables and herbs. For both raw and processed onion sample α- and β-endosulfan residues level were below the tolerable of limit EU regulation for bulb vegetables (i.e. 0. 1 mg.kg−1). The mean half-life for the α-isomer of endosulfan was 3.4 d in the wet season and 3.6 d in the dry season whilst that for the β-isomer was 5.0 d and 5.4 d respectively. Both isomers dissipated fastest in the wet season under conditions of high humidity and precipitation. The β-isomer persisted longer and had a lower dissipation rate from plants surface compared to the α-isomer.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sparks, T.C.: Insecticide discovery: an evaluation and analysis. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 107(1), 8–17 (2013)
Mahapatro, G., Panigrahi, M.: The case for banning endosulfan. Curr. Sci. 104(11), 1476–1479 (2013)
Hapeman, C.J., et al.: Endosulfan in the atmosphere of South Florida: transport to Everglades and Biscayne National Parks. Atmos. Environ. 66, 131–140 (2013)
Rajakumar, A., et al.: Endosulfan and flutamide impair testicular development in the juvenile Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus. Aquat. Toxicol. 110, 123–132 (2012)
Mengistie, B.T., Mol, A.P., Oosterveer, P.: Pesticide use practices among smallholder vegetable farmers in Ethiopian Central Rift Valley. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 19(1), 301–324 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9728-9
Mekonen, S., Ambelu, A., Spanoghe, P.: Pesticide residue evaluation in major staple food items of Ethiopia using the QuEChERS method: a case study from the Jimma Zone. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 33(6), 1294–1302 (2014)
Odenwald, M., et al.: The stimulant khat—another door in the wall? A call for overcoming the barriers. J. Ethnopharmacol. 132(3), 615–619 (2010)
Alsanosy, R.M., Mahfouz, M.S., Gaffar, A.M.: Khat chewing habit among school students of Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. PLoS ONE 8(6), e65504 (2013)
Haile, D., Lakew, Y.: Khat chewing practice and associated factors among adults in Ethiopia: further analysis using the 2011 demographic and health survey. PLoS ONE 10(6), e0130460 (2015)
Dessie, G.: Is Khat a Social Ill? Ethical Argument About a Stimulant Among the Learned Ethiopians. African Studies Centre, Leiden (2013)
Gebissa, E.: Khat in the Horn of Africa: historical perspectives and current trends. J. Ethnopharmacol. 132(3), 607–614 (2010)
Daam, M.A., Van den Brink, P.J.: Implications of differences between temperate and tropical freshwater ecosystems for the ecological risk assessment of pesticides. Ecotoxicology 19(1), 24–37 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0402-6
El Sebaı, T., et al.: Diuron mineralisation in a Mediterranean vineyard soil: impact of moisture content and temperature. Pest Manag. Sci. 66(9), 988–995 (2010)
Dores, E.F., et al.: Environmental behavior of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan in a tropical soil in central Brazil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64(20), 3942–3948 (2015)
Rice, C.P., Nochetto, C.B., Zara, P.: Volatilization of trifluralin, atrazine, metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, α-endosulfan, and β-endosulfan from freshly tilled soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50(14), 4009–4017 (2002)
Kathpal, T.S., et al.: Fate of endosulfan in cotton soil under sub-tropical conditions of Northern India. Pestic. Sci. 50(1), 21–27 (1997)
Antonious, G.F., Byers, M.E., Snyder, J.C.: Residues and fate of endosulfan on field-grown pepper and tomato. Pestic. Sci. 54(1), 61–67 (1998)
Ntow, W.J., et al.: Dissipation of endosulfan in field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and cropped soil at Akumadan, Ghana. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55(26), 10864–10871 (2007)
Rosendahl, I., et al.: Insecticide dissipation from soil and plant surfaces in tropical horticulture of southern Benin, West Africa. J. Environ. Monit. 11(6), 1157–1164 (2009)
Takele, S.A.T., Schmitter, P., Atanaw, F.: Evaluation of shallow ground water recharge and irrigation practices at Robit watershed. Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Technology, School Of Graduate Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar (2019)
Getahun, A.: Agricultural systems in Ethiopia. Agric. Syst. 3(4), 281–293 (1978)
Sutherland, T.D., Horne, I., Weir, K.M., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G.: Toxicity and residues of endosulfan isomers. In: Ware, G.W. (ed.) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 183, pp. 99–113. Springer, New York (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9100-3_4
Ciglasch, H., et al.: Insecticide dissipation after repeated field application to a Northern Thailand Ultisol. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54(22), 8551–8559 (2006)
Lehotay, S.: AOAC official method 2007.01 pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate. J. AOAC Int. 90(2), 485–520 (2007)
USEPA: Method 508 Determination of Chlorinated Pesticides in Water by Gas Chromatography with an Electron Capture Detector, USEPA, Editor (1995)
Currie, L.A.: Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods including detection and quantification capabilities (IUPAC Recommendations 1995). Pure Appl. Chem. 67(10), 1699–1723 (1995)
EU, Commission Regulation: European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for aldicarb, bromopropylate, chlorfenvinphos, endosulfan, EPTC, ethion, fenthion, fomesafen, methabenzthiazuron, methidathion, simazine, tetradifon and triforine in or on certain products Text with EEA (2011)
Barcelo-Quintal, M.H., et al.: Kinetic studies of endosulfan photochemical degradations by ultraviolet light irradiation in aqueous medium. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B 43(2), 120–126 (2008)
Edwards, C.: Factors that affect the persistence of pesticides in plants and soils. In: Pesticide Chemistry–3, pp. 39–56. Elsevier (1975)
Rüdel, H.: Volatilisation of pesticides from soil and plant surfaces. Chemosphere 35(1–2), 143–152 (1997)
Ghadiri, H.: Degradation of endosulfan in a clay soil from cotton farms of western Queensland. J. Environ. Manag. 62(2), 155–169 (2001)
Guerin, T.F.: The anaerobic degradation of endosulfan by indigenous microorganisms from low-oxygen soils and sediments. Environ. Pollut. 106(1), 13–21 (1999)
Boehncke, A., Siebers, J., Nolting, H.-G.: Investigations of the evaporation of selected pesticides from natural and model surfaces in field and laboratory. Chemosphere 21(9), 1109–1124 (1990)
Jayashree, R., Vasudevan, N.: Persistence and distribution of endosulfan under field condition. Environ. Monit. Assess. 131(1–3), 475–487 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9493-1
Gerald, E., Brust, K.L.E., Marine, S.: Commercial Vegetable Production Recommendations, U.o.M. EXTENSION, Editor (2015)
Abou-Arab, A.: Behavior of pesticides in tomatoes during commercial and home preparation. Food Chem. 65(4), 509–514 (1999)
Inonda, R., et al.: Determination of pesticide residues in locally consumed vegetables in Kenya. Afr. J. Pharmacol. Ther. 4(1), 1–6 (2015)
Acknowledgement
The study was made possible through the support of the Feed the Future Evaluation of the Relationship between Sustainably Intensified Production Systems and Farm Family Nutrition (SIPS-IN) project (AID-OAA-L-14-00006), a cooperative research project implemented through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in support of the Feed the Future (FtF) program. The study did not apply pesticides, but monitored the fate of pesticides from farmer application. The research was implemented under a collaborative partnership between the International Water Management Institute and Bahir Dar University. The contents of the paper are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
About this paper
Cite this paper
Sishu, F.K., Thegaye, E.K., Schmitter, P., Habtu, N.G., Tilahun, S.A., Steenhuis, T.S. (2020). Endosulfan Pesticide Dissipation and Residue Levels in Khat and Onion in a Sub-humid Region of Ethiopia. In: Habtu, N., Ayele, D., Fanta, S., Admasu, B., Bitew, M. (eds) Advances of Science and Technology. ICAST 2019. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 308. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43690-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43690-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43689-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43690-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)